Magma

Magma(baasal matan kataYunani Bahariμάγμα (mágma) nang baarti "salapkandal "^[1]) adalah bahan alami cair atawa semi-cair nang matan sana samunyaanbatuan bakutabantuk.^[2]Magma kawa ditamui dibawah parmukaan planétbumi,wan bukti matanmagmatismekawa jua ditamui diplanet kabumianwan sapalihan satélit alami.^[3]Lain pada batuan cair, magma kadang mangandung kristal tasuspénsi wangalombongan gas.^[4]

Magma di diulah matanmantelnang mancair atawakarakdi bamacam andaktektonik,nang di bumi tamasukzona subduksi,zonacelahbanua,^[5]balukuk tangah lautwantitik panas.Mantel wan karak nang lunyut bamigrasi ka atas lewat karak dimana buhannya tadi dianggap tasimpan dikantong magma^[6]atawa zona karak paralihan nang sugih matankristal nang bacampur magma.^[7]Hafatan panyimpanan magma di kantong magma di karak, campuran magma tadi bisa tamodifikasi lawankristalisasi pacahan,takontaminasi lawan lunuhan kristal, pancampuran magma, wan degasifikasi. Imbah magma tadi naik lewat karak bumi, magma kawa masuk kadalamgunung barapigasan diékstrusi sabagailava,atawa mangaras di bawah tanah gasan mambantukintrusi,^[8]nang kayadike barapiatawasill.

Badasarakan sajarah, sudi masalah magma maandalakan observasi matan magma dalam bantukaliran lava,magma sudah parnah ditamui atawa dipalajari dalamilmu bumi wan atmosfersabanyak tiga kali haratanproyek pamboran geotermal;dua kali diIslandia(itihiPamakaian gasan mamproduksi énérgi), wan sakali di Hawaii.^[9]^[10]

Properti fisik wan kimia

Magma tardiri matan cairan nang biasanya marupakan kristal kandal tasuspensi.^[11]Pas magma baparak ka parmukaam, wantakanan mambaraticungul, gas nang ada dalam magma mulai bapisah matan cairan magma lalu jadi gelombong-gelombong, sahingga magma nang ada di parak parmukaan isinya material kandal, cair, wan dalam fase gas.^[12]

Catatan Batis

^"Definition of Magma".Merriam-Webster Dictionary.Merriam-Webster.Diakses tanggal28 October2018.
^BOWEN, NORMAN L. (1947). "MAGMAS".Geological Society of America Bulletin.58(4): 263.doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1947)58[263:M]2.0.CO;2.ISSN 0016-7606.
^Greeley, Ronald; Schneid, Byron D. (1991-11-15). "Magma Generation on Mars: Amounts, Rates, and Comparisons with Earth, Moon, and Venus".Science.254(5034): 996–998.Bibcode:1991Sci...254..996G.doi:10.1126/science.254.5034.996.ISSN 0036-8075.PMID 17731523.
^Spera, Frank J. (2000), "Physical Properties of Magma", dalam Sigurdsson, Haraldur (editor-in-chief),Encyclopedia of Volcanoes,Academic Press,hlm. 171–190,ISBN 978-0126431407
^Foulger, G.R. (2010).Plates vs. Plumes: A Geological Controversy.Wiley–Blackwell.ISBN 978-1-4051-6148-0.
^Detrick, R. S.; Buhl, P.; Vera, E.; Mutter, J.; Orcutt, J.; Madsen, J.; Brocher, T. (1987). "Multi-channel seismic imaging of a crustal magma chamber along the East Pacific Rise".Nature.326(6108): 35–41.Bibcode:1987Natur.326...35D.doi:10.1038/326035a0.ISSN 0028-0836.
^Sparks, R. Stephen J.; Cashman, Katharine V. (2017). "Dynamic Magma Systems: Implications for Forecasting Volcanic Activity".Elements.13(1): 35–40.doi:10.2113/gselements.13.1.35.ISSN 1811-5209.
^MCBIRNEY, A. R.; NOYES, R. M. (1979-08-01)."Crystallization and Layering of the Skaergaard Intrusion".Journal of Petrology.20(3): 487–554.Bibcode:1979JPet...20..487M.doi:10.1093/petrology/20.3.487.ISSN 0022-3530.
^Scientists' Drill Hits Magma: Only Third Time on Record,UC Davis News and Information, June 26, 2009.
^Magma Discovered in Situ for First Time.Physorg (December 16, 2008)
^Philpotts, Anthony R.; Ague, Jay J. (2009).Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology(edisi ke-2nd). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. hlm. 19–20.ISBN 9780521880060.
^Schmincke, Hans-Ulrich (2003).Volcanism.Berlin: Springer. hlm. 49–50.ISBN 9783540436508.

[MerriamWebsterDict-1] "Definition of Magma".Merriam-Webster Dictionary.Merriam-Webster.Diakses tanggal28 October2018.

[2] BOWEN, NORMAN L. (1947). "MAGMAS".Geological Society of America Bulletin.58(4): 263.doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1947)58[263:M]2.0.CO;2.ISSN 0016-7606.

[3] Greeley, Ronald; Schneid, Byron D. (1991-11-15). "Magma Generation on Mars: Amounts, Rates, and Comparisons with Earth, Moon, and Venus".Science.254(5034): 996–998.Bibcode:1991Sci...254..996G.doi:10.1126/science.254.5034.996.ISSN 0036-8075.PMID 17731523.

[eov-4] Spera, Frank J. (2000), "Physical Properties of Magma", dalam Sigurdsson, Haraldur (editor-in-chief),Encyclopedia of Volcanoes,Academic Press,hlm. 171–190,ISBN 978-0126431407

[Foulger-5] Foulger, G.R. (2010).Plates vs. Plumes: A Geological Controversy.Wiley–Blackwell.ISBN 978-1-4051-6148-0.

[6] Detrick, R. S.; Buhl, P.; Vera, E.; Mutter, J.; Orcutt, J.; Madsen, J.; Brocher, T. (1987). "Multi-channel seismic imaging of a crustal magma chamber along the East Pacific Rise".Nature.326(6108): 35–41.Bibcode:1987Natur.326...35D.doi:10.1038/326035a0.ISSN 0028-0836.

[Sparks_2017_35–40-7] Sparks, R. Stephen J.; Cashman, Katharine V. (2017). "Dynamic Magma Systems: Implications for Forecasting Volcanic Activity".Elements.13(1): 35–40.doi:10.2113/gselements.13.1.35.ISSN 1811-5209.

[:0-8] MCBIRNEY, A. R.; NOYES, R. M. (1979-08-01)."Crystallization and Layering of the Skaergaard Intrusion".Journal of Petrology.20(3): 487–554.Bibcode:1979JPet...20..487M.doi:10.1093/petrology/20.3.487.ISSN 0022-3530.

[9] Scientists' Drill Hits Magma: Only Third Time on Record,UC Davis News and Information, June 26, 2009.

[10] Magma Discovered in Situ for First Time.Physorg (December 16, 2008)

[philpotts-ague-phenocrysts-11] Philpotts, Anthony R.; Ague, Jay J. (2009).Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology(edisi ke-2nd). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. hlm. 19–20.ISBN 9780521880060.

[schmincke-2003-12] Schmincke, Hans-Ulrich (2003).Volcanism.Berlin: Springer. hlm. 49–50.ISBN 9783540436508.

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