Amfora

Enamforaer en høj oldgræskbeholder^[1]ogvasemedhalsog tohanke.Bunden kan være spids, med fod eller fx trefod. Amforaen er oftest lavet afkeramik,men kan i nyere tid også være lavet afmarmor,glasellermetal.

Etymologi

Ordetamphoraerlatinafledt af det oldgræskeamphoreus(Αμφορέας) elleramphiphoreos(afamphi-( "på begge sider" ) +phoreios( "bærer" )).

Anvendelse

Amforaen blev brugt til opbevaring og transport af fxolivenolieogvinog kan rumme ca. 26-39 liter.DNA-rester har vist, at de også blev anvendt til transport afkrydderier(enebær,pistacia(fxægte pistacieogmastiks),planter af fyrre-ogærteblomst-familien(fabaceae; fx bønner og kikærter),ingefær-familienogvalnød-familien.^[2]

Amforaerne kunne havelåg,prop eller væreforsegletved transport af væsker. Der er fundet mange slags propper.^[3]Indersiden blev behandlet medharpiks,så væsker har lavpermeabiliteti keramikken.^[4]Græsk vin kan stadig være tilsat harpiks (retsina).

Amforaer har navn efter de to hanke. Bærehåndtagene lod to personer bære amforaen, der kan veje mere end 30 kg med indhold. Mange amforaer har en spids bund, så de kan stå i sand.

Andet

Snabel-a @var imiddelalderens Sydeuropaen forkortelse for amfora.^[5]

Fund

Franskearkæologerhar fundet ca. 2000 år gamle forseglede amforaer. Spændingen var stor, da de åbnede en for at smage på indholdet. Imidlertid havde kemiske processer i tidens løb nedbrudt alt, hvad der kunne give mindelser om det oprindelige indhold: væsken smagte af vand.^{[kilde mangler]}

Se også

Pithos- oldgræsk navn for stor beholder fra antikken ca. 100-1800 liter.
Oinochoe- græsk væskebeholder fra antikken beregnet til at fylde kopper og glas ved bordet.
Onggi- koreansk beholder.

Referencer

^Twede, D. (2002),"Commercial Amphoras: The Earliest Consumer Packages?",Journal of Macromarketing,22(1): 98-108,doi:10.1177/027467022001009,S2CID 154514559,hentet 19. juni 2019
^"Journal of Archaeological Science. Volume 39, Issue 2, February 2012, Pages 389-398: Aspects of ancient Greek trade re-evaluated with amphora DNA evidence. Brendan P. Foley, Maria C. Hansson, Dimitris P. Kourkoumelis, Theotokis A. Theodoulou"(PDF).Arkiveret fraoriginalen(PDF)6. marts 2022.Hentet 6. marts 2022.
^BABesch 82 (2007, 115-128. doi: 10.2143/BAB.82.1.2020764) Sealed amphora stoppers and tradesmen in Greco-Roman Egypt: archaeological, papyrological and inscriptional evidence. Evelien Denecker and Katelijn VandorpeCitat: "...The study of Egyptian amphora stoppers and sealings has long been neglected in favour of studies on the amphorae themselves and stamped amphora handles...The entire corpus of evidence is available through a database-driven website:http://www.trismegistos.org/seals/...In many vessels, opening devices (commonly called ‘pop-top devices’) have been found. These pop-top devices usually consisted of strings which were used to pull the sealing out of its place... ",backup
^RIZZO, GIORGIO, 2003. Instrumenta Urbis. I, Ceramiche fini da mensa, lucerne ed anfore a Roma nei primi due secoli dell’impero. Side 141.
^8 March 2016, bbc.com: The mystery over the @ signCitat: "...[Giorgio] Stabile discovered a letter sent from Seville to Rome in 1536, which discussed the arrival in Spain of three ships sailing from the New World. It stated that an amphora of wine was sold and" amphora "was replaced with the @ symbol as an abbreviation. Stabile concluded the @ symbol was a common medieval shorthand for units of measure in southern Europe, even if the precise units differed...",backup

Søsterprojekter med yderligere information:

Kategorien "Amphoras"påWikimedia Commons

[1] Twede, D. (2002),"Commercial Amphoras: The Earliest Consumer Packages?",Journal of Macromarketing,22(1): 98-108,doi:10.1177/027467022001009,S2CID 154514559,hentet 19. juni 2019

[2] "Journal of Archaeological Science. Volume 39, Issue 2, February 2012, Pages 389-398: Aspects of ancient Greek trade re-evaluated with amphora DNA evidence. Brendan P. Foley, Maria C. Hansson, Dimitris P. Kourkoumelis, Theotokis A. Theodoulou"(PDF).Arkiveret fraoriginalen(PDF)6. marts 2022.Hentet 6. marts 2022.

[3] BABesch 82 (2007, 115-128. doi: 10.2143/BAB.82.1.2020764) Sealed amphora stoppers and tradesmen in Greco-Roman Egypt: archaeological, papyrological and inscriptional evidence. Evelien Denecker and Katelijn VandorpeCitat: "...The study of Egyptian amphora stoppers and sealings has long been neglected in favour of studies on the amphorae themselves and stamped amphora handles...The entire corpus of evidence is available through a database-driven website:http://www.trismegistos.org/seals/...In many vessels, opening devices (commonly called ‘pop-top devices’) have been found. These pop-top devices usually consisted of strings which were used to pull the sealing out of its place... ",backup

[4] RIZZO, GIORGIO, 2003. Instrumenta Urbis. I, Ceramiche fini da mensa, lucerne ed anfore a Roma nei primi due secoli dell’impero. Side 141.

[5] 8 March 2016, bbc.com: The mystery over the @ signCitat: "...[Giorgio] Stabile discovered a letter sent from Seville to Rome in 1536, which discussed the arrival in Spain of three ships sailing from the New World. It stated that an amphora of wine was sold and" amphora "was replaced with the @ symbol as an abbreviation. Stabile concluded the @ symbol was a common medieval shorthand for units of measure in southern Europe, even if the precise units differed...",backup

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