Anton Čehov

Anton Pavlovič Čehov
Anton Pavlovič Čehov
Rođenje	29. januar 1860.; Taganrog,Rusija
Smrt	15. juli 1904(44 godine); Badenweiler,Njemačka
Zanimanje	pisac
Jezik	Ruski jezik
Period	od 1870
	Poznata djela Galeb; Tri sestre;
Suprug(a)	Olga Knipper

Anton Pavlovič Čehov(29. januar 1860 – 15. juli 1904) bio jeruski^[1]dramaturg i pisac kratkih priča koji se smatra jednim od najvećihknjiževnikasvih vremena. Njegova karijera dramaturga proizvela je četiri klasika, a njegove najbolje kratke priče pisci i kritičari visoko cijene.^[2]^[3]UzHenrika IbsenaiAugusta Strindberga,Čehova se često spominje kao jedna od tri temeljne ličnosti u rađanju ranogmodernizmau pozorištu.^[4]Čehov je bio ljekar po profesiji. "Medicina je moja zakonita žena", rekao je jednom, "a književnost je moja ljubavnica."^[5]

Čehov se odrekao pozorišta nakon prijemaGaleba1896. godine, ali je predstavu ponovo oživio da bi dobio priznanje 1898. uMoskovskom umjetničkom pozorištu Konstantina Stanislavskog,koje je potom produciralo i ČehovljevogUjka Vanjui premijerno izvelo njegove posljednje dvije drame,Tri sestreiVišnjik.Ova četiri djela predstavljaju izazov glumačkom ansamblu^[6]kao i publici, jer umjesto konvencionalne radnje Čehov nudi "pozorište raspoloženja" i "potopljeni život u tekstu".^[7]Drame koje je Čehov pisao nisu bile složene, ali su bile lake za praćenje i stvarale su pomalo zastrašujuću atmosferu za publiku.^[1]

Čehov je isprva pisao priče da bi zaradio novac, ali kako su njegove umjetničke ambicije rasle, napravio je formalne inovacije koje su utjecale na evoluciju moderne kratke priče.^[8]Nije se izvinio za poteškoće koje je ovo predstavljalo čitaocima, insistirajući da je uloga umjetnika da postavlja pitanja, a ne da na njih odgovara.^[9]

Biografija

Anton Pavlovič Čehov rođen je u Taganrogu u trgovačkoj porodici.1869.godine upisao se u taganrošku gimnaziju koja je nosila pečat provincijalne prizemnosti duha. Kada je 1875. godine očeva radnja propala, Čehov se sa porodicom preselio uMoskvu.Kada je završio gimnaziju 1879. godine dobio je stipendiju od 25rubaljai upisao se namedicinskifakultet u Moskvi. 1886. godine izašla je njegova prva zbirka pričaŠarene priče.Organizovao je pomoć gladnim seljacima, osuđuje zloupotrebu vlasti i korupciju. Čehov je majstor ruske novele. Kroz svoje mnogobrojne pripovijetke on piše o ruskoj stvarnosti19. vijeka.

Kroz njih opisuje karijerizam, malograđanstvo, primitivizam ruskog seljaštva kao i događaje koji su se zbili raznim ljudima.

Čehovljevedramese grade na unutrašnjoj dramatičnosti, obilnom tekstu i lirskim elementima. To nisu drame zbivanja već raspoloženja, a po tome Čehov postaje jedan od začetnika moderne dramaturgije.

Neke njegove pripovijetke su zapravokomedijea drugetragedije.Pisao je o ruskom egoizmu i hvalisanju pojedinih lica. U svojim pričama i dramama on stvara jedinstvenu atmosferu. Čehov ne opisuje uzroke društvenog ponašanja i ne ocenjuje postupke likova već ih opisuje, ismijava ako treba i također opisuje njihove živote. Mnoge Čehovljeve drame se igraju danas upozorištima.Stvorio je jedinstvenu sliku ruskogrealizmakoji se može doživeti kroz smijeh ili kroz suze.

U književnoj kritici je dosta često mišljenje da Čehov nije imao snage da napišeroman.I sam Čehov je rekao: "Ne umijem da pišem veće stvari". Većina njegovih pripovijetki je komična pa je zato on od smijeha stvorio sopstveno oružje protiv ružnih pojava života: eksplozijom smijeha je ismijavao laži, korumpirane ljude i one na vlasti.

Pola vijeka poslije svoje smrti, Čehov je ostao u sijenci ruskih romansijera. Tek kasnije ljudi su shvatili njegov značaj i u njemu otkrili genijalnog umjetnika.

Naslijeđe

Nekoliko mjeseci prije smrti, Čehov je piscu Ivanu Bunjinu rekao da misli da bi ljudi mogli nastaviti čitati njegove spise sedam godina. "Zašto sedam?", upitao je Bunin. „Pa sedam i po “, odgovorio je Čehov." To nije loše. Ostalo mi je još šest godina života. "^[10]Čehovljeva posthumna reputacija je uveliko premašila njegova očekivanja. Ovacije za predstavuVišnjiku godini njegove smrti poslužile su da pokažu priznanje ruske javnosti za pisca, što ga je postavilo na drugo mjesto po književnoj slavi, odmah nakonTolstoja,koji ga je nadživio šest godina.

Čehovljev rad je takođe naišao na pohvale nekoliko najuticajnijih ruskih radikalnih političkih mislilaca. Ako je iko sumnjao u mračno i jadno siromaštvo Rusije 1880-ih, anarhistički teoretičarPeter Kropotkinje odgovorio: "čitajte samo Čehovljeve romane!"^[11]Raymond Tallistvrdi da jeVladimir Lenjinvjerovao da ga je čitanje pripovjetkeOdjel br. 6učinio revolucionarom ".^[12]Po završetku priče, Lenjin je rekao da je primjetio: „Apsolutno sam imao osećaj da sam i sam bio zatvoren u Odjelu 6! “^[13]

Tokom života, britanski i irski kritičari uglavnom nisu imali pozitivno mišljenje o njegovom radu;E. J. Dillonje smatrao da je "učinak na čitaoca Čehovljevih priča bio odbojnost prema galeriji ljudskog otpada koju predstavljaju njegovi nestalni, beskičmeni, lutajući ljudi", aR. E. C. Longje rekao da su "Čehovljevi likovi bili odvratni i da je Čehov uživao u tome da skida posljednje krpe dostojanstvo iz ljudske duše."^[14]Posle njegove smrti, Čehov je ponovo ocenjen. PrevodiConstance Garnettsu osvojili čitalačku publiku na engleskom jeziku i divljenje pisaca kao što suJames Joyce,Virginia WoolfiKatherine Mansfield,čija je priča „Dijete koje je bilo umorno “slična Čehovljevom „Pospanom “.^[15]Ruski kritičarD. S. Mirsky,koji je živio u Engleskoj, objasnio je Čehovljevu popularnost u toj zemlji njegovim "neobično potpunim odbacivanjem onoga što bismo mogli nazvati herojskim vrijednostima".^[16]U samoj Rusiji Čehovljeva drama je nakon revolucije izašla iz mode, ali je kasnije ugrađena u sovjetski kanon. Lik Lopahina, na primjer, ponovo je izmišljen kao heroj novog poretka, izdigavši se iz skromnog porijekla da bi na kraju posjedovao vlastelinska imanja.^[17]^[18]

Uprkos reputaciji Čehova kao dramskog pisca,William Boydtvrdi da njegove kratke priče predstavljaju veće dostignuće.^[19]Raymond Carver,koji je napisao kratku priču "Errand" o Čehovovoj smrti, vjerovao je da je Čehov bio najveći od svih pisaca kratkih priča:

Čehovljeve priče su divne (i neophodne) sada kao i kada su se pojavile. Ne radi se samo o ogromnom broju priča koje je napisao – jer je nekoliko pisaca, ako ih uopće ima, ikada uradilo više – to je nevjerojatna učestalost s kojom je stvarao remek-djela, priče koje nas užasavaju, kao i oduševljavaju i pokreću, koje su ogolile naše emocije na načine koje samo prava umjetnost može postići.^[20]

Stil

Jedan od prvih nerusa koji je hvalio Čehovove drame bio jeGeorge Bernard Shaw,koji je u svom djeluHeartbreak Housejedan podnaslov nazvao "Fantazija u ruskom maniru na engleske teme" i ukazao na sličnosti između problema britanske zemaljske klase i one njihovih ruskih pandana kako ih je prikazao Čehov: "isti fini ljudi, ista potpuna uzaludnost".^[21]

Ernest Hemingway,još jedan pisac na kojeg je uticao Čehov, bio je više kritičan: „Čehov je napisao šest dobrih priča. Ali on je bio pisac amater. “^[22]Vladimir Nabokovje kritikovao Čehovljevu „mješavinu strašnih prozaizama, gotovih epiteta, ponavljanja “.^[23]Također je izjavio "ipak, to su njegova djela koja bih ponio na put na drugu planetu"^[24]i nazvaoDamu sa psetancetom"jednom od najvećih priča ikada napisanih" u svom prikazu problematičnog odnosa, i opisao Čehova kako piše "na način na koji se jedna osoba odnosi prema drugoj najvažnije stvari u svom životu, polako, a opet bez prekida, pomalo prigušenim glasom".^[25]

Za piscaWilliam Boyd,Čehovljevo historijsko dostignuće bilo je da napusti ono što jeWilliam Gerhardienazvao "zapletom događaja" radi nečeg više "zamagljenog, prekinutog, pokvarenog ili na drugi način izmenjenog životom".^[26]

Virginia Woolfrazmišljala je o jedinstvenom kvalitetu priče o Čehovu uThe Common Reader(1925):

Ali je li to kraj, pitamo se? Radije imamo osjećaj da smo prekoračili svoje signale; ili kao da je melodija kratko stala bez očekivanih akorda da je zatvore. Ove priče su neuvjerljive, kažemo, i nastavljaju da uokviruju kritiku zasnovanu na pretpostavci da priče treba da se zaključuju na način koji mi prepoznajemo. Na taj način postavljamo pitanje naše vlastite spremnosti kao čitaoca. Tamo gdje je pjesma poznata, a kraj naglašen – ljubavnici ujedinjeni, zlikovci uznemireni, intrige razotkrivene – kao što je to u većini viktorijanske fikcije, teško da možemo pogriješiti, ali tamo gdje je melodija nepoznata, a kraj bilješka ispitivanja ili samo informacija da su nastavili da pričaju, kao što je to kod Čekova, potreban nam je veoma hrabar i budan smisao za književnost da bismo čuli melodiju, a posebno one poslednje note koje upotpunjuju harmoniju.^[27]

Michael Goldmanje rekao o neuhvatljivoj kvaliteti Čehovljevih komedija: "Naučivši da je Čehov komičan... Čehov je komičan na vrlo poseban, paradoksalan način. Njegove drame zavise, kao i komedija, od vitalnosti glumaca da učine užitkom ono što bi inače bilo bolno nespretno – neprikladni govori, propuštene veze, promašaji, posrnuli, djetinjasti – ali kao dio dubljeg patosa; spoticanja nisu zapleti, već energično, graciozno rastvaranje svrhe.”^[28]

Djela

Drame

O štetnosti duhana(1886)
Ivanov(1887)
Medvjed(1888)
Prosidba(1888)
Djeca(1889)
Šumski duh(1889)
Svadba(1889)
Jubilej(1891)
Tuga(1896)
Galeb(1896)
Ujka Vanja(1897)
Tri sestre(1900)
Višnjik(1903)
Stepa, Slučaj iz prakse
Činovnikova smrt

Zbirke priča

Melpomenine bajke(1884)
Šarene priče(1886)
U pomračini(1887)
Nevine priče(1887)
Novele i pripovijetke(zbirka izdana 1894.)
- Dama sa psetancetom
- Čovjek u futroli
- Stepa
- Ogrozd
- Dočasnik Prišibjejev
- O ljubavi
- Odjel br. 6
- U jaruzi
- Nevjesta

Reference

^^a ^bHingley, Ronald Francis (25. 1. 2022)."Anton Chekhov – Biography, Plays, Short Stories, & Facts".Encyclopedia Britannica.Pristupljeno 26. 4. 2022.
^"Greatest short story writer who ever lived."Raymond Carver(inRosamund Bartlett's introduction toAbout Love and Other Stories,XX); "Quite probably. the best short-story writer ever."A Chekhov Lexicon,byWilliam Boyd,The Guardian,3. 7. 2004. Pristupljeno 16. 2. 2007.
^"Stories... which are among the supreme achievements in prose narrative."Vodka miniatures, belching and angry cats,George Steiner's review ofThe Undiscovered Chekhov,inThe Observer,13. 5. 2001. Pristupljeno 16. 2. 2007.
^Harold Bloom,Genius: A Study of One Hundred Exemplary Authors.
^Letter to Alexei Suvorin, 11. 9. 1888.Letters of Anton Chekhov.OnWikiquote.
^"Actors climb up Chekhov like a mountain, roped together, sharing the glory if they ever make it to the summit". ActorIan McKellen,quoted in Miles, 9.
^"Chekhov's art demands a theatre of mood."Vsevolod Meyerhold,quoted in Allen, 13; "A richer submerged life in the text is characteristic of a more profound drama of realism, one which depends less on the externals of presentation." Styan, 84.
^"Chekhov is said to be the father of the modern short story".Malcolm 2004,str. 87; "He brought something new into literature."James Joyce,in Arthur Power,Conversations with James Joyce,Usborne Publishing Ltd, 1974,ISBN 978-0-86000-006-8,57; "Tchehov's breach with the classical tradition is the most significant event in modern literature",John Middleton Murry,inAthenaeum,8. 4. 1922, cited in Bartlett's introduction toAbout Love.
^"You are right in demanding that an artist should take an intelligent attitude to his work, but you confuse two things: solving a problem and stating a problem correctly. It is only the second that is obligatory for the artist." Letter to Suvorin, 27. 10. 1888.Letters of Anton Chekhov.
^Chekhov, Anton (1991).Forty Stories. Translated by Payne, Robert.New York City: Vintage Classics. str. XXXVI.ISBN 978-0-679-73375-1.
^Peter Kropotkin (1. 1. 1905)."The Constitutional Movement in Russia".revoltlib.com.The Nineteenth Century. Arhivirano soriginala,3. 11. 2019.Pristupljeno 10. 7. 2023.
^Raymond Tallis (3. 9. 2014).In Defence of Wonder and Other Philosophical Reflections.Routledge.ISBN 9781317547402.
^Edmund Wilson (1940)."To The Finland Station".archive.org.Doubleday.When Vladimir finished reading this story, he was seized with such a horror that he could not bear to stay in his room. He went out to find someone to talk to, but it was late: they had all gone to bed. 'I absolutely had the feeling,' he told his sister next day,'that I was shut up in Ward 6 myself!'
^Meister, Charles W. (1953). "Chekhov's Reception in England and America".American Slavic and East European Review.12(1): 109–121.doi:10.2307/3004259.JSTOR 3004259.
^William H. New (1999).Reading Mansfield and Metaphors of Reform.McGill-Queen's Press. str. 15–17.ISBN 978-0-7735-1791-2.
^Wood, James (2000).What Chekhov Meant by Life ". The Broken Estate: Essays in Literature and Belief.New York, NY: Modern Library. str. 77.ISBN 9780804151900.OCLC 863217943.
^Allen, 88.
^"They won't allow a play which is seen to lament the lost estates of the gentry." Letter ofVladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko,quoted by Anatoly Smeliansky in "Chekhov at the Moscow Art Theatre", fromThe Cambridge Companion to Chekhov,31–32.
^"The plays lack the seamless authority of the fiction: there are great characters, wonderful scenes, tremendous passages, moments of acute melancholy and sagacity, but the parts appear greater than the whole."A Chekhov Lexicon,byWilliam Boyd,The Guardian,3. 7. 2004. Pristupljeno 16. 2. 2007.
^Bartlett,"From Russia, with Love",The Guardian,15. 7. 2004. Pristupljeno 17. 2. 2007.
^Anna Obraztsova in "Bernard Shaw's Dialogue with Chekhov", from Miles, 43–44.
^Letter fromErnest HemingwaytoArchibald MacLeish,1925 (fromSelected Letters,str. 179), inErnest Hemingway on Writing,Ed Larry W. Phillips, Touchstone, (1984) 1999,ISBN 978-0-684-18119-6,101.
^Wikiquote quotes about Chekhov
^Karlinsky, Simon (13. 6. 2008)."Nabokov and Chekhov: Affinities, parallels, structures".Cycno.10(n°1 NABOKOV: Autobiography, Biography and Fiction).Pristupljeno 10. 9. 2018.
^FromVladimir Nabokov'sLectures on Russian Literature,quoted byFrancine ProseinLearning from Chekhov,231.
^"For the first time in literature the fluidity and randomness of life was made the form of the fiction. Before Chekhov, the event-plot drove all fictions."William Boyd,referring to the novelistWilliam Gerhardie's analysis inAnton Chekhov: A Critical Study,1923."A Chekhov Lexicon"by William Boyd,The Guardian,3. 7. 2004. Pristupljeno 16. 2. 2007.
^Woolf, Virginia,The Common Reader: First Series, Annotated Edition,Harvest/HBJ Book, 2002,ISBN 0-15-602778-X,172.
^Michael Goldman,The Actor's Freedom: Towards a Theory of Drama,str. 72.

Dodatna literatura

Allen, David,Performing Chekhov,Routledge (UK), 2001,ISBN 978-0-415-18934-7
Bartlett, Rosamund, and Anthony Phillips (translators),Chekhov: A Life in Letters,Penguin Books, 2004,ISBN 978-0-14-044922-8
Bartlett, Rosamund,Chekhov: Scenes from a Life,Free Press, 2004,ISBN 978-0-7432-3074-2
Benedetti, Jean (editor and translator),Dear Writer, Dear Actress: The Love Letters of Olga Knipper and Anton Chekhov,Methuen Publishing Ltd, 1998 edition,ISBN 978-0-413-72390-1
Benedetti, Jean,Stanislavski: An Introduction,Methuen Drama, 1989 edition,ISBN 978-0-413-50030-4
Borny, Geoffrey,Interpreting Chekhov,ANU Press, 2006,ISBN 1-920942-68-8,free download
Chekhov, Anton,About Love and Other Stories,translated by Rosamund Bartlett, Oxford University Press, 2004,ISBN 978-0-19-280260-6
Chekhov, Anton,The Undiscovered Chekhov: Fifty New Stories,translated byPeter Constantine,Duck Editions, 2001,ISBN 978-0-7156-3106-5
Chekhov, Anton,Easter Week,translated by Michael Henry Heim, engravings by Barry Moser, Shackman Press, 2010
Chekhov, Anton (1991).Forty Stories.Prevod:Payne, Robert.New York City: Vintage Classics.ISBN 978-0-679-73375-1.
Chekhov, Anton,Letters of Anton Chekhov to His Family and Friends with Biographical Sketch,translated byConstance Garnett,Macmillan, 1920.Full text at Gutenberg..Retrieved 16 February 2007.
Chekhov, Anton,Note-Book of Anton Chekhov,translated byS. S. KotelianskyandLeonard Woolf,B.W. Huebsch, 1921.Full text at Gutenberg..Retrieved 16 February 2007.
Chekhov, Anton,The Other Chekhov,edited by Okla Elliott andKyle Minor,with story introductions by Pinckney Benedict, Fred Chappell, Christopher Coake, Paul Crenshaw, Dorothy Gambrell, Steven Gillis,Michelle Herman,Jeff Parker, Benjamin Percy, and David R. Slavitt. New American Press, 2008 edition,ISBN 978-0-9729679-8-3
Chekhov, Anton,Seven Short Novels,translated by Barbara Makanowitzky, W. W. Norton & Company, 2003 edition,ISBN 978-0-393-00552-3
Clyman, T. W. (Ed.). A Chekhov companion. Westport, Ct: Greenwood Press, (1985).ISBN 9780313234231
Finke, Michael C.,Chekhov's 'Steppe': A Metapoetic Journey,an essay inAnton Chekhov Rediscovered,ed Savely Senderovich and Munir Sendich, Michigan Russian Language Journal, 1988,OCLC 17003357
Finke, Michael C.,Seeing Chekhov: Life and Art,Cornell UP, 2005,ISBN 978-0-8014-4315-2
Gerhardie, William,Anton Chekhov,Macdonald, (1923) 1974 edition,ISBN 978-0-356-04609-9
Gorky, Maksim, Alexander Kuprin, and I.A. Bunin,Reminiscences of Anton Chekhov,translated byS. S. KotelianskyandLeonard Woolf,B.W.Huebsch, 1921.Read at eldritchpress.Arhivirano14. 9. 2015. naWayback Machine.Retrieved 16 February 2007.
Gottlieb, Vera, and Paul Allain (eds),The Cambridge Companion to Chekhov,Cambridge University Press, 2000,ISBN 978-0-521-58917-8
Jackson, Robert Louis,Dostoevsky in Chekhov's Garden of Eden – 'Because of Little Apples',inDialogues with Dostoevsky,Stanford University Press, 1993,ISBN 978-0-8047-2120-2
Klawans, Harold L.,Chekhov's Lie,1997,ISBN 1-888799-12-9.About the challenges of combining writing with the medical life.
Malcolm, Janet(2004) [2001].Reading Chekhov, a Critical Journey.London: Granta Publications.ISBN 9781862076358.OCLC 224119811.
Miles, Patrick (ed),Chekhov on the British Stage,Cambridge University Press, 1993,ISBN 978-0-521-38467-4
Nabokov, Vladimir,Anton Chekhov,inLectures on Russian Literature,Harvest/HBJ Books, [1981] 2002 edition,ISBN 978-0-15-602776-2.
Pitcher, Harvey,Chekhov's Leading Lady: Portrait of the Actress Olga Knipper,J Murray, 1979,ISBN 978-0-7195-3681-6
Prose, Francine,Learning from Chekhov,inWriters on Writing,ed. Robert Pack and Jay Parini, UPNE, 1991,ISBN 978-0-87451-560-2
Rayfield, Donald(1997).Anton Chekhov: A Life.London: HarperCollins.ISBN 9780805057478.OCLC 654644946and229213309.
Sekirin, Peter. "Memories of Chekhov: Accounts of the Writer from His Family, Friends and Contemporaries," MacFarland Publishers, 2011,ISBN 978-0-7864-5871-4
Simmons, Ernest Joseph (1970) [1962].Chekhov: A Biography.Chicago: University of Chicago Press.ISBN 9780226758053.OCLC 682992.
Speirs, L. Tolstoy and Chekhov. Cambridge, England: University Press, (1971),ISBN 0521079500
Stanislavski, Constantin,My Life in Art,Methuen Drama, 1980 edition,ISBN 978-0-413-46200-8
Styan, John Louis,Modern Drama in Theory and Practice,Cambridge University Press, 1981,ISBN 978-0-521-29628-1
Wood, James(2000) [1999]. "What Chekhov Meant by Life".The Broken Estate: Essays in Literature and Belief.New York, NY: Modern Library.ISBN 9780804151900.OCLC 863217943.
Zeiger, Arthur,The Plays of Anton Chekhov,Claxton House, Inc., New York, NY, 1945.
Tufarulo, G, M.,La Luna è morta e lo specchio infranto. Miti letterari del Novecento,vol.1 – G. Laterza, Bari, 2009–ISBN 978-88-8231-491-0.

Vanjski linkovi

Biografije

BiographynaThe Literature Network
"Chekhov's Legacy"odCornel WestnaNPR,2004
The International competition of philological, culture and film studies works dedicated to Anton Chekhov's life and creative work

Documentarci

2010:Tschechow lieben(Tschechow and Women) – Director:Marina Rumjanzewa– Language: German

Djela

Djela čiji je autor Anton Pavlovich ChekhovnaProjektu Gutenberg.AllConstance Garnett's translations of the short stories and letters are available, plus the edition of theNote-booktranslated byS. S. KotelianskyandLeonard Woolf– see the "References"section for print publication details of all of these. Site also has translations of all the plays.
Works by or about Anton ČehovnaInternet Archive
Radovi autora Anton ČehovnaLibriVox(audio knjige javno dostupne)
201 Stories by Anton Chekhov,translated by Constance Garnett presented in chronological order of Russian publication with annotations.
Антон Павлович Чехов. УказательTexts of Chekhov's works in the original Russian, listed in chronological order, and also alphabetically by title. Retrieved June 2013.(in Russian)
Антон Павлович ЧеховTexts of Chekhov's works in the original Russian. Retrieved 16 February 2007.(in Russian)
Works by Anton ČehovuOpen Library

Logo Wikicitata

Wikicitatiimaju citate vezane za:Anton Čehov

Commons logo

Commonsima datoteke na temu:Anton Čehov

[Hingley_2022-1] Hingley, Ronald Francis (25. 1. 2022)."Anton Chekhov – Biography, Plays, Short Stories, & Facts".Encyclopedia Britannica.Pristupljeno 26. 4. 2022.

[2] "Greatest short story writer who ever lived."Raymond Carver(inRosamund Bartlett's introduction toAbout Love and Other Stories,XX); "Quite probably. the best short-story writer ever."A Chekhov Lexicon,byWilliam Boyd,The Guardian,3. 7. 2004. Pristupljeno 16. 2. 2007.

[Steiner-3] "Stories... which are among the supreme achievements in prose narrative."Vodka miniatures, belching and angry cats,George Steiner's review ofThe Undiscovered Chekhov,inThe Observer,13. 5. 2001. Pristupljeno 16. 2. 2007.

[4] Harold Bloom,Genius: A Study of One Hundred Exemplary Authors.

[5] Letter to Alexei Suvorin, 11. 9. 1888.Letters of Anton Chekhov.OnWikiquote.

[6] "Actors climb up Chekhov like a mountain, roped together, sharing the glory if they ever make it to the summit". ActorIan McKellen,quoted in Miles, 9.

[7] "Chekhov's art demands a theatre of mood."Vsevolod Meyerhold,quoted in Allen, 13; "A richer submerged life in the text is characteristic of a more profound drama of realism, one which depends less on the externals of presentation." Styan, 84.

[8] "Chekhov is said to be the father of the modern short story".Malcolm 2004,str. 87; "He brought something new into literature."James Joyce,in Arthur Power,Conversations with James Joyce,Usborne Publishing Ltd, 1974,ISBN 978-0-86000-006-8,57; "Tchehov's breach with the classical tradition is the most significant event in modern literature",John Middleton Murry,inAthenaeum,8. 4. 1922, cited in Bartlett's introduction toAbout Love.

[9] "You are right in demanding that an artist should take an intelligent attitude to his work, but you confuse two things: solving a problem and stating a problem correctly. It is only the second that is obligatory for the artist." Letter to Suvorin, 27. 10. 1888.Letters of Anton Chekhov.

[10] Chekhov, Anton (1991).Forty Stories. Translated by Payne, Robert.New York City: Vintage Classics. str. XXXVI.ISBN 978-0-679-73375-1.

[11] Peter Kropotkin (1. 1. 1905)."The Constitutional Movement in Russia".revoltlib.com.The Nineteenth Century. Arhivirano soriginala,3. 11. 2019.Pristupljeno 10. 7. 2023.

[12] Raymond Tallis (3. 9. 2014).In Defence of Wonder and Other Philosophical Reflections.Routledge.ISBN 9781317547402.

[13] Edmund Wilson (1940)."To The Finland Station".archive.org.Doubleday.When Vladimir finished reading this story, he was seized with such a horror that he could not bear to stay in his room. He went out to find someone to talk to, but it was late: they had all gone to bed. 'I absolutely had the feeling,' he told his sister next day,'that I was shut up in Ward 6 myself!'

[14] Meister, Charles W. (1953). "Chekhov's Reception in England and America".American Slavic and East European Review.12(1): 109–121.doi:10.2307/3004259.JSTOR 3004259.

[15] William H. New (1999).Reading Mansfield and Metaphors of Reform.McGill-Queen's Press. str. 15–17.ISBN 978-0-7735-1791-2.

[16] Wood, James (2000).What Chekhov Meant by Life ". The Broken Estate: Essays in Literature and Belief.New York, NY: Modern Library. str. 77.ISBN 9780804151900.OCLC 863217943.

[17] Allen, 88.

[Danchenko-18] "They won't allow a play which is seen to lament the lost estates of the gentry." Letter ofVladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko,quoted by Anatoly Smeliansky in "Chekhov at the Moscow Art Theatre", fromThe Cambridge Companion to Chekhov,31–32.

[Boyd-19] "The plays lack the seamless authority of the fiction: there are great characters, wonderful scenes, tremendous passages, moments of acute melancholy and sagacity, but the parts appear greater than the whole."A Chekhov Lexicon,byWilliam Boyd,The Guardian,3. 7. 2004. Pristupljeno 16. 2. 2007.

[20] Bartlett,"From Russia, with Love",The Guardian,15. 7. 2004. Pristupljeno 17. 2. 2007.

[21] Anna Obraztsova in "Bernard Shaw's Dialogue with Chekhov", from Miles, 43–44.

[22] Letter fromErnest HemingwaytoArchibald MacLeish,1925 (fromSelected Letters,str. 179), inErnest Hemingway on Writing,Ed Larry W. Phillips, Touchstone, (1984) 1999,ISBN 978-0-684-18119-6,101.

[23] Wikiquote quotes about Chekhov

[Karlinsky-24] Karlinsky, Simon (13. 6. 2008)."Nabokov and Chekhov: Affinities, parallels, structures".Cycno.10(n°1 NABOKOV: Autobiography, Biography and Fiction).Pristupljeno 10. 9. 2018.

[25] FromVladimir Nabokov'sLectures on Russian Literature,quoted byFrancine ProseinLearning from Chekhov,231.

[26] "For the first time in literature the fluidity and randomness of life was made the form of the fiction. Before Chekhov, the event-plot drove all fictions."William Boyd,referring to the novelistWilliam Gerhardie's analysis inAnton Chekhov: A Critical Study,1923."A Chekhov Lexicon"by William Boyd,The Guardian,3. 7. 2004. Pristupljeno 16. 2. 2007.

[27] Woolf, Virginia,The Common Reader: First Series, Annotated Edition,Harvest/HBJ Book, 2002,ISBN 0-15-602778-X,172.

[28] Michael Goldman,The Actor's Freedom: Towards a Theory of Drama,str. 72.

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