Buruixaski
| بروشسکی burū́šaskī | |
|---|---|
| Tipus | llengua naturalillengua viva |
| Ús | |
| Parlants | 87,000 (2000) |
| Autòcton de | Gilgit-BaltistaniJammu i Caixmir |
| Estat | Pakistan |
| Classificació lingüística | |
| llengua humana | |
| Característiques | |
| Sistema d'escriptura | ortografia de l'urdúialfabet llatí |
| Nivell de vulnerabilitat | 2 vulnerable |
| Codis | |
| ISO 639-3 | bsk |
| SIL | bsk |
| Glottolog | buru1296 |
| Ethnologue | bsk |
| UNESCO | 1599 |
| IETF | bsk |
| Endangered languages | 1614 |
Buruixaski(بروشسکی - burū́šaskī) és unallengua aïllada[1]parlada a les zones on viu el pobleburuixo,és a dir a les valls deHunza,Nagar,Yasin,Ishkoman-Barjunglei algunes zones deGilgital nord delPakistani també per uns 300 buruixos que viuen aSrinagar,Índia.[2][3]Altres noms per a la llengua són Brugaski, Kanjut (Kunjoot), Verchikwār, Boorishki, Brushas (Brushias) i Miśa:ski.
Escriptura
[modifica]El buruixaski és un idioma parlat. De vegades s'escriu amb l'alfabet utilitzat per l'urdú,una versió de l'alfabet persa,però l'ortografiano ha estat fixada.Nasir al-Din Nasir Hunzaiha escrit poesies en buruixaski utilitzant l'alfabet urdú.
Fonologia
[modifica]El buruixaski té cinc vocals /i e a o u/. Diverses contraccions resulten en vocals llargues; les vocals tenses tenen la tendència de ser més llargues i menys "obertes" que les no tenses. ([i e a o u] oposades a[ɪ ɛ ʌ ɔ ʊ]).
Les consonants recollides per Berger (1998) es mostren a continuació en la seva transcripció iAFI:
| Bilabial | Dental | Alveolo-palatal | Retroflexa | Velar | Uvular | Glotal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m/m/ | n/n/ | ṅ/ŋ/ | |||||
| Oclusiva | aspirada | ph/pʰ/[4] | th/tʰ/ | ṭh/ʈʰ/ | kh/kʰ/ | qh/qʰ/[5] | ||
| normal | p/p/ | t/t/ | ṭ/ʈ/ | k/k/ | q/q/ | |||
| sonora | b/b/ | d/d/ | ḍ/ɖ/ | g/g/ | ||||
| Africada | aspirada[6] | ch/t͡sʰ/ | ćh/t͡ɕʰ/ | c̣h/ʈ͡ʂʰ/ | ||||
| plain | c/t͡s/ | ć/t͡ɕ/ | c̣/ʈ͡ʂ/ | |||||
| sonora | j/d͡ʑ/[7] | j̣/ɖ͡ʐ/[8] | ||||||
| Fricativa | sorda | s/s/ | ś/ɕ/ | ṣ/ʂ/ | h/h/ | |||
| sonora | z/z/ | ġ/ʁ/ | ||||||
| Vibrant | r/r/ | |||||||
| Aproximant | l/l/ | y[j][9] | ỵ/ɻ/[10] | w[w][9] | ||||
Referències
[modifica]- ↑Burushaski language, Encyclopædia Britannica online
- ↑Munshi,Sadaf «Jammu and Kashmir Burushaski: Language, language contact, and change».linguistlist.org,2006. Arxivat de l'originalel 2017-02-02 [Consulta: 30 juliol 2010].
- ↑«[repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/2777/munshis96677.pdf?sequence=2 PDF]».
- ↑La pronunciació varia:[pʰ] ~ [p͡f] ~ [f]
- ↑La pronunciació varia:[qʰ] ~ [q͡χ] ~ [χ]
- ↑El dialecte Yasin no té africades aspirades.
- ↑De vegades pronunciat[ʑ]
- ↑De vegades pronunciat[ʐ]
- ↑9,09,1Berger (1998) considera [w] i [j] com aal·lòfonsde /u/ i /i/ que tenen lloc davant vocals tenses.
- ↑Aquest fonema té diverses pronunciacions, totes d'elles sons lingüísticament rars. Les descripcions varien.
Bibliografia
[modifica]- Anderson, Gregory D. S. 1997. Burushaski Morphology. Pages 1021–1041 in volume 2 ofMorphologies of Asia and Africa,ed. by Alan Kaye. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.
- Anderson, Gregory D. S. 1999. M. Witzel's "South Asian Substrate Languages" from a Burushaski Perspective.Mother Tongue(Special Issue, October 1999).
- Anderson, Gregory D. S. forthcoming b. Burushaski. InLanguage Islands: Isolates and Microfamilies of Eurasia,ed. by D.A. Abondolo. London: Curzon Press.
- Backstrom, Peter C.Burushaskiin Backstrom and Radloff (eds.),Languages of northern areas, Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan, 2. Islamabad,National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Qaid-i-Azam University andSummer Institute of Linguistics(1992), 31-54.
- Bashir, Elena. 2000. A Thematic Survey of Burushaski Research.History of Language6.1: 1–14.
- Berger, Hermann. 1956. Mittelmeerische Kulturpflanzennamen aus dem Burušaski [Names of Mediterranean cultured plants from B.].Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft9: 4-33.
- Berger, Hermann. 1959. Die Burušaski-Lehnwörter in der Zigeunersprache [The B. loanwords in theGypsy language]. Indo-Iranian Journal 3.1: 17-43.
- Berger, Hermann. 1974.Das Yasin-Burushaski (Werchikwar).Volume 3 ofNeuindische Studien,ed. by Hermann Berger, Lothar Lutze and Günther Sontheimer. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
- Berger, Hermann. 1998.Die Burushaski-Sprache von Hunza und Nager[The B. language of H. and N.]. Three volumes:Grammatik[grammar],Texte mit Übersetzungen[texts with translations],Wörterbuch[dictionary]. Altogether Volume 13 ofNeuindische Studien(ed. by Hermann Berger, Heidrun Brückner and Lothar Lutze). Wiesbaden: Otto Harassowitz.
- Casule, Ilija. 2010.Burushaski as an Indo-European language.Languages of the World 38. Múnic: Lincom.
- Casule, Ilija. 2003. Evidence for the Indo-European laryngeals in Burushaski and its genetic affiliation with Indo-European. The Journal of Indo-European Studies 31:1-2, pp 21-86.
- van Driem, George. 2001.Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region, containing an Introduction to the Symbiotic Theory of Language(2 vols.). Leiden: Brill.
- Greenberg, Joseph H., and Merritt Ruhlen. 1992. Linguistic Origins of Native Americans.Scientific American267(5): 94–99.
- Grune, Dick. 1998.Burushaski – An Extraordinary Language in the Karakoram Mountains.
- Lorimer, D. L. R.1935–1938.The Burushaski Language(3 vols.). Oslo: Instituttet for Sammenlignende Kulturforskning.
- Morgenstierne, Georg.1945. Notes on Burushaski Phonology.Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap13: 61–95.
- Munshi, Sadaf. 2006.Jammu and Kashmir Burushaski: Language, language contact, and change.Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation. Austin: University of Texas at Austin, Department of Linguistics.
- van Skyhawk, Hugh. 2003. Burushaski-Texte aus Hispar. Materialien zum Verständnis einer archaischen Bergkultur in Nordpakistan.Beiträge zur Indologie38.ISBN 3-447-04645-7.
- Starostin, Sergei A. 1996. Comments on the Basque-Dene-Caucasian Comparisons.Mother Tongue2: 101–109.
- Tiffou, Étienne. 1993.Hunza Proverbs.University of Calgary Press.ISBN 1-895176-29-8
- Tiffou, Étienne. 1999.Parlons Bourouchaski.Paris: L'Harmattan.ISBN 2-7384-7967-7
- Tiffou, Étienne. 2000. Current Research in Burushaski: A Survey.History of Language6(1): 15–20.
- Tikkanen, Bertil. 1988. On Burushaski and other ancient substrata in northwest South Asia.Studia Orientalia64: 303–325.
- Varma, Siddheshwar. 1941. Studies in Burushaski Dialectology.Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, Letters7: 133–173.
- Witzel, Michael. 1999. Early Sources for South Asian Substrate Languages.Mother Tongue(Special Issue, October 1999): 1–70
