Ajuda:AFI

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Aquí teniu una clau bàsica per a la comprensió dels símbols de l'Alfabet Fonètic Internacional.Per al subconjunt desímbolsdelcatalà,visiteuAjuda:AFI per al català.D'altra banda, no s'hi inclouen diversossímbolsrars, que trobareu en l'article principal de l'AFI.

Per a cada símbolAFI,es dóna un exemple en anglès sempre que sigui possible; aquí "RP" es refereix a la pronunciació rebuda. Els idiomes que s'utilitzen per il·lustrar els sons addicionals són principalment els més propensos a ser familiar per a parlants d'anglès, francès, alemany i espanyol. Per als símbols que no estan coberts per aquells, el recurs es pren als idiomes populosos de Xinès Mandarí, Hindustani, àrab i rus. Per sons encara no cobertes, s'utilitzen altres més petites, però ben coneguts idiomes, com el swahili, turc i zulu.

La columna de l'esquerra mostra els símbols d'aquesta manera: '(i) altaveu [a]'. Feu clic en la icona de l'altaveu per sentir el so; feu clic en el símbol en si mateix per a un article dedicat amb una descripció més completa i exemples de diversos idiomes. Tots els sons es parlen més d'una vegada, i els sons de les consonants es pronuncien una vegada seguides per una vocal i una vegada entre vocals.

Contingut:		A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Altres

Símbols principals

^ top B
⁽ⁱ⁾[ a ]	Mandarin hắntā,GermanMann	Per a molts angloparlants, la primera part delowsona encow"vaca". Found in some dialects of English incatorfather.
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ä ]	American Englishah,Spanishcasa,Frenchpatte
⁽ⁱ⁾[ aː ]	GermanAachen,Frenchgare	Long[a].
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ɐ ]	RPcut,GermanKaiserslautern	(In transcriptions of English,[ɐ]is usually written⟨ʌ⟩.)
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ɑ ]	Finnish Linna,Dutchbad
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ɑː ]	RPfather,Frenchpâte	Long[ɑ].
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ɑ̃ ]	FrenchCaen,sans,temps	Nasalized[ɑ].
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ɒ ]	RPcot	Like[ɑ],but with the lips slightly rounded.
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ʌ ]	American Englishcut	Like[ɔ],but without the lips being rounded. (When⟨ʌ⟩is used for English, it may really be[ɐ]or[ɜ].)
⁽ⁱ⁾[ æ ]	RPcat
⁽ⁱ⁾[ b ]	Englishbabble
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ɓ ]	Swahilibwana	Like a[b]said with a gulp. Seeimplosive consonants.
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ʙ ]		Like thebrrrsound made when cold.
⁽ⁱ⁾[ β ]	SpanishlaBamba,Kinyarwandaabana"children"	Like[b],but with the lips not quite touching.
^ top C
⁽ⁱ⁾[ c ]	Turkishkebap"kebab",Czech stín "shadow", Greekκαι"and"	Between Englishtune(RP) andcute.Sometimes used instead for [tʃ] in languages like Hindi.
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ç ]	GermanIch	More of a y-coloration (more palatal) than[x].Some English speakers have a similar sound inhuge.To produce this sound, try whispering loudly the word "ye" as in "Hear ye!".
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ɕ ]	MandarinXi'an,Polishściana	More y-like than[ʃ];something like Englishshe.
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ɔ ]	see underO
^ top D
⁽ⁱ⁾[ d ]	Englishdad
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ɗ ]	SwahiliDodoma	Like[d]said with a gulp.
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ɖ ]	American Englishharder	Like[d]with the tongue curled or pulled back.
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ð ]	Englishthe, bathe
⁽ⁱ⁾[ dz ]¹	Englishadds,Italianzero
⁽ⁱ⁾[ dʒ ]¹	Englishjudge
⁽ⁱ⁾[ dʑ ]¹	polonèsniedźwiedź"ós"	Like [dʒ], but with more of a y-sound.
⁽ⁱ⁾[ dʐ ]¹	Polishdżem"jam"	Like [dʒ] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
^ top E
⁽ⁱ⁾[ e ]	Spanishfe;Frenchclé
⁽ⁱ⁾[ eː ]	GermanKlee	Long[e].Similar to Englishhey,before the y sets in.
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ə ]	Englishabove,Hindi ठग[ʈʰəɡ](thug)"thief"	(Only occurs in English when not stressed.)
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ɚ ]	American Englishrunner
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ɛ ]	Englishbet
[ ɛ̃ ]	FrenchAgen,vin,main;Polishmięso	Nasalized[ɛ].
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ɜ ]	RPbird(long)
[ ɝ ]	American Englishbird
^ top F
⁽ⁱ⁾[ f ]	Englishfun
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ɟ ]	see underJ
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ʄ ]	see underJ
^ top G
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ɡ ]	Englishgag	(Should look like.No different from a Latin "g" )
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ɠ ]	SwahiliUganda	Like[ɡ]said with a gulp.
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ɢ ]		Like[ɡ],but further back, in the throat. Found inPersianand some Arabic dialects for/q/,as inGaddafi.
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ʒ ]	see underZ	Englishbeige.
^ top H
⁽ⁱ⁾[ h ]	American Englishhouse
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ɦ ]	Englishahead,when said quickly.
[ ʰ ]		The extra puff of air in Englishtop[tʰɒp]compared tostop[stɒp], or to French or Spanish[t].
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ħ ]	Arabic محمدMuhammad	Far down in the throat, like[h],but stronger.
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ɥ ]	see underU
[ ɮ ]	see underL
^ top I
⁽ⁱ⁾[ i ]	Frenchville,SpanishValladolid
⁽ⁱ⁾[ iː ]	Englishsea	Long[i].
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ɪ ]	Englishsit
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ɨ ]	Russian ты "you"	Often used for unstressed Englishroses.
^ top J
⁽ⁱ⁾[ j ]	Englishyes, hallelujah,GermanJunge
[ ʲ ]	Russian Ленин[ˈlʲenʲɪn]	Indicates a sound is more y-like.
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ʝ ]	Spanishcayo(some dialects)	Like[j],but stronger.
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ɟ ]	Turkishgör"see", Czechdíra "hole"	Between Englishdew(RP) andargue.Sometimes used instead for [dʒ] in languages like Hindi.
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ʄ ]	Swahilijambo	Like[ɟ]said with a gulp.
^ top K
⁽ⁱ⁾[ k ]	Englishkick,skip
^ top L
⁽ⁱ⁾[ l ]	Englishleaf
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ɫ ]	Englishwool Russian малый[ˈmɑɫɨj]"small"	"Dark" el.
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ɬ ]	Welshllwyd[ɬʊɪd]"grey" Zuluhlala[ɬaːla]"sit"	By touching roof of mouth with tongue and giving a giving a quick breath out. Found inWelshplacenames likeLlangollenandLlanelliandNelson Mandela'sXhosa nameRolihlahla.
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ɭ ]		Like[l]with the tongue curled or pulled back.
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ɺ ]		A flapped[l],like[l]and[ɾ]said together.
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ɮ ]	Zuludla"eat"	Rather like[l]and[ʒ],or[l]and[ð],said together.
^ top M
⁽ⁱ⁾[ m ]	Englishmime
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ɱ ]	Englishsymphony	Like[m],but lips touch teeth as they do in[f].
[ ɯ ]	see underW
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ʍ ]	see underW
^ top N
⁽ⁱ⁾[ n ]	Englishnun
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ŋ ]	Englishsing
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ɲ ]	SpanishPeña,Frenchchampagne	Rather like Englishcanyon.
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ɳ ]	Hindi वरुण[ʋəruɳ]Varuna	Like[n]with the tongue curled or pulled back.
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ɴ ]	Castilian SpanishDonJuan[doɴˈχwan]	Like[ŋ],but further back, in the throat.
^ top O
⁽ⁱ⁾[ o ]	Spanishno,Frencheau
⁽ⁱ⁾[ oː ]	GermanBoden,FrenchVosges	Long[o].Somewhat reminiscent of Englishno.
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ɔ ]	GermanOldenburg,FrenchGaronne
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ɔː ]	RPlaw,FrenchLimoges	Long[ɔ].
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ɔ̃ ]	FrenchLyon,son;Polishwąż	Nasalized[ɔ].
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ø ]	Frenchfeu,bœufs	Like[e],but with the lips rounded like[o].
⁽ⁱ⁾[ øː ]	GermanGoethe,FrenchDeûle,neutre	Long[ø].
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ɵ ]	Swedishdum	Halfway between[o]and[ø].Similar to[ʊ]but with the tongue slightly more down and front.
⁽ⁱ⁾[ œ ]	Frenchbœuf,seul,GermanGöttingen	Like[ɛ],but with the lips rounded like[ɔ].
⁽ⁱ⁾[ œː ]	Frenchœuvre,heure	Long[œ].
⁽ⁱ⁾[ œ̃ ]	Frenchbrun,parfum	Nasalized[œ].
⁽ⁱ⁾[ θ ]	see underother
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ɸ ]	see underother
^ top P
⁽ⁱ⁾[ p ]	Englishpip
^ top Q
⁽ⁱ⁾[ q ]	ArabicQur’ān	Like[k],but further back, in the throat.
^ top R
⁽ⁱ⁾[ r ]	Spanishperro,Scotsborrow	"Rolled R". (Generally used for English[ɹ]when there's no need to be precise.)
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ɾ ]	Spanishpero,Tagalogdaliri,Malaykabar,American Englishkitty/kiddie	"Flapped R".
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ʀ ]	Dutchroodand Germanrot(some speakers)	A trill in the back of the throat. Found for /r/ in some conservative registers of French.
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ɽ ]	Hindi साड़ी[sɑːɽiː]"sari"	Like flapped[ɾ],but with the tongue curled back.
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ɹ ]	RPborrow
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ɻ ]	American Englishborrow, butter	Like[ɹ],but with the tongue curled or pulled back, as pronounced by many English speakers.
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ʁ ]	FrenchParis,GermanRiemann	Said back in the throat, but not trilled.
^ top S
⁽ⁱ⁾[ s ]	Englishsass
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ʃ ]	Englishshoe
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ɧ ]	Swedishsju
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ʂ ]	Mandarin Thiếu Lâm(Shàolín),RussianПушкин(Pushkin)	Acoustically similar to[ʃ],but with the tongue curled or pulled back.
^ top T
⁽ⁱ⁾[ t ]	Englishtot,stop
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ʈ ]	Hindi ठग[ʈʰəɡ](thug)"thief"	Like[t],but with the tongue curled or pulled back.
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ts ]²	Englishcats,Russianцарьtsar
⁽ⁱ⁾[ tʃ ]²	Englishchurch
⁽ⁱ⁾[ tɕ ]²	Mandarin Bắc Kinh⁽ⁱ⁾Běijīng,Polishciebie"you"	Like [tʃ], but with more of a y-sound.
⁽ⁱ⁾[ tʂ ]²	Mandarinzh,Polishczas	Like [tʃ] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
^ top U
⁽ⁱ⁾[ u ]	Frenchvous"you"
⁽ⁱ⁾[ uː ]	FrenchRocquencourt,GermanSchumacher,close to RPfood	Long[u].
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ʊ ]	Englishfoot,GermanBundesrepublik
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ʉ ]	Australian Englishfood(long)	Like[ɨ],but with the lips rounded as for[u].
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ɥ ]	Frenchlui	Like[j]and[w]said together.
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ɯ ]	see underW
^ top V
⁽ⁱ⁾[ v ]	Englishverve
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ʋ ]	Hindi वरुण[ʋəruɳə]"Varuna"	Between[v]and[w].Used by some Germans and Russians forv/w,and by some speakers of British English forr.
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ɣ ]	Arabic / Swahilighali"expensive", Spanishsuegro	Sounds rather like French[ʁ]or between[ɡ]and[h].
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ɤ ]	MandarinHénán	Like[o]but without the lips rounded, something like a cross of[ʊ]and[ʌ].
[ ʌ ]	see underA
^ top W
⁽ⁱ⁾[ w ]	Englishwow
[ ʷ ]	Englishrain[ɹʷeɪn]	Indicates a sound has lip rounding,quick.
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ʍ ]	what(some dialects)	like[h]and[w]said together
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ɯ ]	Turkishkayık"caïque"	Like[u],but with the lips flat; something like[ʊ].
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ɰ ]	Spanishagua
^ top X
⁽ⁱ⁾[ x ]	Scottish Englishloch,GermanBach,Russianхороший[xɐˈroʂɨj]"good", Spanishjoven	between[k]and[h]
⁽ⁱ⁾[ χ ]	northern Standard Dutch Scheveningen,Castilian SpanishDonJuan[doɴˈχwan]	Like[x],but further back, in the throat. Some German and Arabic speakers have[χ]for[x].
^ top Y
⁽ⁱ⁾[ y ]	Frenchrue	Like[i],but with the lips rounded as for[u].
⁽ⁱ⁾[ yː ]	GermanBülow,Frenchsûr	Long[y].
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ʏ ]	GermanEisenhüttenstadt	Like[ɪ],but with the lips rounded as for[ʊ].
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ʎ ]	Italiantagliatelle	Like[l],but more y-like. Rather like Englishvolume.
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ɥ ]	see underU
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ɤ ]	see underV
[ ɣ ]	see underV
^ top Z
⁽ⁱ⁾[ z ]	Englishzoos
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ʒ ]	Englishvision,Frenchjournal
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ʑ ]	formal Russianжжёшь[ʑːoʂ]"you burn", Polishźle	More y-like than[ʒ],something likebeigey.
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ʐ ]	Mandarin Nhân Dân Nhật BáoRénmínRìbào"People's Daily", Russianжир "fat"	Like[ʒ]with the tongue curled or pulled back.
[ ɮ ]	see underL
^ top Altres
⁽ⁱ⁾[ θ ]	Englishthigh, bath
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ɸ ]	Japanese phú sĩ[ɸɯdʑi]Fuji,Māori[ˌɸaːɾeːˈnuiː]wharenui	Like[p],but with the lips not quite touching
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ʔ ]	Englishuh-oh, Hawai‘i,Germandie Angst	The 'glottal stop', a catch in the breath. For some people, found inbutton[ˈbʌʔn̩],or between vowels across words:Deus ex machina[ˌdeɪəsˌʔɛksˈmɑːkɨnə];in some nonstandard dialects, ina apple[ʌˈʔæpl̩].
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ʕ ]	Arabic عربي^carabī"Arabic"	A light sound deep in the throat.
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ǀ ]	Englishtsk-tsk!ortut-tut!,Zuluicici"earring"	(The English click used for disapproval.) Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including[ kǀ ], [ ɡǀ ], [ ŋǀ ].The Zimbabwean MPNcubehas this click in his name, as didCetshwayo.
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ǁ ]	Englishtchick! tchick!,Zuluixoxo"frog"	(The English click used to urge on a horse.) Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including[ kǁ ], [ ɡǁ ], [ ŋǁ ].Found in the name of theXhosa.
⁽ⁱ⁾[ ǃ ]	Zuluiqaqa"polecat"	(The English click used to imitate the trotting of a horse.) A hollow popping sound, like a cork pulled from a bottle. Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including[ kǃ ], [ ɡǃ ], [ ŋǃ ].

^1^2Aquests símbols s'escriuen oficialment amb un llaç que uneix ells (per exemplet͡ʃ), i també de vegades s'escriuen com a caràcters individuals (per exempleʧ) encara que aquesta última convenció ja no és oficial. Estan escrits sense lligadures aquí per garantir la correcta visualització en tots els navegadors.

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