Cefnfor India
Cefnforoeddy Ddaear |
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(Cefnfor y Byd) |
Math | cefnfor,môr,rhanbarth![]() |
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Enwyd ar ôl | India![]() |
Daearyddiaeth | |
Rhan o'r canlynol | Cefnfor y Byd![]() |
Arwynebedd | 76,174,000 km²![]() |
Yn ffinio gyda | Kismayo,De Affrica![]() |
Cyfesurynnau | 20°S 80°E![]() |
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Cefnfor Indiayw'r trydydd mwyaf o gefnforoedd y byd, gan orchuddio 70,560,000 km² (27,240,000 metr sgwâr) neu 19.8% meo'r dŵr ar wyneb y Ddaear.[1]Mae wedi'i ffinio ganAsiai'r gogledd,Affricai'r gorllewin acAwstraliai'r dwyrain. I'r de mae wedi'i ffinio â'r Cefnfor Deheuol neuAntarctica,yn dibynnu ar y diffiniad a ddefnyddir. Mae gan Gefnfor India rai moroedd ymylol neu ranbarthol mawr, felMôr Arabia,yMôr Laccadive,Môr Somalïaidd,Bae Bengal,Môr Andaman,Môr AndamanaMôr Timor.Yma hefyd ceirGwlff Aden,Gwlff OmanaGwlff Persia.Ymlith y gwledydd o gwmpas Cefnfor India maeDe Affrica,Mosambic,Tansanïa,CeniaaSomaliayn Affrica,Iemen,Oman,Pacistan,India,Bangladesh,MyanmaracIndonesiayn Asia acAwstralia.
Yr ynysoedd mwyaf ywMadagasgar,Comoros,Seychelles,Socotra,ynysoeddLakshadweep,Maldives,Ynysfor Chagos,Sri Lanca,Ynysoedd Andaman,Ynysoedd Nicobar,Ynysoedd Mantawai,acYnysoedd Kerguélen.
Mae Cefnfor India'n cynnwys 291.9 miliwn km³ o ddŵr. Ei ddyfnder mwyaf yw dyffryn holltJavagyda dyfnder o 7,258 medr, ond mae dyfnder cyfartolog y cefnfor yn 3,897 medr, bron i bedwar gwaith uchder yrWyddfa.
Geirdarddiad[golygu|golygu cod]
Mae'r enw 'Cefnfor India' wedi'i ddefnyddio ers o leiaf 1515 pan ardystiwyd y ffurf LadinOceanus Orientalis Indicus( "Cefnfor Dwyrain Indiaidd" ), a ddefnyddiwyd gan fod India'n ymwthio i'r mor. Fe'i gelwid cyn hynny'n "Gefnfor Dwyreiniol", term a oedd yn dal i gael ei ddefnyddio yng nghanol y18g.[2]
YngNgwlad Groeg Hynafol,galwyd Cefnfor India yn "Fôr Erythraean".[3]
Daearyddiaeth[golygu|golygu cod]
Maint a data[golygu|golygu cod]
Roedd ffiniau Cefnfor India, fel yr amlinellwyd gan y Sefydliad Hydrograffig Rhyngwladol ym 1953 yn cynnwys y Cefnfor Deheuol ond nid y moroedd ymylol ar hyd yr ymyl ogleddol, ond yn y flwyddyn 2000 amffiniodd yr IHO y Cefnfor Deheuol ar wahân, gweithred a symudodd ddyfroedd i'r De o 60° S o Gefnfor India, ond a oedd yn cynnwys y moroedd ymylol gogleddol.[4][5]Mae rhan fwyaf gogleddol Cefnfor India (gan gynnwys moroedd ymylol) oddeutu 30 ° i'r gogledd yng Ngwlff Persia.[5]
Arfordiroedd a silffoedd[golygu|golygu cod]
Mewn cyferbyniad â'rMôr Iwerydda'rMôr Tawel,mae Cefnfor India wedi'i amgáu gan brif diroedd ac archipelago ar dair ochr ac nid yw'n ymestyn o begwn i begwn. Mae wedi'i ganoli ar Benrhyn India. Er bod yr isgyfandir hwn wedi chwarae rhan sylweddol yn ei hanes, mae Cefnfor India wedi bod yn ferw o gymunedau cosmopolitaidd, gan gydgysylltu rhanbarthau amrywiol gan arloesiadau, masnach a chrefydd ers yn gynnar iawn.[6]Mae gan ymylongweithredolCefnfor India ddyfnder cyfartalog o 19 ± 0.61 km (11.81 ± 0.38 milltir) gyda dyfnder uchaf o 175 km (109 milltir). Mae gan yr ymylongoddefolddyfnder cyfartalog o 47.6 ± 0.8 km (29.58 ± 0.50 milltir).[7]Lled cyfartalog llethrau'r silffoedd cyfandirol yw 50.4-52.4 km (31.3-32.6 milltir) ar gyfer ymylon gweithredol a goddefol yn y drefn honno, gyda dyfnder uchaf o 205.3-255.2 km (127.6–158.6 milltir).[8]
Awstralia, Indonesia, ac India yw'r tair gwlad sydd â'r traethlinau hiraf a'r parthaueconomaiddunigryw. Mae'r silff gyfandirol yn 15% o Gefnfor India. Mae mwy na dau biliwn o bobl yn byw mewn gwledydd sy'n ffinio â Chefnfor India, o'i gymharu ag 1.7 biliwn ar gyfer Môr yr Iwerydd a 2.7 biliwn ar gyfer y Môr Tawel (mae rhai gwledydd yn ffinio â mwy nag un cefnfor).
Afonydd[golygu|golygu cod]
Mae basn draenio Cefnfor India yn gorchuddio 21,100,000 km2 (8,100,000 metr sgwâr), bron yn union yr un fath ag arwynebedd y Môr Tawel a hanner basn yr Iwerydd, neu 30% o arwyneb ei gefnfor (o'i gymharu â 15% ar gyfer y Môr Tawel). Rhennir basn draenio Cefnfor India yn oddeutu 800 o fasnau unigol, hanner yr un o'r Môr Tawel. Lleolir 50% ohono ynAsia,30% ynAffrica,ac 20% ynAwstralasia.Mae afonydd Cefnfor India'n fyrrach, ar gyfartaledd, (740 km sef 460 milltir) nag afonydd y cefnforoedd mawr eraill. Yr afonydd mwyaf yw (dosbarth 5) afonydd Zambezi, Ganges-Brahmaputra, Indus, Jubba, a Murray ac (dosbarth 4) Shatt al-Arab, Wadi Ad Dawasir (system afon sych ar Benrhyn Arabia) ac afonydd Limpopo.
Hinsawdd[golygu|golygu cod]
Mae sawl nodwedd yn gwneud Cefnfor India'n unigryw. Mae'n ffurfio craidd y Pwll Cynnes Trofannol ar raddfa fawr sydd, wrth ryngweithio â'r awyrgylch, yn effeithio ar yrhinsawddyn rhanbarthol ac yn fyd-eang. Mae Asia'n blocio allforio gwres ac mae'n atal awyru Cefnfor India. Y cyfandir hwn hefyd sy'n gyrru monsŵn Cefnfor India, y cryfaf ar y Ddaear, sy'n achosi amrywiadau tymhorol ar raddfa fawr mewn ceryntau cefnfor, gan gynnwys gwrthdroi Cerrynt Somalïaidd a Cherrynt Monsoon Indiaidd.
Mae ymchwydd (upwelling) yn digwydd gerCorn AffricaaPhenrhyn ArabiaynHemisffer y Gogleddac i'r gogledd o'r gwyntoedd masnach ynHemisffer y De.Mae'rIndonesian Throughflowyn gysylltiad Cyhydeddol unigryw â'r Môr Tawel.
Hanes[golygu|golygu cod]
Mae Cefnfor India, ynghyd â Môr y Canoldir, wedi cysylltu pobl ers talwm, tra bod yr Iwerydd a'r Môr Tawel wedi gweithredu fel rhwystrau neumare incognitum.Mae hanes ysgrifenedig Cefnfor India, fodd bynnag, wedi bod yn Ewrocentrig ac yn dibynnu i raddau helaeth ar argaeledd ffynonellau ysgrifenedig o'r oes drefedigaethol (colonial). Yn aml, rhennir yr hanes hwn yn gyfnod hynafol ac yna cyfnod Islamaidd; mae'r cyfnodau dilynol yn aml yn cael eu hisrannu i gyfnodau Portiwgalaidd, Iseldiraidd a Phrydeinig.[9]
Aneddiadau cyntaf[golygu|golygu cod]
YnIndiadarganfuwydffosiliauPleistosenaiddoHomo erectusa ffosiliau dynolaidd (hominidaidd) cynharach eraill, tebyg iHomo heidelbergensisynEwrop.Yn ôl theori trychineb Toba, 74000 o flynyddoedd yn ôl, pan echdorodd llosgfynydd yn Llyn Toba,Sumatra,gorchuddiwyd India â lludw folcanig gan ddileu un neu ragor o linachau bodau dynol hynafol yn India a De-ddwyrain Asia.[10]
Mae theori 'Allan o Affrica' yn nodi bodHomo sapienswedi ymledu o Affrica i dir mawr Ewrasia. Mae'r rhagdybiaeth Gwasgariad Deheuol neu Arfordirol mwy diweddar, fodd bynnag, yn dadlau bod bodau dynol modern wedi ymledu ar hyd arfordiroedd Penrhyn Arabia a de Asia. Cefnogir y rhagdybiaeth hon gan ymchwil mtDNA sy'n datgelu digwyddiad gwasgaru cyflym yn ystod yPleistosen Hwyr(11,000CP/ o flynyddoedd yn ôl). Dechreuodd y gwasgariad arfordirol hwn, fodd bynnag, yn Nwyrain Affrica 75,000 o CP a digwyddodd yn ysbeidiol o aber i aber ar hyd perimedr gogleddol Cefnfor India ar gyfradd o 0.7–4.0 km (0.43-2.49 milltir) y flwyddyn. Yn y pen draw, arweiniodd at fodau dynol modern yn mudo oSundadrosWallaceaiSahul(De-ddwyrain Asia i Awstralia).[11]Ers hynny, mae tonnau o bobloedd wedi ymfudo ac wedi ailsefydlu ac, yn amlwg, roedd pobl arfordirol Cefnfor India wedi bod yn byw yno ymhell cyn i'r gwareiddiadau cyntaf ddod i'r amlwg. 5000–6000 o flynyddoedd yn ôl roedd chwe chanolfan ddiwylliannol wahanol wedi esblygu o amgylch Cefnfor India: Dwyrain Affrica, y Dwyrain Canol, Isgyfandir India, De-ddwyrain Asia, Ynysfor Maleia ac Awstralia; pob un yn rhyng-gysylltu â'i gymdogion.[12]
Dechreuodd globaleiddiobwydar dir mawr Cefnfor India c. 4.000 o flynyddoedd yn ôl. Daeth pum cnwdAffricanaidd- sorgwm, miled perlog, ragi, pys y fuwch a ffa hiasinth - rywsut o hyd i Gwjarat yn India yn ystod yr Harappan Hwyr (2000–1700 BCE).
Esblygodd masnachwyrGwjaratiynfforwyrcyntaf Cefnfor India wrth iddynt fasnachu nwyddau Affricanaidd felifori,cregyn crwbanod achaethweision.Canfumiled(Panicum miliaceum) ei ffordd o Ganol Asia i Affrica, ynghyd agieirasebwaid,er bod anghydfod ynghylch yr union amseriad. Oddeutu 2000 BCE ymddangosoddpupur duasesame,y ddau yn frodorol o Asia, yn yr Aifft. Tua'r un amser symudodd y llygoden fawr ddu a llygoden y tŷ o Asia i'r Aifft. Cyrhaeddoddbananasi Affrica tua 3000 o flynyddoedd yn ôl.[13]
Mae o leiaf un ar ddeg otswnamïaucynhanesyddol wedi taro arfordir Cefnfor India yn Indonesia rhwng 7,400 a 2,900 o flynyddoedd yn ôl. Wrth ddadansoddi gwelyau tywod mewn ogofâu yn rhanbarth Aceh, daeth gwyddonwyr i'r casgliad bod y cyfnodau rhwng y tswnamïau hyn wedi amrywio o gyfresi o fân tswnamïau dros ganrif i gyfnodau o fwy na 2,000 o flynyddoedd cyn y megawthiadau (megathrusts) yn Ffos Sunda. Er bod y risg ar gyfer tswnamïau yn y dyfodol yn uchel, mae'n debygol y bydd cyfnod tawel yn dilyn megawthiad mawr fel yr un yn 2,004, a hynny am gyfnod go hir.[14]
Darllen pellach[golygu|golygu cod]
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Dolennau allanol[golygu|golygu cod]
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Gweler hefyd:Cyfandiroedd y Ddaear |
Cyfeiriadau[golygu|golygu cod]
- ↑Eakins & Sharman 2010
- ↑Harper, Douglas."Indian Ocean".Online Etymology Dictionary.Cyrchwyd18 Ionawr2011.
- ↑Anonymous (1912). .Cyfieithwyd gan Schoff, Wilfred Harvey.
- ↑IHO 1953
- ↑5.05.1IHO 2002
- ↑Prange 2008,Fluid Borders: Encompassing the Ocean, tt. 1382–1385
- ↑Harris et al. 2014,Table 2, p. 11
- ↑Harris et al. 2014,Table 3, p. 11
- ↑Parthasarathi & Riello 2014,Time and the Indian Ocean, pp. 2–3
- ↑Patnaik & Chauhan 2009,Abstract
- ↑Bulbeck 2007,t. 315
- ↑McPherson 1984,History and Patterns, pp. 5–6
- ↑Boivin et al. 2014,The Earliest Evidence, tt. 4–7
- ↑Rubin et al. 2017,Abstract
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