though;although;while;as; even if;even though; whether...or...; no matter+疑问词;疑问词+ever;regardless of+名词/名词短语/名词从句;despite;in spite of。
切记although,though 不可巴循与but连用,但可以与still和yet连用。
⑴though, although
表示“虽然,纵然”之意
这两个连词意思大致相同,在一般情况下可以互换使用。在口语中,though较常使用,although比though正式,二者都可与yet,still或nevertheless连用,但不能与but连用。例如:
My will remains firm though I must lower my physical sights. 尽管我得降低体育(锻炼)的目标,但我的意志是坚强的。
Though I believe it, I must consider. 尽管我相信这一点,但我还得考虑考虑。
Although/Though he was exhausted, he(still) kept on working. 虽然他已经精疲力竭了,但他仍然继续工作。
Although/Though he is very old, (yet) he is quite strong. 他虽然年纪大了,身体还很健壮。
She passed the examination though she had not studied very hard. 她虽然不用功学习,考试却及格了。
⑵as(though)
表示“虽然…但是”,“纵使…”之意
Object as/though you may, I’ll go.(=Though/Although you may object, I’ll go.) 纵使你反对,我也要去。
Hard as/ though he works, he makes little progress. =(Though he works hard, he makes little progress.) 尽管他学习很努力,但几乎没取得什么进步。
Child as/though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.(=Though he was a child, he knew what was the right thing to do.) 虽然他是一个孩子,但他知道该做什么。
Fast as you read, you can’t finish the book so soon. 纵然你读得快,你也不能这么快读完这本书。
Lover of towns as I am, I realize that I owe a debt to my early country life. 尽管我爱城市,但我知道,以往的乡村生活使我受益匪浅。
Small as atoms are, they are made up of still smaller units. 尽管原子很小,但它们由更小的单位构成。
(3) whether
由这一个复合连词引导的让步状语从句旨在说明正反两方面的可能性都不会影响主句的意向或结果,所以它的语气是比较强烈的,从而也更加坚定了主句的内容。例如:
You'll have to attend the ceremony whether you're free or busy. 不管你忙不忙,都要参加这个典礼。
Whether you believe it or not, it's true. 无论你是否相信,这都是真的。
Whether or not they win this battle, they won't win the war. 不管他们是否能赢得这次战役,他们绝不会赢得这场战争。 [1]
含义为“……都……;不管……都……”
它们引导的让步状语从句可以互换。例如:
No matter what happened, he would not mind. (=Whatever happened, he would not mind.) 无论发生了什么事情,他都不会介意的。
No matter who you are, you must keep the law.(=Whoever you are, you must keep the law.) 不管你是谁,你都需要遵纪守法。
When anyone does something for you, no matter how small and no matter whether he's a superior or servant, it's proper to say“Thank you”. 只要任何人替你做了一件事,不管事情多么微不足道,也不管他是你的上司还是你的仆人,你都应该说声“谢谢”。
Whoever comes will be welcome. (Whoever 引导主语从句) 不管谁来都受到欢迎。
此外,有时while也可以引导让步状语从句,但一般要位于句首。例如:
While I like the colour, I don't like the shape. 我虽然喜欢那颜色,但不喜欢那形状。
(5)whether...or...
表示“不论是否……”,“不管是……还是……”之意。
But whether it's a friendly rivalry or a fight to the death,the end result is the same. 但不管是友好竞争还是生死决斗,结果总是相同。
(6)even if/even though
都表示即使,但用法不同
Even if I didn't happen to meet you that day,I would still try my best to find you.即使我那天没有碰巧遇到你,我也会尽我所能去找到你。
Even though I pass the exam this time,I have to worry about the next exam which perhaps I will fail.即使我这次考试及格了,我也不得不去担心下一次也许我会考不及格的考试。
让步状语从句表示:虽然,尽管,即使等概念,由although, though(尽管,即使),however(无论怎样),whatever(无论什么),whoever(无论谁),whomever(无论谁),whichever(无论哪个),whenever(无论何时),wherever(无论哪里),whether(是否),no matter (who,what,where,when,etc) (无论……),even if(即使),even though(即使)等疑问词+ ever类词引导。
如:We won’t be discouraged even if (=even though) we fail ten times.我们就是失败十次也不泄气。
It was an exciting game, though/although no goals were scored.那是一场精彩的球赛,尽管一个球都没进。(though, although不能与but连用)
Whether you believe it or not, it’s true. 不管你信不信,这是真的。
Don’t let them in, whoever(=no matter who) they are. 不管他们是谁,别让他们进来。
No matter what I say or how I say it, he always thinks I’m wrong. 无论我说什么或怎么说,他总认为是我错。
even if 与even though 的区别:
1.even if 与even though 的区别两者均可用于引导让步状语从句,其细微区别是:
Even if it rains tomorrow, we won’t change our plan. 即使明天下雨,我们也决不改变计划。
For my part, I plan to go to the party even if you decide not to go. 至于我,即使你决定不去参加晚会我也会去的。
Even if he had the money, he wouldn’t buy it. 他即使有钱也不会买它。
I would have married her even if she had been penniless. 即使她身无分文,我也会和她结婚。
He went out even though it was raining. 尽管在下雨,他还是出去了。
Even though it’s hard work, I enjoy it. 虽然工作艰苦,我还是很喜欢。
He’s the best teacher even though he has the least experience. 他尽管经验最少,但教得最好。
Even though I didn’t know anybody at the party, I had a nice time. 尽管这次聚会上我谁也不认识,我也玩得挺痛快。
这样用的even though与though或although的意思比较接近,许多时候可以互换(注意:英语可以说though和even though,但不能说even although)。如:
Even though [Though, Although] I felt sorry for him, l was secretly pleased tha t he was having difficulties. 虽然我为他感到惋惜,但对他的困难却暗自高兴。
Even though [Though, Although] we all tried our best, we lost the game. 虽然我们已尽了最大的力量,但还是输了。
Even if [Even though] she laughs at him, he likes her. 尽管她嘲笑他,他还是很喜欢她。
We thoroughly understand each other, even if [even though] we don’t always agree. 我们彼此非常了解,虽然有时候也有一些分歧。
4.no matter
what(who,which,when,etc.)与whatever(whoever,whichever,whenever,etc.)的区别:
当引导引导让步状语从句时,两者相同,可以互换(what=the thing, whatever = anyting),但当引导名词性从句(主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句和同位语从句)时则只能用whatever(whoever,whichever,whenever,etc)。如上面最后两个例句可改为:
However pure the water looks, I do not want to drink it.
I want to marry the man I love, no matter who he may be.
下面句子不能用no matter结构(no matter不能引导名词性从句):
Whoever comes back first is supposed to win the prize.(主语从句)
I am ready to do whatever you want me to .(宾语从句)
例证:
Whatever you did,I will accept.为让步状语从句.
I will accept whatever you did.为宾语从句.
5.as 引导让步状语从句的用法
e.g. Heavily as it was raining outside, they started out very early.
Young as he is, he knows a lot = Though he is young 或 Young though he is,he….
他虽然年轻,但懂得很多。(though 也有这种用法,可以替换as,但although没有这种用法)
e.g:teacher as he is, he likes Chinese very much(teacher 前不加a或the)。
though还可以用作副词,放在句末。如:
It was a hard job, I enjoyed it, though = It was a hard job, but I enjoyed it.那工作很苦,但是我喜欢干。
6.用though/although, as 引导让步状语从句时,句中不能用but表示转折语气。
- 不能说:Though he looks weak, but he is healthy.
- 而要说:Though he looks weak, he is healthy.
- 或者说:He looks weak, but he is healthy.
我自己认为让步就是存在一定条件下的说法.
though和although引导让步状语从句时,不可以与but连用(因为but是并列句的连词,一个连词连接两句句子,不能用两个连词连接两句句子)。汉语中用“虽然……但是……”,但英语中只用though,although或but即可。
- Although/though he is very old, he still works very hard. =(He is very old, he still works very hard)虽然他老了,但他仍然很努力地工作。
- 不可说:Although/though he is very old, but he still works very hard。
Though l knew the fact,yet l didn’t say anything。 尽管我知道,但我什么都没说。
7.however 表示“然而”用作副词,不可连接句子。但可置于第二句的句首、句末或句中。要特别注意标点的使用。
He has not arrived. He may, however, come later.
The composition is all right.There is room for improvement, however.
eg. Despite all these facts, we cannot ignore the advantages of learning through internet.尽管有这些事实,我们也不能忽略了通过互联网学习的优点。