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Ajuda:AFI

De la Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure

Aquí teniu una clau bàsica per a la comprensió dels símbols de l'Alfabet Fonètic Internacional.Per al subconjunt desímbolsdelcatalà,visiteuAjuda:AFI per al català.D'altra banda, no s'hi inclouen diversossímbolsrars, que trobareu en l'article principal de l'AFI.

Per a cada símbolAFI,es dóna un exemple en anglès sempre que sigui possible; aquí "RP" es refereix a la pronunciació rebuda. Els idiomes que s'utilitzen per il·lustrar els sons addicionals són principalment els més propensos a ser familiar per a parlants d'anglès, francès, alemany i espanyol. Per als símbols que no estan coberts per aquells, el recurs es pren als idiomes populosos de Xinès Mandarí, Hindustani, àrab i rus. Per sons encara no cobertes, s'utilitzen altres més petites, però ben coneguts idiomes, com el swahili, turc i zulu.

La columna de l'esquerra mostra els símbols d'aquesta manera: '(i) altaveu [a]'. Feu clic en la icona de l'altaveu per sentir el so; feu clic en el símbol en si mateix per a un article dedicat amb una descripció més completa i exemples de diversos idiomes. Tots els sons es parlen més d'una vegada, i els sons de les consonants es pronuncien una vegada seguides per una vocal i una vegada entre vocals.

Contingut: ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZAltres

Símbols principals

[modifica]
(i)listen[ a ] Mandarin hắntā,GermanMann Per a molts angloparlants, la primera part delowsona encow"vaca". Found in some dialects of English incatorfather.
(i)listen[ ä ] American Englishah,Spanishcasa,Frenchpatte
(i)listen[ aː ] GermanAachen,Frenchgare Long[a].
(i)listen[ ɐ ] RPcut,GermanKaiserslautern (In transcriptions of English,[ɐ]is usually writtenʌ.)
(i)listen[ ɑ ] FinnishLinna,Dutchbad
(i)listen[ ɑː ] RPfather,Frenchpâte Long[ɑ].
(i)listen[ ɑ̃ ] FrenchCaen,sans,temps Nasalized[ɑ].
(i)listen[ ɒ ] RPcot Like[ɑ],but with the lips slightly rounded.
(i)listen[ ʌ ] American Englishcut Like[ɔ],but without the lips being rounded. (Whenʌis used for English, it may really be[ɐ]or[ɜ].)
(i)listen[ æ ] RPcat
B
(i)listen[ b ] Englishbabble
(i)listen[ ɓ ] Swahilibwana Like a[b]said with a gulp. Seeimplosive consonants.
(i)listen[ ʙ ] Like thebrrrsound made when cold.
(i)listen[ β ] SpanishlaBamba,Kinyarwandaabana"children" Like[b],but with the lips not quite touching.
C
(i)listen[ c ] Turkishkebap"kebab",Czech stín "shadow", Greekκαι"and" Between Englishtune(RP) andcute.Sometimes used instead for [tʃ] in languages like Hindi.
(i)listen[ ç ] GermanIch More of a y-coloration (more palatal) than[x].Some English speakers have a similar sound inhuge.To produce this sound, try whispering loudly the word "ye" as in "Hear ye!".
(i)listen[ ɕ ] MandarinXi'an,Polishściana More y-like than[ʃ];something like Englishshe.
(i)listen[ ɔ ] see underO
D
(i)listen[ d ] Englishdad
(i)listen[ ɗ ] SwahiliDodoma Like[d]said with a gulp.
(i)listen[ ɖ ] American Englishharder Like[d]with the tongue curled or pulled back.
(i)listen[ ð ] Englishthe, bathe
(i)listen[ dz ]1 Englishadds,Italianzero
(i)listen[ dʒ ]1 Englishjudge
(i)listen[ dʑ ]1 polonèsniewiedź"ós" Like [dʒ], but with more of a y-sound.
(i)listen[ dʐ ]1 Polishem"jam" Like [dʒ] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
E
(i)listen[ e ] Spanishfe;Frenchclé
(i)listen[ eː ] GermanKlee Long[e].Similar to Englishhey,before the y sets in.
(i)listen[ ə ] Englishabove,Hindi ठग[ʈʰəɡ](thug)"thief" (Only occurs in English when not stressed.)
(i)listen[ ɚ ] American Englishrunner
(i)listen[ ɛ ] Englishbet
[ ɛ̃ ] FrenchAgen,vin,main;Polishmięso Nasalized[ɛ].
(i)listen[ ɜ ] RPbird(long)
[ ɝ ] American Englishbird
F
(i)listen[ f ] Englishfun
(i)listen[ ɟ ] see underJ
(i)listen[ ʄ ] see underJ
G
(i)listen[ ɡ ] Englishgag (Should look like.No different from a Latin "g" )
(i)listen[ ɠ ] SwahiliUganda Like[ɡ]said with a gulp.
(i)listen[ ɢ ] Like[ɡ],but further back, in the throat. Found inPersianand some Arabic dialects for/q/,as inGaddafi.
(i)listen[ ʒ ] see underZ Englishbeige.
H
(i)listen[ h ] American Englishhouse
(i)listen[ ɦ ] Englishahead,when said quickly.
[ ʰ ] The extra puff of air in Englishtop[tʰɒp]compared tostop[stɒp], or to French or Spanish[t].
(i)listen[ ħ ] Arabic محمدMuhammad Far down in the throat, like[h],but stronger.
(i)listen[ ɥ ] see underU
[ ɮ ] see underL
I
(i)listen[ i ] Frenchville,SpanishValladolid
(i)listen[ iː ] Englishsea Long[i].
(i)listen[ ɪ ] Englishsit
(i)listen[ ɨ ] Russian ты "you" Often used for unstressed Englishroses.
J
(i)listen[ j ] Englishyes, hallelujah,GermanJunge
[ ʲ ] Russian Ленин[ˈlʲenʲɪn] Indicates a sound is more y-like.
(i)listen[ ʝ ] Spanishcayo(some dialects) Like[j],but stronger.
(i)listen[ ɟ ] Turkishgör"see", Czechdíra "hole" Between Englishdew(RP) andargue.Sometimes used instead for [dʒ] in languages like Hindi.
(i)listen[ ʄ ] Swahilijambo Like[ɟ]said with a gulp.
K
(i)listen[ k ] Englishkick,skip
L
(i)listen[ l ] Englishleaf
(i)listen[ ɫ ] Englishwool
Russian малый[ˈmɑɫɨj]"small"
"Dark" el.
(i)listen[ ɬ ] Welshllwyd[ɬʊɪd]"grey"
Zuluhlala[ɬaːla]"sit"
By touching roof of mouth with tongue and giving a giving a quick breath out. Found inWelshplacenames likeLlangollenandLlanelliandNelson Mandela'sXhosa nameRolihlahla.
(i)listen[ ɭ ] Like[l]with the tongue curled or pulled back.
(i)listen[ ɺ ] A flapped[l],like[l]and[ɾ]said together.
(i)listen[ ɮ ] Zuludla"eat" Rather like[l]and[ʒ],or[l]and[ð],said together.
M
(i)listen[ m ] Englishmime
(i)listen[ ɱ ] Englishsymphony Like[m],but lips touch teeth as they do in[f].
[ ɯ ] see underW
(i)listen[ ʍ ] see underW
N
(i)listen[ n ] Englishnun
(i)listen[ ŋ ] Englishsing
(i)listen[ ɲ ] SpanishPeña,Frenchchampagne Rather like Englishcanyon.
(i)listen[ ɳ ] Hindi वरुण[ʋəruɳ]Varuna Like[n]with the tongue curled or pulled back.
(i)listen[ ɴ ] Castilian SpanishDonJuan[doɴˈχwan] Like[ŋ],but further back, in the throat.
O
(i)listen[ o ] Spanishno,Frencheau
(i)listen[ oː ] GermanBoden,FrenchVosges Long[o].Somewhat reminiscent of Englishno.
(i)listen[ ɔ ] GermanOldenburg,FrenchGaronne
(i)listen[ ɔː ] RPlaw,FrenchLimoges Long[ɔ].
(i)listen[ ɔ̃ ] FrenchLyon,son;Polishwąż Nasalized[ɔ].
(i)listen[ ø ] Frenchfeu,bœufs Like[e],but with the lips rounded like[o].
(i)listen[ øː ] GermanGoethe,FrenchDle,neutre Long[ø].
(i)listen[ ɵ ] Swedishdum Halfway between[o]and[ø].Similar to[ʊ]but with the tongue slightly more down and front.
(i)listen[ œ ] Frenchbœuf,seul,GermanGöttingen Like[ɛ],but with the lips rounded like[ɔ].
(i)listen[ œː ] Frenchœuvre,heure Long[œ].
(i)listen[ œ̃ ] Frenchbrun,parfum Nasalized[œ].
(i)listen[ θ ] see underother
(i)listen[ ɸ ] see underother
P
(i)listen[ p ] Englishpip
Q
(i)listen[ q ] ArabicQur’ān Like[k],but further back, in the throat.
R
(i)listen[ r ] Spanishperro,Scotsborrow "Rolled R". (Generally used for English[ɹ]when there's no need to be precise.)
(i)listen[ ɾ ] Spanishpero,Tagalogdaliri,Malaykabar,American Englishkitty/kiddie "Flapped R".
(i)listen[ ʀ ] Dutchroodand Germanrot(some speakers) A trill in the back of the throat. Found for /r/ in some conservative registers of French.
(i)listen[ ɽ ] Hindi साड़ी[sɑːɽiː]"sari" Like flapped[ɾ],but with the tongue curled back.
(i)listen[ ɹ ] RPborrow
(i)listen[ ɻ ] American Englishborrow, butter Like[ɹ],but with the tongue curled or pulled back, as pronounced by many English speakers.
(i)listen[ ʁ ] FrenchParis,GermanRiemann Said back in the throat, but not trilled.
S
(i)listen[ s ] Englishsass
(i)listen[ ʃ ] Englishshoe
(i)listen[ ɧ ] Swedishsju
(i)listen[ ʂ ] Mandarin Thiếu Lâm(Shàolín),RussianПушкин(Pushkin) Acoustically similar to[ʃ],but with the tongue curled or pulled back.
T
(i)listen[ t ] Englishtot,stop
(i)listen[ ʈ ] Hindi ठग[ʈʰəɡ](thug)"thief" Like[t],but with the tongue curled or pulled back.
(i)listen[ ts ]2 Englishcats,Russianцарьtsar
(i)listen[ tʃ ]2 Englishchurch
(i)listen[ tɕ ]2 Mandarin Bắc Kinh(i)listenBěijīng,Polishciebie"you" Like [tʃ], but with more of a y-sound.
(i)listen[ tʂ ]2 Mandarinzh,Polishczas Like [tʃ] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
U
(i)listen[ u ] Frenchvous"you"
(i)listen[ uː ] FrenchRocquencourt,GermanSchumacher,close to RPfood Long[u].
(i)listen[ ʊ ] Englishfoot,GermanBundesrepublik
(i)listen[ ʉ ] Australian Englishfood(long) Like[ɨ],but with the lips rounded as for[u].
(i)listen[ ɥ ] Frenchlui Like[j]and[w]said together.
(i)listen[ ɯ ] see underW
V
(i)listen[ v ] Englishverve
(i)listen[ ʋ ] Hindi वरुण[ʋəruɳə]"Varuna" Between[v]and[w].Used by some Germans and Russians forv/w,and by some speakers of British English forr.
(i)listen[ ɣ ] Arabic / Swahilighali"expensive", Spanishsuegro Sounds rather like French[ʁ]or between[ɡ]and[h].
(i)listen[ ɤ ] MandarinHénán Like[o]but without the lips rounded, something like a cross of[ʊ]and[ʌ].
[ ʌ ] see underA
W
(i)listen[ w ] Englishwow
[ ʷ ] Englishrain[ɹʷeɪn] Indicates a sound has lip rounding,quick.
(i)listen[ ʍ ] what(some dialects) like[h]and[w]said together
(i)listen[ ɯ ] Turkishkayık"caïque" Like[u],but with the lips flat; something like[ʊ].
(i)listen[ ɰ ] Spanishagua
X
(i)listen[ x ] Scottish Englishloch,GermanBach,Russianхороший[xɐˈroʂɨj]"good", Spanishjoven between[k]and[h]
(i)listen[ χ ] northern Standard DutchScheveningen,Castilian SpanishDonJuan[doɴˈχwan] Like[x],but further back, in the throat. Some German and Arabic speakers have[χ]for[x].
Y
(i)listen[ y ] Frenchrue Like[i],but with the lips rounded as for[u].
(i)listen[ yː ] GermanBülow,Frenchsûr Long[y].
(i)listen[ ʏ ] GermanEisenhüttenstadt Like[ɪ],but with the lips rounded as for[ʊ].
(i)listen[ ʎ ] Italiantagliatelle Like[l],but more y-like. Rather like Englishvolume.
(i)listen[ ɥ ] see underU
(i)listen[ ɤ ] see underV
[ ɣ ] see underV
Z
(i)listen[ z ] Englishzoos
(i)listen[ ʒ ] Englishvision,Frenchjournal
(i)listen[ ʑ ] formal Russianжжёшь[ʑːoʂ]"you burn", Polishźle More y-like than[ʒ],something likebeigey.
(i)listen[ ʐ ] Mandarin Nhân Dân Nhật BáoRénmínRìbào"People's Daily", Russianжир "fat" Like[ʒ]with the tongue curled or pulled back.
[ ɮ ] see underL
Altres
(i)listen[ θ ] Englishthigh, bath
(i)listen[ ɸ ] Japanese phú sĩ[ɸɯdʑi]Fuji,Māori[ˌɸaːɾeːˈnuiː]wharenui Like[p],but with the lips not quite touching
(i)listen[ ʔ ] Englishuh-oh, Hawaii,Germandie Angst The 'glottal stop', a catch in the breath. For some people, found inbutton[ˈbʌʔn̩],or between vowels across words:Deus ex machina[ˌdeɪəsˌʔɛksˈmɑːkɨnə];in some nonstandard dialects, ina apple[ʌˈʔæpl̩].
(i)listen[ ʕ ] Arabic عربيcarabī"Arabic" A light sound deep in the throat.
(i)listen[ ǀ ] Englishtsk-tsk!ortut-tut!,Zuluicici"earring" (The English click used for disapproval.) Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including[ kǀ ], [ ɡǀ ], [ ŋǀ ].The Zimbabwean MPNcubehas this click in his name, as didCetshwayo.
(i)listen[ ǁ ] Englishtchick! tchick!,Zuluixoxo"frog" (The English click used to urge on a horse.) Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including[ kǁ ], [ ɡǁ ], [ ŋǁ ].Found in the name of theXhosa.
(i)listen[ ǃ ] Zuluiqaqa"polecat" (The English click used to imitate the trotting of a horse.) A hollow popping sound, like a cork pulled from a bottle. Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including[ kǃ ], [ ɡǃ ], [ ŋǃ ].
  • ^1^2Aquests símbols s'escriuen oficialment amb un llaç que uneix ells (per exemplet͡ʃ), i també de vegades s'escriuen com a caràcters individuals (per exempleʧ) encara que aquesta última convenció ja no és oficial. Estan escrits sense lligadures aquí per garantir la correcta visualització en tots els navegadors.