Shiva

Shiva (Śiva)
	; Standbeeld van Shiva inBangalorewat hom uitbeeld tydens meditasie.
	God van skepping, vernietiging
Devanagari	शिव
Affiliasie	Trimurti
Woonplek	BergKailash,Kailāsa
Mantra	Aum Namah Sivaya
Wapen	Drietandvurk (Sanskrit: त्रिशूलtrishula)
Metgesel	Parvati,Shakti
Rydier	Nandi (bul)

Shiva(uitspraak:/ˈʃivə/;Sanskrit:शिवŚiva,letterlik "Die Gunstige" ) ofSjiwais een van die belangriksteHindoegodeen ’n aspek van dieTrimurti(Hindoe-drie-eenheid). Hy is die oppergod inShaivisme,een van die groot Hindoetradisies.^[2]^[3]

Shiva is die "vernietiger en vervormer" in die Trimurti, wat ookBrahmaenVishnuinsluit.^[4]^[5]In Shaivisme skep, bewaar en vervorm hy dieheelal.^[6]^[7]^[8]In dieShaktisme-tradisie is die godinDevidie opperheerseres, maar Shiva word ook saam met Vishnu en Brahma aanbid. ’n Godin is die energie en skeppingskrag (Shakti) van elk, terwylParvatidie gelykwaardige metgesel van Shiva is.^[9]^[10]In dieSmartisme-tradisie is hy een van vyf primêre gode.^[2]

Op die hoogste vlak word Shiva beskou as vormloos, onbeperk, voortreflik en onveranderend,^[11]en die oorspronklikeatman(siel, self) van die heelal.^[12]^[13]^[6]Hy kan as goedaardig of vreesaanjaend uitgebeeld word. Hy kan ’n alwetendeyogiwees wat ’nasketieselewe op die bergKailashlei^[4]of ’n huislike god saam met sy vrou, Parvati, en twee kinders,GaneshaenKartikeya.Of hy kan uitgebeeld word as die verslaner van drake. Shiva is ook bekend asAdiyogi Shivaen is die beskermgod vanjoga,meditasieen die kunste.^[14]^[15]

Die gewildsteikonografieseeienskappe van die god is ’n derde oog aan sy voorkop, ’n slang om sy nek, diesekelmaan,die heilige rivierGangawat uit sy hare vloei, die drietandvurk (trishula) as sy wapen en ’n klein trom (damaru). Hy word gewoonlik aanbid in die vorm van dielinga.^[16]

Posisie in Hindoeïsme

DieLingodbhavais ’nikoonwat Shiva uitbeeld waar hy verrys uit dielinga(’n oneindige vuurpilaar), wat vertel hoe Shiva die belangrikste god in die Trimurti is. Brahma en Vishnu word getoon waar hulle voorLingodbhava Shivain die middel buig.

Shaivisme

Die hoofartikel vir hierdie afdeling is:Shaivisme.

Shaivisme is een van vier groot tradisies van Hindoeïsme; die ander isVaishnavisme,ShaktismeenSmartisme.Die volgelinge van eersgenoemde beskou Shiva as die Opperwese: die skepper, bewaarder, vernietiger, vervormer van die heelal, en die onthuller en geheimhouer van alles wat bestaan.^[7]^[6]

Hy is nie net die skepper in Shaivisme nie, maar ook die skepping wat hy voortbring; hy is alles en oral. Shiva is die oorspronklike siel, die suiwer bewustheid en die algehele werklikheid.^[6]

Vaishnavisme

Die hoofartikel vir hierdie afdeling is:Vaishnavisme.

Die geskrifte van Vaishnavisme, wat om Vishnu wentel, erken en bespreek Shiva en beskou hom as ’n opperwese. Nes in Shaivisme word beide Shiva en Vishnu egter vereer (saam met Devi). Vaishnavistiese geskrifte sonder nie ’n god uit nie en van hulle, soos dieBhagavatapurana,prysKrishnaas die Uiterste Werklikheid, maar noem Shiva en Shakti ook ’n verpersoonlikte vorm van en gelykwaardig aan dieselfde Uiterste Werklikheid.^[17]^[18]^[19]

Net so prys die Shaivistiese geskrifte vir Vishnu, en in albei tradisies is daar mites waarin Shiva eer betoon aan Vishnu én Vishnu aan Shiva.

Shaktisme

Die Shaktisme-tradisie is geskoei op die veronderstelling dat die Opperwese en Uiterste Werklikheid vroulik is, dus die Godin (of Devi),^[20]^[21]^[22]maar dit behandel die man as haar gelyke en komplementêre metgesel.^[9]^[10]Dié metgesel is Shiva.^[23]^[24]

Die vroegste verwysings in Hindoegeskrifte na die verering van vroue word reeds in die oudsteVeda,dieRigveda,aangetref in ’n logsang genaamdDevisukta.^[25]^[26]Dit kom ook in ander geskrifte voor soos dieDevi-Upanishad^[27]^[28]en die belangrike Shaktistiese geskrifDevi-Mahatmya.^[29]^[30]

Smartisme

In die Smartisme-tradisie is Shiva deel van diePanchayatana puja,^[31]’n praktyk waarin ikone van vyf gode gebruik word wat as gelykwaardig beskou word.^[31]Die ander ikone is van Vishnu, ’n Devi (soos Parvati), Surya en enige ander god(in) wat die aanbidder verkies.^[32]Dié ikone help aanbidders om die aspekte vanBrahmante visualiseer en daarop te fokus, eerder as op aparte wesens.

Joga

Shiva word beskou as dieGroot Jogiwat geheel en al in homself verdiep is – die bosintuiglike werklikheid. Hy is die meester van die jogi's en die jogaleermeester van die wysgeers.^[33]AsShiva Dakshinamurthiis hy die opperghoeroe wat ander "in stilte leer oor die eenheid van hul innerlike self (atman) met die uiterste werklikheid (brahman) ".^[34]

Die teorie en toepassing van joga in verskillende style is deel van al die groot tradisies van Hindoeïsme, en Shiva is die beskermgod of woordvoerder in talle Hindoegeskrifte oor die praktyk.^[35]^[36]Die tekste bevat die filosofie en tegnieke van joga. Dit kom na raming uit die latere dekades van die 1ste millennium v.C. en het bewaar gebly as jogageskrifte soos dieIsvara Gita(letterlik "Shiva se Lied" ).^[37]Ander bekende Shivatekste wat joga beïnvloed het, is dieShivasutras,Shivasamhita,ens.^[35]^[36]^[38]

Trimurti

Die Trimurti is ’n begrip in Hindoeïsme waarin die kosmiese funksies skepping, onderhoud en vernietiging deur drie gode verpersoonlik word: Brahma die skepper, Vishnu die onderhouer en Shiva die vernietiger of vervormer.^[39]^[40]

Dié drie gode is al die "Hindoe-triade" of die "Groot drie-eenheid" genoem. Die antieke en Middeleeuse Hindoegeskrifte is egter vol verwysings na triades van gode en godinne, en nie almal sluit Shiva in nie.

Verwysings

↑Vir die naamKailāsagirivāsī(Sanskritकैलासिगिरवासी), "Met sy verblyf op Kailāsa-berg", as 'n naam wat in dieSjiwa Sahasranamaverskyn kyk:Sharma 1996,p. 281.
↑^2,0^2,1Flood 1996,pp. 17, 153
↑K. Sivaraman (1973).Śaivism in Philosophical Perspective: A Study of the Formative Concepts, Problems, and Methods of Śaiva Siddhānta.Motilal Banarsidass. p. 131.ISBN 978-81-208-1771-5.
↑^4,0^4,1Zimmer (1972) pp. 124-126
↑Jan Gonda (1969),The Hindu Trinity,Anthropos, Bd 63/64, H 1/2, ble. 212–226
↑^6,0^6,1^6,2^6,3Arvind Sharma 2000,p. 65.
↑^7,0^7,1Issitt & Main 2014,pp. 147, 168.
↑Flood 1996,p. 151.
↑^9,0^9,1David Kinsley 1988,p. 50, 103–104.
↑^10,0^10,1Tracy Pintchman 2015,pp. 113, 119, 144, 171.
↑Kramrisch 1981,pp. 184–188
↑Davis, pp. 113–114.
↑William K. Mahony 1998,p. 14.
↑Shiva Samhita, vertalings deur Mallinson.
↑Varenne, p. 82.
↑Fuller, p. 58.
↑Edwin Bryant (2003), Krishna: The Beautiful Legend of God: Srimad Bhagavata Purana, Penguin,ISBN 978-0-14-191337-7,ble. 10–12, Quote: "(…) accept and indeed extol the transcendent and absolute nature of the other, and of the Goddess Devi too"
↑Ludo Rocher (1986), The Puranas, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag,ISBN 978-3-447-02522-5,bl. 23 met voetnote
↑E.O. James (1997), The Tree of Life, BRILL Academic,ISBN 978-9004016125,ble. 150–153
↑Coburn 2002,pp. 1, 53–56, 280.
↑Lochtefeld 2002,p. 426.
↑David Kinsley 1988,pp. 101–105.
↑Tracy Pintchman 2014,pp. 85–86, 119, 144, 171.
↑Coburn 1991,pp. 19–24, 40, 65, Narayani p. 232.
↑McDaniel 2004,p. 90.
↑Brown 1998,p. 26.
↑Brown 1998,p. 77.
↑Warrier 1967,pp. 77–84.
↑Rocher 1986,p. 193.
↑David R. Kinsley (1975).The Sword and the Flute: Kālī and Kṛṣṇa, Dark Visions of the Terrible and the Sublime in Hindu Mythology.University of California Press. pp. 102 met voetnoot 42.ISBN 978-0-520-02675-9.
↑^31,0^31,1Gudrun Bühnemann (2003).Mandalas and Yantras in the Hindu Traditions.BRILL Academic. p. 60.ISBN 978-9004129023.
↑Gavin D. Flood (1996).An Introduction to Hinduism.Cambridge University Press. p. 17.ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0.
↑Kramrisch, Stella (1981).Manifestations of Shiva(in Engels). Philadelphia Museum of Art. p. 22.
↑Kramrisch, Stella (1981).Manifestations of Shiva(in Engels). Philadelphia Museum of Art. p. 23.
↑^35,0^35,1[a]Vasugupta; Jaideva (1979).Śiva Sūtras.Motilal Banarsidass. pp. xv–xx.ISBN 978-81-208-0407-4.;
[b]James Mallinson (2007).The Shiva Samhita: A Critical Edition.Yoga. pp. xiii–xiv.ISBN 978-0-9716466-5-0.OCLC 76143968.
↑^36,0^36,1[a]Jaideva Vasugupta (1991).The Yoga of Delight, Wonder, and Astonishment: A Translation of the Vijnana-bhairava with an Introduction and Notes by Jaideva Singh.State University of New York Press. pp. xii–xvi.ISBN 978-0-7914-1073-8.;
[b]Vasugupta; Jaideva (1980).The Yoga of Vibration and Divine Pulsation: A Translation of the Spanda Karika with Ksemaraja's Commentary, the Spanda Nirnaya.State University of New York Press. pp. xxv–xxxii, 2–4.ISBN 978-0-7914-1179-7.
↑Andrew J. Nicholson (2014).Lord Siva's Song: The Isvara Gita.State University of New York Press. pp. 1–2.ISBN 978-1-4384-5102-2.
↑David Smith (2003).The Dance of Siva: Religion, Art and Poetry in South India.Cambridge University Press. pp. 237–239.ISBN 978-0-521-52865-8.
↑Matchett, Freda. "ThePurāṇas",in: Flood (2003), p. 139.
↑Ralph Metzner (1986).Opening to Inner Light: The Transformation of Human Nature and Consciousness.J.P. Tarcher. p. 61.ISBN 978-0-87477-353-8.;
David Frawley (2009).Inner Tantric Yoga: Working with the Universal Shakti: Secrets of Mantras, Deities and Meditation.Lotus. p. 25.ISBN 978-0-940676-50-3.

Bronne

Brown, Cheever Mackenzie (1998).The Devi Gita: The Song of the Goddess: A Translation, Annotation, and Commentary.SUNY Press.ISBN 978-0-7914-3939-5.{{cite book}}:Ongeldige|ref=harv(hulp)
Coburn, Thomas B. (1991).Encountering the Goddess: A translation of the Devi-Mahatmya and a Study of Its Interpretation.State University of New York Press.ISBN 0-7914-0446-3.{{cite book}}:Ongeldige|ref=harv(hulp)
Davis, Richard H. (1992).Ritual in an Oscillating Universe: Worshipping Śiva in Medieval India.Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.ISBN 978-0-691-07386-6.
Flood, Gavin (1996).An Introduction to Hinduism.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.ISBN 0-521-43878-0.{{cite book}}:Ongeldige|ref=harv(hulp)
Fuller, Christopher John (2004).The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and society in India.Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.ISBN 978-0-691-12048-5.
Issitt, Micah Lee; Main, Carlyn (2014).Hidden Religion: The Greatest Mysteries and Symbols of the World's Religious Beliefs.ABC-CLIO.ISBN 978-1-61069-478-0.{{cite book}}:Ongeldige|ref=harv(hulp)
David Kinsley (1988).Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition.University of California Press.ISBN 978-0-520-90883-3.{{cite book}}:Ongeldige|ref=harv(hulp)
Kramrisch, Stella (1981).The Presence of Śiva.Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.ISBN 0-691-01930-4.{{cite book}}:Ongeldige|ref=harv(hulp)
Lochtefeld, James (2002).The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1 & 2.Rosen Publishing.ISBN 978-0-8239-3179-8.{{cite book}}:Ongeldige|ref=harv(hulp)
William K. Mahony (1998).The Artful Universe: An Introduction to the Vedic Religious Imagination.State University of New York Press.ISBN 978-0-7914-3579-3.{{cite book}}:Ongeldige|ref=harv(hulp)
McDaniel, June (9 Julie 2004).Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls: Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal: Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal.Oxford University Press, USA.ISBN 978-0-19-534713-5.{{cite book}}:Ongeldige|ref=harv(hulp)
Tracy Pintchman (2015).The Rise of the Goddess in the Hindu Tradition.State University of New York Press.ISBN 978-1-4384-1618-2.{{cite book}}:Ongeldige|ref=harv(hulp)
Tracy Pintchman (2014).Seeking Mahadevi: Constructing the Identities of the Hindu Great Goddess.State University of New York Press.ISBN 978-0-7914-9049-5.{{cite book}}:Ongeldige|ref=harv(hulp)
Rocher, Ludo (1986).The Puranas.Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.ISBN 978-3-447-02522-5.{{cite book}}:Ongeldige|ref=harv(hulp)
Arvind Sharma (2000).Classical Hindu Thought: An Introduction.Oxford University Press.ISBN 978-0-19-564441-8.{{cite book}}:Ongeldige|ref=harv(hulp)
Varenne, Jean (1976).Yoga and the Hindu Tradition.Chicago, Illinois: The University of Chicago Press.ISBN 0-226-85116-8.
Warrier, AG Krishna (1967).Śākta Upaniṣads.Adyar Library and Research Center.ISBN 978-0-8356-7318-1.OCLC 2606086.{{cite book}}:Ongeldige|ref=harv(hulp)
Zimmer, Heinrich (1946).Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization.Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.ISBN 0-691-01778-6.First Princeton-Bollingen printing, 1972.

[1] Vir die naamKailāsagirivāsī(Sanskritकैलासिगिरवासी), "Met sy verblyf op Kailāsa-berg", as 'n naam wat in dieSjiwa Sahasranamaverskyn kyk:Sharma 1996,p. 281.

[Flood_1996,_p._17-2] 2,0^2,1Flood 1996,pp. 17, 153

[3] K. Sivaraman (1973).Śaivism in Philosophical Perspective: A Study of the Formative Concepts, Problems, and Methods of Śaiva Siddhānta.Motilal Banarsidass. p. 131.ISBN 978-81-208-1771-5.

[Zimmer_1972_p._124-4] 4,0^4,1Zimmer (1972) pp. 124-126

[5] Jan Gonda (1969),The Hindu Trinity,Anthropos, Bd 63/64, H 1/2, ble. 212–226

[FOOTNOTEArvind_Sharma200065-6] 6,0^6,1^6,2^6,3Arvind Sharma 2000,p. 65.

[FOOTNOTEIssittMain2014147,_168-7] 7,0^7,1Issitt & Main 2014,pp. 147, 168.

[FOOTNOTEFlood1996151-8] Flood 1996,p. 151.

[FOOTNOTEDavid_Kinsley198850,_103–104-9] 9,0^9,1David Kinsley 1988,p. 50, 103–104.

[FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman2015113,_119,_144,_171-10] 10,0^10,1Tracy Pintchman 2015,pp. 113, 119, 144, 171.

[Stella_param-11] Kramrisch 1981,pp. 184–188

[Davis_param-12] Davis, pp. 113–114.

[FOOTNOTEWilliam_K._Mahony199814-13] William K. Mahony 1998,p. 14.

[Shiv_samhita-14] Shiva Samhita, vertalings deur Mallinson.

[Varenne-15] Varenne, p. 82.

[Fuller-16] Fuller, p. 58.

[17] Edwin Bryant (2003), Krishna: The Beautiful Legend of God: Srimad Bhagavata Purana, Penguin,ISBN 978-0-14-191337-7,ble. 10–12, Quote: "(…) accept and indeed extol the transcendent and absolute nature of the other, and of the Goddess Devi too"

[18] Ludo Rocher (1986), The Puranas, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag,ISBN 978-3-447-02522-5,bl. 23 met voetnote

[19] E.O. James (1997), The Tree of Life, BRILL Academic,ISBN 978-9004016125,ble. 150–153

[FOOTNOTECoburn20021,_53–56,_280-20] Coburn 2002,pp. 1, 53–56, 280.

[FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002426-21] Lochtefeld 2002,p. 426.

[FOOTNOTEDavid_Kinsley1988101–105-22] David Kinsley 1988,pp. 101–105.

[FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman201485–86,_119,_144,_171-23] Tracy Pintchman 2014,pp. 85–86, 119, 144, 171.

[FOOTNOTECoburn199119–24,_40,_65,_Narayani_p._232-24] Coburn 1991,pp. 19–24, 40, 65, Narayani p. 232.

[FOOTNOTEMcDaniel200490-25] McDaniel 2004,p. 90.

[FOOTNOTEBrown199826-26] Brown 1998,p. 26.

[FOOTNOTEBrown199877-27] Brown 1998,p. 77.

[FOOTNOTEWarrier196777–84-28] Warrier 1967,pp. 77–84.

[FOOTNOTERocher1986193-29] Rocher 1986,p. 193.

[30] David R. Kinsley (1975).The Sword and the Flute: Kālī and Kṛṣṇa, Dark Visions of the Terrible and the Sublime in Hindu Mythology.University of California Press. pp. 102 met voetnoot 42.ISBN 978-0-520-02675-9.

[Bühnemann2003p60-31] 31,0^31,1Gudrun Bühnemann (2003).Mandalas and Yantras in the Hindu Traditions.BRILL Academic. p. 60.ISBN 978-9004129023.

[Flood1996p17-32] Gavin D. Flood (1996).An Introduction to Hinduism.Cambridge University Press. p. 17.ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0.

[33] Kramrisch, Stella (1981).Manifestations of Shiva(in Engels). Philadelphia Museum of Art. p. 22.

[34] Kramrisch, Stella (1981).Manifestations of Shiva(in Engels). Philadelphia Museum of Art. p. 23.

[shivayoga1-35] 35,0^35,1[a]Vasugupta; Jaideva (1979).Śiva Sūtras.Motilal Banarsidass. pp. xv–xx.ISBN 978-81-208-0407-4.;
[b]James Mallinson (2007).The Shiva Samhita: A Critical Edition.Yoga. pp. xiii–xiv.ISBN 978-0-9716466-5-0.OCLC 76143968.

[shivayoga2-36] 36,0^36,1[a]Jaideva Vasugupta (1991).The Yoga of Delight, Wonder, and Astonishment: A Translation of the Vijnana-bhairava with an Introduction and Notes by Jaideva Singh.State University of New York Press. pp. xii–xvi.ISBN 978-0-7914-1073-8.;
[b]Vasugupta; Jaideva (1980).The Yoga of Vibration and Divine Pulsation: A Translation of the Spanda Karika with Ksemaraja's Commentary, the Spanda Nirnaya.State University of New York Press. pp. xxv–xxxii, 2–4.ISBN 978-0-7914-1179-7.

[37] Andrew J. Nicholson (2014).Lord Siva's Song: The Isvara Gita.State University of New York Press. pp. 1–2.ISBN 978-1-4384-5102-2.

[38] David Smith (2003).The Dance of Siva: Religion, Art and Poetry in South India.Cambridge University Press. pp. 237–239.ISBN 978-0-521-52865-8.

[39] Matchett, Freda. "ThePurāṇas",in: Flood (2003), p. 139.

[40] Ralph Metzner (1986).Opening to Inner Light: The Transformation of Human Nature and Consciousness.J.P. Tarcher. p. 61.ISBN 978-0-87477-353-8.;
David Frawley (2009).Inner Tantric Yoga: Working with the Universal Shakti: Secrets of Mantras, Deities and Meditation.Lotus. p. 25.ISBN 978-0-940676-50-3.

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