bell hooks

Bell hooks
Bell hooks
Ffugenw	bell hooks
Ganwyd	Gloria Jean Watkins; 25 Medi 1952; Hopkinsville
Bu farw	15 Rhagfyr 2021; omethiant yr arennau; Berea
Dinasyddiaeth	Unol Daleithiau America
Alma mater	Prifysgol Stanford; Hopkinsville High School; Prifysgol Califfornia, Santa Cruz;
Galwedigaeth	athronydd, academydd,ysgrifennwr
Cyflogwr	Coleg Berea; Coleg Oberlin; Prifysgol Dinas Efrog Newydd; Prifysgol San Francisco; Prifysgol De Califfornia; Prifysgol Yale;
Adnabyddus am	Ain't I a Woman?, All About Love: New Visions, We Real Cool: Black Men and Masculinity, Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center, Bone Black: Memories of Girlhood
Prif ddylanwad	Sojourner Truth,Paulo Freire, Gustavo Gutiérrez, Erich Fromm, Lorraine Hansberry, Nhat Hanh,James Baldwin,Malcolm X,Martin Luther King,Toni Morrison
Gwobr/au	Gwobrau Llyfrau Americanaidd

Awdur, athro,ffeminydd,ac actifydd cymdeithasol o'rUnol DaleithiauoeddGloria Jean Watkins(25 Medi 1952–15 Rhagfyr 2021), a oedd yn fwy adnabyddus wrth ei ffugenwbell hooks.^[1]Roedd yr enw "bell hooks" wedi'i fenthyg gan ei hen-nain ar ochr ei mam, Bell Blair Hooks.^[2]

Ffocws ysgrifennu hooks oedd yrhyngbletheddrhwng hil,cyfalafiaetha rhywedd, a'r hyn a ddisgrifiodd fel eu gallu i greu a rhoi parhad i systemau o ormes a thra-awdurdod dosbarth. Cyhoeddodd fwy na 30 o lyfrau a nifer o erthyglau ysgolheigaidd, ymddangosodd mewn ffilmiau dogfen, a traddododd ddarlithoedd cyhoeddus gan drafod hil, dosbarth, rhyw, celf, hanes, rhywioldeb, cyfryngau torfol, a ffeministiaeth. Yn 2014, sefydlodd y Sefydliad bell hooks yng Ngholeg Berea yn Berea, Kentucky.^[3]

Bywyd cynnar

Ganwyd Gloria Jean Watkins ar 25 Medi 1952, yn Hopkinsville,^[4]tref fach ddidoledig ynKentucky,^[5]i deulu dosbarth gweithiol Affricanaidd-Americanaidd. Roedd Watkins yn un o chwech o blant a anwyd i Rosa Bell Watkins (g.Oldham) a Veodis Watkins. Roedd ei thad yn gweithio fel porthor ac roedd ei mam yn gweithio fel morwyn yng nghartrefi teuluoedd gwyn. Yn ddarllenydd brwd, derbyniodd Watkins ei haddysg mewnysgolion a oedd wedi'u didoli ar sail hil,ac ysgrifennodd yn ddiweddarach mai dyma lle y daeth i brofi addysg fel cyfrwng i arfer ei rhyddid. Disgrifiodd yr heriau a wynebodd wrth symud i ysgol integredig, lle'r oedd athrawon a myfyrwyr yn wyn gan fwyaf. Graddiodd o Ysgol Uwchradd Hopkinsville a derbyn BA mewn Saesneg ymMhrifysgol Stanfordym 1973^[6]ac MA mewn Saesneg ym Mhrifysgol Wisconsin-Madison ym 1976.^[7]Yn ystod y cyfnod hwn, pan oedd yn 24 oed, y bu Watkins yn ysgrifennu ei llyfrAin't I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism,a gyhoeddwyd ym 1981.^[8]

Ar ôl sawl blwyddyn o ddysgu ac ysgrifennu, cwblhaodd ei doethuriaeth ym Mhrifysgol California, Santa Cruz, ym 1987^[6]^[9]gyda thraethawd hir ar yr awdurToni Morrison.

Addysgu ac ysgrifennu

Dechreuodd ei gyrfa academaidd ym 1976 fel athro Saesneg ac uwch ddarlithydd mewn Astudiaethau Ethnig ym Mhrifysgol Southern California.^[10]Yn ystod ei thair blynedd yno, rhyddhawyd ei gwaith cyhoeddiedig cyntaf, sefllyfro gerddi o'r enwAnd There We Wept(1978), gan y cyhoeddwr o Los Angeles Golemics.^[11]Ysgrifennwyd y gwaith o dan yr enw "bell hooks". Mabwysiadodd enw ei hen-nain ar ochr ei mam fel ffugenw oherwydd bod ei hen-nain "yn adnabyddus am ei thafod bachog a beiddgar, a oedd yn edmygu'n fawr". Rhoddodd yr enw mewn llythrennau bach "i wahaniaethu [ei hun oddi wrth] ei hen-nain." Dywedodd fod ei dull anghonfensiynol o ysgrifennu ei henw yn dynodi mai'r hyn sydd bwysicaf i ganolbwyntio arno yw ei gweithiau, nid ei rhinweddau personol: "sylwedd llyfrau, nid pwy ydw i."^[12]

Bu’n dysgu mewn sawl sefydliad ôl-uwchradd yn gynnar yn yr 1980au a’r 1990au, gan gynnwys Prifysgol California, Santa Cruz, Prifysgol y Wladwriaeth San Francisco,Yale,Coleg Oberlin a Choleg Dinas Efrog Newydd.^[13]Yn 1981 cyhoeddodd South End Press ei gwaith mawr cyntaf,Ain't I a Woman?Merched Du a Ffeministiaeth,er iddi gael ei hysgrifennu flynyddoedd ynghynt tra roedd hi'n fyfyriwr israddedig.^[14]Yn y degawdau ers ei gyhoeddi, maeAin't I a Woman?wedi cael ei gydnabod am ei gyfraniad i syniadaeth ffeministaidd, gydaPublishers Weekly yn eienwi "Un o'r ugain llyfr menywod mwyaf dylanwadol yn yr 20 mlynedd diwethaf" ym 1992.^[15]Wrth ysgrifennu ynThe New York Timesyn 2019, dywedodd Min Jin Lee fodAin't I a Woman"yn parhau i fod yn waith radical a pherthnasol o theori wleidyddol. Mae bachau yn gosod sylfaen ei theori ffeministaidd trwy roi tystiolaeth hanesyddol o'r rhywiaeth benodol y mae merch ddu yn ei chael. dioddefodd caethweision a sut mae'r etifeddiaeth honno'n effeithio ar fenywaeth ddu heddiw".^[9]

MaeAin't I a Woman?yn archwilio sawl thema sy'n cael ei ailadrodd yn ei gwaith diweddarach: effaith hanesyddol rhywiaeth a hiliaeth ar ferched du, dibrisio gwreigiaeth ddu, rolau a phortread y cyfryngau, y system addysg, y syniad o batriarchaethgoruchafiaeth-gwyn-cyfalafol,ymyleiddio menywod du, a diystyru materion hil a dosbarth o fewn ffeministiaeth. Yn ddiweddarach daeth yn arwyddocaol fel meddyliwr gwleidyddol chwith ac ol-fodernaidd ac fel beirniad diwylliannol.^[16]YnFeminist Theory: From Margin to Center(1984) mae hooks yn datblygu beirniadaeth o hiliaeth ffeministaidd gwyn mewn ffeministiaeth ail don, gan ddadlau ei fod yn tanseilio'r posibilrwydd o undod ffeministaidd ar draws llinellau hiliol.^[17]

Mae ei diffiniad offeministiaeth- "mudiad i roi diwedd arrywiaeth,camfanteisio rhywiaethol a gormes "^[18]- yn cael ei ddyfynnu'n aml gan ffeministiaid:^[19]^[20]^[21]

Cyhoeddodd fwy na 30 o lyfrau,^[22]a'u pynciau yn amrywio o ddynion du, patriarchaeth, agwrywdodi hunangymorth;addysgegymgysylltu i gofiannau personol; a rhywioldeb (o ran ffeministiaeth a gwleidyddiaeth diwylliant esthetig/gweledol). Thema gyffredin yn ei hysgrifennu diweddar oedd y gymuned a chydberthynas, gallu cymunedau cariadus i oresgyn anghydraddoldebau hil, dosbarth a rhyw. Mewn tri llyfr confensiynol a phedwar llyfr plant, mae hi'n awgrymu bod cyfathrebu a llythrennedd (y gallu i ddarllen, ysgrifennu, a meddwl yn feirniadol) yn hanfodol i ddatblygu cymunedau â pherthnasoedd iach nad ydyn nhw'n cael eu difetha gan anghydraddoldeb hil, dosbarth neu ryw.

Yn ystod ei bywyd, daliodd swyddi fel Athro Astudiaethau Affricanaidd-Americanaidd a Saesneg ymMhrifysgol Yale,Athro Cysylltiol Astudiaethau Menywod a Llenyddiaeth Americanaidd yng NgholegOberlinyn Oberlin, Ohio, ac fel Darlithydd Nodedig Llenyddiaeth Saesneg yn City College of New York.^[23]

Yn 2002, rhoddodd hooks araith agoriadol ym Mhrifysgol Southwestern. Gan osgoi'r dull llongyfarchol areithiau agoriadol traddodiadol, siaradodd yn erbyn yr hyn a welai fel trais a gormes a gymeradwywyd gan y llywodraeth, a cheryddodd fyfyrwyr yr oedd hi'n credu a oedd yn cydymffurfio ag arferion o'r fath. Dilynwyd hyn gan ddadl a ddisgrifiwyd yn yrAustin Chronicle.^[24]^[25]Adroddodd y papur newydd fod llawer yn y gynulleidfa wedi anghymeradwyo’r araith, er bod 'sawl un o'r graddedigion wedi pasio dros y profost i ysgwyd ei llaw neu ei chofleidio'.^[24]

Yn 2004 ymunodd â Choleg Berea yn Berea, Kentucky, fel Athro Preswyl Nodedig,^[26]lle cymerodd ran mewn grŵp trafod ffeministaidd wythnosol, "Monday Night Feminism"; cyfres o ddarlithoedd cinio, "Peanut Butter and Gender"; a seminar, "Building Beloved Community: The Practice of Impartial Love". Mae ei llyfr a gohoeddwyd yn 2008,belonging: a culture of place,yn cynnwys cyfweliad gyda'r awdur Wendell Berry ynghyd â thrafodaeth am ei symudiad yn ôl iKentucky.^[27]Bu'n ysgolhaig preswyl yn The New School deirgwaith. Gwnaeth un am wythnos ym mis Hydref 2014, gan gymryd rhan mewn deialogau cyhoeddus gydaGloria Steinem,^[28]Laverne Cox,^[29]a Cornel West.

Cafodd hooks eu sefydlu yn y Kentucky Writers Hall of Fame yn 2018.^[22]

Bywyd personol

Disgrifiodd hooks ei hunaniaeth rywiol fel "queer-pas-gay".^[30]

Bu farw yn ei chartref yn Berea, Kentucky, ar 15 Rhagfyr 2021, yn 69 oed.^[22]^[31]^[32]

Ffilmograffeg

Black Is... Black Ain't(1994)
Give a Damn Again(1995)^[33]
Cultural Criticism and Transformation(1997)^[34]
My Feminism(1997)
Voices of Power(1999)
BaadAsssss Cinema(2002)^[35]
I Am a Man: Black Masculinity in America(2004)^[36]
Writing About a Revolution: A Talk(2004)
Happy to Be Nappy and Other Stories of Me(2004)
Is Feminism Dead?(2004)
Fierce Light: When Spirit Meets Action(2008)
Occupy Love(2012)
Hillbilly(2018)^[37]

Gwobrau ac enwebiadau

Yearning: Race, Gender, and Cultural Politics:TheAmerican Book Awards/Before Columbus FoundationAward (1991)^[38]
bell hooks:The Writer's Awardfrom the Lila Wallace–Reader's Digest Fund (1994)^[39]
Happy to Be Nappy:NAACP Image Awardnominee (2001)^[40]
Homemade Love:The Bank Street College Children's Book of the Year (2002)^[41]
Salvation: Black People and Love:Hurston/Wright Legacy Awardnominee (2002)^[42]
bell hooks:Utne Reader's "100 Visionaries Who Could Change Your Life"^[43]^[44]
bell hooks:The Atlantic Monthly's "One of our nation's leading public intellectuals"^[43]^[45]

Llyfryddiaeth ddethol

Llyfrau

And there we wept: poems.1978.OCLC 6230231.
Ain't I a Woman?: Black women and feminism.Boston, Massachusetts: South End Press. 1981.ISBN 978-0-89608-129-1.
Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center.South End Press. 1984.ISBN 978-0-89608-613-5.
Talking Back: Thinking feminist, thinking Black.Between the Lines. 1989.ISBN 978-0-921284-09-3.Excerpted inBusby, Margaret,gol. (1992).Daughters of Africa.New York: Pantheon Books.
Yearning: race, gender, and cultural politics.Boston, Massachusetts: South End Press. 1990.ISBN 978-1-1-38821-75-0.
With Cornel West,Breaking bread: insurgent Black intellectual life.Boston, Massachusetts: South End Press. 1991.ISBN 978-0-89608-414-8.
Black Looks: Race and representation.1992.ISBN 978-0-89608-434-6.
Sisters of the yam: Black women and self-recovery.Boston, Massachusetts: South End Press. 1993.ISBN 978-1138821682.
Teaching to transgress: education as the practice of freedom.New York: Routledge. 1994.ISBN 978-0-415-90808-5.
Outlaw culture: resisting representations.New York: Routledge. 1994.ISBN 978-0-415-90811-5.
Killing rage: ending racism.New York: Henry Holt and Co. 1995.ISBN 978-0-8050-5027-1.
Art on my mind: visual politics.The New Press. 1995.ISBN 978-1-56584-263-2.
Reel to real: race, sex, and class at the movies.1996.ISBN 978-0-415-91824-4.
Bone Black: Memories of Girlhood.New York: Henry Holt & Co. 1996.ISBN 978-0-8050-4146-0.
Wounds of passion: a writing life.New York: Henry Holt & Co. 1997.ISBN 978-0-8050-5722-5.
Remembered rapture: the writer at work.Henry Holt and Co. 1999.ISBN 978-0-8050-5910-6.
hooks, bell (2000).Justice: childhood love lessons.ISBN 978-0-688-16844-5.
All About Love: New Visions.New York: William Morrow. 2000.ISBN 978-0-06-095947-0.
Feminism is for everybody: passionate politics.Cambridge, MA: South End Press. 2000.ISBN 978-0-89608-628-9.
Where we stand: class matters(PDF).Routledge. 2000.ISBN 978-0-415-92913-4.
Salvation: Black people and love.New York: Perennial. 2001.ISBN 978-0-06-095949-4.
Communion: the female search for love.New York, NY: Perennial. 2002.ISBN 978-0-06-093829-1.
Teaching community: a pedagogy of hope.New York: Routledge. 2003.ISBN 978-0-415-96818-8.
Rock my soul: Black people and self-esteem.New York: Atria Books. 2003.ISBN 978-0-7434-5605-0.
The will to change: men, masculinity, and love.New York: Atria Books. 2004.ISBN 978-0-7434-5607-4.
Space.2004.
We Real Cool: Black Men and Masculinity.New York: Routledge. 2004.ISBN 978-0-203-64220-7.
Soul sister: women, friendship, and fulfillment.Cambridge, Massachusetts: South End Press. 2005.ISBN 978-0-89608-735-4.
Witness.2006.
With Amalia Mesa-Bains,Homegrown: engaged cultural criticism.Cambridge, Massachusetts: South End Press. 2006.ISBN 978-0-89608-759-0.
Belonging: a culture of place.New York: Routledge. 2009.ISBN 978-0-203-88801-8.
Teaching critical thinking: practical wisdom.New York: Routledge. 2010.ISBN 978-0-415-96820-1.
Appalachian elegy: poetry and place.Kentucky Voices Series. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. 2012.ISBN 978-0-8131-3669-1.
Writing beyond race: living theory and practice.New York: Routledge. 2013.ISBN 978-0-415-53914-2.
Uncut Funk: A Contemplative Dialogue(New York: Routledge, 2018)

Llyfrau plant

Happy to be Nappy.Chris Raschka(illustrator). 1999.ISBN 978-0-7868-2377-2.CS1 maint: others (link)
Homemade Love.New York: Hyperion Books for Children. 2002.ISBN 9780786825530.
Be boy buzz.New York: Hyperion Books for Children. 2002.ISBN 9780786816439.
Skin again.Chris Raschka (illustrator). New York: Hyperion Books for Children. 2004.ISBN 9780786808250.CS1 maint: others (link)
Grump groan growl.Chris Raschka (illustrator). New York: Hyperion Books for Children. 2008.ISBN 9780786808168.CS1 maint: others (link)

Penodau llyfrau

hooks, bell (1993),"Black women and feminism",in Richardson, Laurel,Feminist frontiers III,New York: McGraw-Hill, pp.444–449,ISBN 9780075570011,https://archive.org/details/feministfrontier0000unse_l0n5/page/444.
hooks, bell (1996), "Continued devaluation of Black womanhood", in Jackson, Stevi,Feminism and sexuality: a reader,New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 216–223,ISBN 9780231107082.
hooks, bell (1997),"Sisterhood: political solidarity between women",in McClintock, Anne,Dangerous liaisons: gender, nation, and postcolonial perspectives,Minnesota, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, pp.396–414,ISBN 9780816626496,https://archive.org/details/dangerousliaison0000unse/page/396.
hooks, bell (2004), "Selling hot pussy: representations of Black female sexuality in the cultural marketplace", in Richardson, Laurel,Feminist frontiers(5th ed.), Boston: McGraw-Hill, pp. 119–127,ISBN 9780072824230.Pdf.
hooks, bell (2005), "Black women: shaping feminist theory", in Cudd, Ann E.,Feminist theory: a philosophical anthology,Oxford, UK; Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 60–68,ISBN 9781405116619.

Darllen pellach

hooks, bell (1996).Reel to Real: Race, Sex, and Class at the Movies.New York: Routledge.ISBN 978-0-415-91824-4.
hooks, bell; Trend, David (1996), "Representation and democracy an interview", in Trend, David,Radical democracy: identity, citizenship, and the state,New York: Routledge, pp. 228–236,ISBN 9780415912471
Florence, Namulundah (1998).bell hooks' Engaged Pedagogy.Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey.ISBN 978-0-89789-564-4.OCLC 38239473.
Leitch et al., eds. "bell hooks."The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism.New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2001. pp. 2475–2484.ISBN 0-393-97429-4
South End Press Collective, gol. (1998)."Critical Consciousness for Political Resistance".Talking About a Revolution.Cambridge: South End Press. tt.39–52.ISBN 978-0-89608-587-9.OCLC 38566253.
Stanley, Sandra Kumamoto, gol. (1998).Other Sisterhoods: Literary Theory and U.S. Women of Color.Chicago: University of Illinois Press.ISBN 978-0-252-02361-3.OCLC 36446785.
Wallace, Michele (1998).Black Popular Culture.New York: The New Press.ISBN 978-1-56584-459-9.OCLC 40548914.
Whitson, Kathy J. (2004).Encyclopedia of Feminist Literature.Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.ISBN 978-0-313-32731-5.OCLC 54529420.

Cyfeiriadau

↑Dinitia Smith (28 Medi 2006)."Tough arbiter on the web has guidance for writers".The New York Times.t. E3.But the Chicago Manual says it is not all right to capitalize the name of the writer bell hooks because she insists that it be lower case.
↑hooks, bell, "Inspired Eccentricity: Sarah and Gus Oldham", ynFamily: American Writers Remember Their Own,gol. Sharon Sloan Fiffer and Steve Fiffer (Efrog Newydd: Vintage Books, 1996), t. 152.
↑"About the bell hooks institute".bell hooks institute.Archifwyd o'rgwreiddiolar 25 Ebrill 2016.Cyrchwyd2016-04-23.
↑Risen, Clay (2021-12-15)."bell hooks, Pathbreaking Black Feminist, Dies at 69".The New York Times(yn Saesneg).ISSN 0362-4331.Cyrchwyd2021-12-15.
↑Medea, Andra (1997). "hooks, bell (1952–)". In Hine, Darlene Clark (gol.).Facts on File Encyclopedia of Black Women in America.New York:Facts on File.tt.100–101.ISBN 0-8160-3425-7.OCLC 35209436.
↑^6.0^6.1Kumar, Lisa, gol. (2007). "hooks, bell 1952–".Something about the Author.170.Gale.tt.112–116.ISBN 978-1-4144-1071-5.ISSN 0276-816X.OCLC 507358041.
↑Scanlon, Jennifer (1999).Significant Contemporary American Feminists: A Biographical Sourcebook.Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. tt.125–132.ISBN 978-0313301254.
↑"bell hooks | Biography, Books, & Facts".Encyclopedia Britannica(yn Saesneg).Cyrchwyd2021-10-04.
↑^9.0^9.1Lee, Min Jin (2019-02-28)."In Praise of bell hooks".The New York Times(yn Saesneg).ISSN 0362-4331.Cyrchwyd2021-12-15.
↑Anderson, Gary L.; Anderson, Kathryn G (2007).hooks, bell (1952– )(arg. vol. 2). SAGE Reference. tt. 704–706.
↑Glikin, Ronda (1989).Black American Women in Literature: A Bibliography, 1976 through 1987.McFarland & Company.t.73.ISBN 0-89950-372-1.OCLC 18986103.
↑Heather Williams (26 Mawrth 2013)."bell hooks Speaks Up".The Sandspur.
↑"bell hooks."
↑Teaching to Transgress,t. 52.
↑Smith, Gerald L.; McDaniel, Karen Cotton; Hardin, John A. (2015-08-28).The Kentucky African American Encyclopedia(yn Saesneg). University Press of Kentucky.ISBN 978-0-8131-6067-2.
↑"Acclaimed author and activist bell hooks dies at 69".NBC News(yn Saesneg).Cyrchwyd2021-12-15.
↑Isoke, Zenzele (Rhagfyr 2019)."bell hooks: 35 Years from Margin to Center - Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center. By bell hooks. New York: Routledge, [19842015. 180 pp. 23.96 (paperback). "] (yn en).Politics & Gender15(4).doi:10.1017/S1743923X19000643.ISSN 1743-923X.https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/politics-and-gender/article/bell-hooks-35-years-from-margin-to-center-feminist-theory-from-margin-to-center-by-bell-hooks-new-york-routledge-1984-2015-180-pp-13600-hardcover-2396-paperback/E9F9D383EB7C5790E4A343F1F82B6254.
↑bell hooks,Feminism is for Everybody: Passionate Politics(Pluto Press, 2000)
↑Adams, Lauren (7 Chwefror 2012)."Book Review: Feminism is for Everybody by bell hooks".Underneath a Book.Cyrchwyd2013-12-14.
↑"10 Years of" Feminism is for Everybody"".Ms. Magazine Blog.7 Medi 2010.Cyrchwyd2013-12-14.
↑"Feminism is for Everybody: Further Discussion".A Year of Feminist Classics.8 Chwefror 2012.Cyrchwyd2013-12-14.
↑^22.0^22.1^22.2Knight, Lucy (2021-12-15)."bell hooks, author and activist, dies aged 69".The Guardian(yn Saesneg).Cyrchwyd2021-12-15.
↑Grove, Rashad (15 Rhagfyr 2021)."Bell Hooks, Renowned Scholar, Author, and Feminist, Passes Away at 69".Ebony.Cyrchwyd15 Rhagfyr2021.
↑^24.0^24.1Apple, Lauri (24 Mai 2002)."bell hooks Digs In".The Austin Chronicle.Cyrchwyd11 Rhagfyr2013.
↑"Postmarks - Southwestern Graduation Debacle".The Austin Chronicle.24 Mai 2002.Cyrchwyd11 Rhagfyr2013.
↑"Faculty and Staff".Berea College.Archifwyd o'rgwreiddiolar May 28, 2010.Cyrchwyd2021-12-15.
↑Hooks, bell (2009-01-01).Belonging: a culture of place(yn Saesneg).ISBN 9780415968157.OCLC 228676700.
↑Vagianos, Alanna (October 7, 2014)."Gloria Steinem On The Great Part Of Feminism: 'We Have Each Other's Backs'".Huffington Post.CyrchwydOctober 11,2014.
↑Scherker, Amanda (10 Hydref 2014)."Laverne Cox And bell hooks Talk How To Survive The Patriarchy".Huffington Post.Cyrchwyd11 Hydref2014.
↑Ring, Trudy (15 Rhagfyr 2021)."Queer Black Feminist Writer bell hooks Dies at 69".The Advocate.Cyrchwyd15 Rhagfyr2021.
↑"bell hooks: Author and feminist dies aged 69".BBC.15 Rhagfyr 2021.Cyrchwyd15 Rhagfyr2021.
↑Italie, Hillel (15 Rhagfyr 2021)."bell hooks, groundbreaking feminist thinker, dies at 69".ABC News.Cyrchwyd15 Rhagfyr2021.
↑McCluskey 2007,tt. 301–302.
↑Kumar, Lisa, gol. (2007). "hooks, bell 1952–".Something about the Author.170.Gale.tt.112–116.ISBN 978-1-4144-1071-5.ISSN 0276-816X.OCLC 507358041.
↑McCluskey 2007,t. 57.
↑McCluskey 2007,t. 355.
↑Crust, Kevin (2018-10-03)."Review: Documentary 'Hillbilly' takes on media stereotypes of Appalachia".Los Angeles Times(yn Saesneg).Cyrchwyd2021-12-15.
↑"The American Book Awards / Before Columbus Foundation".American Booksellers Association. 2013. Archifwyd o'rgwreiddiolar 2013-03-13.Cyrchwyd15 Rhagfyr2021– drwy Internet Archive.
↑"10 Writers Win Grants".The New York Times.22 Rhagfyr 1994.Cyrchwyd15 Rhagfyr2021.
↑"Happy to Be Nappy".Alkebu-Lan Image.Cyrchwyd15 Rhagfyr2021.
↑"bell hooks".The Carnegie Center for Literacy and Learning. Archifwyd o'rgwreiddiolar 2021-12-15.Cyrchwyd15 Rhagfyr2021.
↑"Footlights".The New York Times(yn Saesneg). 2002-08-21.ISSN 0362-4331.Cyrchwyd2021-12-15.
↑^43.0^43.1Rappaport, Scott (April 25, 2007)."May 10 bell hooks event postponed".UC Santa Cruz, Regents of the University of California.Cyrchwyd15 Rhagfyr2021.
↑"Get to Know bell hooks".The bell hooks center(yn Saesneg).Cyrchwyd2021-12-15.
↑"Acclaimed author and activist bell hooks dies at 69".NBC News(yn Saesneg).Cyrchwyd2021-12-15.

[pen-name-1] Dinitia Smith (28 Medi 2006)."Tough arbiter on the web has guidance for writers".The New York Times.t. E3.But the Chicago Manual says it is not all right to capitalize the name of the writer bell hooks because she insists that it be lower case.

[2] s, bell, "Inspired Eccentricity: Sarah and Gus Oldham", ynFamily: American Writers Remember Their Own,gol. Sharon Sloan Fiffer and Steve Fiffer (Efrog Newydd: Vintage Books, 1996), t. 152.

[3] "About the bell hooks institute".bell hooks institute.Archifwyd o'rgwreiddiolar 25 Ebrill 2016.Cyrchwyd2016-04-23.

[nytobit-4] Risen, Clay (2021-12-15)."bell hooks, Pathbreaking Black Feminist, Dies at 69".The New York Times(yn Saesneg).ISSN 0362-4331.Cyrchwyd2021-12-15.

[medea1997-5] Medea, Andra (1997). "hooks, bell (1952–)". In Hine, Darlene Clark (gol.).Facts on File Encyclopedia of Black Women in America.New York:Facts on File.tt.100–101.ISBN 0-8160-3425-7.OCLC 35209436.

[kumar2007-6] 6.0^6.1Kumar, Lisa, gol. (2007). "hooks, bell 1952–".Something about the Author.170.Gale.tt.112–116.ISBN 978-1-4144-1071-5.ISSN 0276-816X.OCLC 507358041.

[7] Scanlon, Jennifer (1999).Significant Contemporary American Feminists: A Biographical Sourcebook.Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. tt.125–132.ISBN 978-0313301254.

[8] "bell hooks | Biography, Books, & Facts".Encyclopedia Britannica(yn Saesneg).Cyrchwyd2021-10-04.

[:0-9] 9.0^9.1Lee, Min Jin (2019-02-28)."In Praise of bell hooks".The New York Times(yn Saesneg).ISSN 0362-4331.Cyrchwyd2021-12-15.

[10] Anderson, Gary L.; Anderson, Kathryn G (2007).hooks, bell (1952– )(arg. vol. 2). SAGE Reference. tt. 704–706.

[glikin1989-11] Glikin, Ronda (1989).Black American Women in Literature: A Bibliography, 1976 through 1987.McFarland & Company.t.73.ISBN 0-89950-372-1.OCLC 18986103.

[12] Heather Williams (26 Mawrth 2013)."bell hooks Speaks Up".The Sandspur.

[gale-13] "bell hooks."

[14] Teaching to Transgress,t. 52.

[15] Smith, Gerald L.; McDaniel, Karen Cotton; Hardin, John A. (2015-08-28).The Kentucky African American Encyclopedia(yn Saesneg). University Press of Kentucky.ISBN 978-0-8131-6067-2.

[auto-16] "Acclaimed author and activist bell hooks dies at 69".NBC News(yn Saesneg).Cyrchwyd2021-12-15.

[17] Isoke, Zenzele (Rhagfyr 2019)."bell hooks: 35 Years from Margin to Center - Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center. By bell hooks. New York: Routledge, [19842015. 180 pp. 23.96 (paperback). "] (yn en).Politics & Gender15(4).doi:10.1017/S1743923X19000643.ISSN 1743-923X.https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/politics-and-gender/article/bell-hooks-35-years-from-margin-to-center-feminist-theory-from-margin-to-center-by-bell-hooks-new-york-routledge-1984-2015-180-pp-13600-hardcover-2396-paperback/E9F9D383EB7C5790E4A343F1F82B6254.

[18] s,Feminism is for Everybody: Passionate Politics(Pluto Press, 2000)

[19] Adams, Lauren (7 Chwefror 2012)."Book Review: Feminism is for Everybody by bell hooks".Underneath a Book.Cyrchwyd2013-12-14.

[20] "10 Years of" Feminism is for Everybody"".Ms. Magazine Blog.7 Medi 2010.Cyrchwyd2013-12-14.

[21] "Feminism is for Everybody: Further Discussion".A Year of Feminist Classics.8 Chwefror 2012.Cyrchwyd2013-12-14.

[Guardian_obit-22] 22.0^22.1^22.2Knight, Lucy (2021-12-15)."bell hooks, author and activist, dies aged 69".The Guardian(yn Saesneg).Cyrchwyd2021-12-15.

[23] Grove, Rashad (15 Rhagfyr 2021)."Bell Hooks, Renowned Scholar, Author, and Feminist, Passes Away at 69".Ebony.Cyrchwyd15 Rhagfyr2021.

[chronicle-24] 24.0^24.1Apple, Lauri (24 Mai 2002)."bell hooks Digs In".The Austin Chronicle.Cyrchwyd11 Rhagfyr2013.

[25] "Postmarks - Southwestern Graduation Debacle".The Austin Chronicle.24 Mai 2002.Cyrchwyd11 Rhagfyr2013.

[26] "Faculty and Staff".Berea College.Archifwyd o'rgwreiddiolar May 28, 2010.Cyrchwyd2021-12-15.

[27] Hooks, bell (2009-01-01).Belonging: a culture of place(yn Saesneg).ISBN 9780415968157.OCLC 228676700.

[28] Vagianos, Alanna (October 7, 2014)."Gloria Steinem On The Great Part Of Feminism: 'We Have Each Other's Backs'".Huffington Post.CyrchwydOctober 11,2014.

[29] Scherker, Amanda (10 Hydref 2014)."Laverne Cox And bell hooks Talk How To Survive The Patriarchy".Huffington Post.Cyrchwyd11 Hydref2014.

[30] Ring, Trudy (15 Rhagfyr 2021)."Queer Black Feminist Writer bell hooks Dies at 69".The Advocate.Cyrchwyd15 Rhagfyr2021.

[31] "bell hooks: Author and feminist dies aged 69".BBC.15 Rhagfyr 2021.Cyrchwyd15 Rhagfyr2021.

[32] Italie, Hillel (15 Rhagfyr 2021)."bell hooks, groundbreaking feminist thinker, dies at 69".ABC News.Cyrchwyd15 Rhagfyr2021.

[FOOTNOTEMcCluskey2007301–302-33] McCluskey 2007,tt. 301–302.

[kumar20073-34] Kumar, Lisa, gol. (2007). "hooks, bell 1952–".Something about the Author.170.Gale.tt.112–116.ISBN 978-1-4144-1071-5.ISSN 0276-816X.OCLC 507358041.

[FOOTNOTEMcCluskey200757-35] McCluskey 2007,t. 57.

[FOOTNOTEMcCluskey2007355-36] McCluskey 2007,t. 355.

[37] Crust, Kevin (2018-10-03)."Review: Documentary 'Hillbilly' takes on media stereotypes of Appalachia".Los Angeles Times(yn Saesneg).Cyrchwyd2021-12-15.

[38] "The American Book Awards / Before Columbus Foundation".American Booksellers Association. 2013. Archifwyd o'rgwreiddiolar 2013-03-13.Cyrchwyd15 Rhagfyr2021– drwy Internet Archive.

[39] "10 Writers Win Grants".The New York Times.22 Rhagfyr 1994.Cyrchwyd15 Rhagfyr2021.

[40] "Happy to Be Nappy".Alkebu-Lan Image.Cyrchwyd15 Rhagfyr2021.

[41] "bell hooks".The Carnegie Center for Literacy and Learning. Archifwyd o'rgwreiddiolar 2021-12-15.Cyrchwyd15 Rhagfyr2021.

[42] "Footlights".The New York Times(yn Saesneg). 2002-08-21.ISSN 0362-4331.Cyrchwyd2021-12-15.

[UCSantaCruz2-43] 43.0^43.1Rappaport, Scott (April 25, 2007)."May 10 bell hooks event postponed".UC Santa Cruz, Regents of the University of California.Cyrchwyd15 Rhagfyr2021.

[44] "Get to Know bell hooks".The bell hooks center(yn Saesneg).Cyrchwyd2021-12-15.

[auto2-45] "Acclaimed author and activist bell hooks dies at 69".NBC News(yn Saesneg).Cyrchwyd2021-12-15.

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