Dukkha

Duḥkha(sanskrit:दुःख;Pāli:dukkha)er et vigtigtbuddhistiskbegreb, der almindeligvis oversættes som "lidelse","ulykke "," smerte "," utilfredsstillelse "eller"stress".^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]

Det henviser til den grundlæggende utilfredshed og smertefuldhed i det verdslige liv. Det er den første af defire ædle sandheder,og det er et afde tre eksistensmærker.

Udtrykket ses også iHinduismensskrifter, såsom Upanishaderne, i diskussioner ommoksha(åndelig frigørelse).^[7]^[8]

Etymologi og betydning

Duḥkha(sanskrit; Palidukkha) er et udtryk, der findes i gammel indisk litteratur, og betyder noget, der er "uroligt, ubehageligt, vanskeligt, der forårsager smerte eller tristhed".^[9]^[10]

Udtrykketduḥkhahar ikke en dansk oversættelse, men udtrykker forskellige aspekter af ubehagelige menneskelige oplevelser.^[3]Det er modsat ordetsukha,der betyder "lykke", "komfort" eller "lethed."^[11]

Joseph Goldstein, amerikanskvipassana-lærer og forfatter, forklarer ordets oprindelse som følger:

"The worddukkhais made up of the prefixduand the rootkha.Dumeans “bad” or “difficult.”Khameans “empty.” “Empty,” here, refers to several things—some specific, others more general. One of the specific meanings refers to the empty axle hole of a wheel. If the axle fits badly into the center hole, we get a very bumpy ride. This is a good analogy for our ride throughsaṃsāra."^[12]

Ifølge Monier Monier-Williams ser det imidlertid ud til, at de faktiske rødder tilPali-udtrykketdukkhaersanskrit दुस्-(dus-,"dårlig" ) +स्था(stha,"at stå" ).^[13]Regelmæssige fonologiske ændringer i udviklingen af sanskrit til de forskelligeprrakriterførte til et skifte fradus-sthātilduḥkhatildukkha.

Buddhisme

Moderne oversættere af buddhistiske tekster bruger en række engelske ord til at formidle aspekterne afduḥkha.Tidlige vestlige oversættere af buddhistiske tekster (før 1970'erne) oversatte typisk pali-udtrykketdukkhasom "lidelse" (eng.suffering). Senere oversættere har understreget, at "lidelse" er en for begrænset oversættelse for udtrykket duḥkha, og har foretrukket at enten ikke at oversætte udtrykket eller at tydeliggøre denne oversættelse med udtryk som angst, nød, frustration, uro, utilfredshed osv.^[14]^[15]^[16]Mange moderne lærere, lærde og oversættere har brugt udtrykket "utilfredsstillelse" for at understrege de subtile aspekter af dukkha.^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21]

Inden for de buddhistiske sutraer er duḥkha opdelt i tre kategorier:

Dukkha-dukkha,duḥkha af smertefulde oplevelser. Dette inkluderer de fysiske og mentale lidelser ved fødsel, aldring, sygdom, at være døende; nød fra hvad, der ikke er ønskeligt.
Viparinama-dukkha,duḥkha af behagelige eller glade oplevelser, der skifter til ubehagelige, når årsagerne og forholdene, der producerede de behagelige oplevelser, ophører.
Sankhara-dukkha,duḥkha af betinget oplevelse. Dette inkluderer "en grundlæggende utilfredshed, der oversvømmer al eksistens, alle livsformer, fordi alle livsformer er under forandring, uden nogen indre kerne eller stof."^[22]På dette niveau indikerer udtrykket en mangel på tilfredshed, en følelse af, at ting aldrig måler op til vores forventninger eller standarder.

Forskellige sutraer opsummerer, hvordan livet i denne "verdslige verden" anses for at væreduḥkha,startende medsamsara,den igangværende dødsproces oggenfødslen:^[24]

Fødsel er duḥkha, aldring er duḥkha, sygdom er duḥkha, død er duḥkha;
Sorg, klager, smerte og fortvivlelse er duḥkha;
Forening med hvad man har ikke-kære er duḥkha; adskillelse fra hvad man har kært er duḥkha;
Ikke at få det, der ønskes, er duḥkha.
De femklamrende aggregaterer duḥkha.

Duḥkhaer et afde tre eksistensmærker,nemligduḥkha,anatman(ikke-selv),anitya( "midlertidighed" ).

Buddhismen understreger vigtigheden af, at udvikle indsigt iduḥkha,de forhold, der forårsager det, og hvordan, det kan overvindes. Denne proces er formuleret i læren omde fire ædle sandheder.

Hinduisme

Verset 7.26.2 iChāndogya Upaniṣadsiger:

Begrebet sorg og lidelse og selvkendskab som et middel til at overvinde det fremgår i vid udstrækning med andre udtryk i de pre-buddhistiske Upanishads.^[25]UdtrykketDuhkhavises også i mange andre midterste og senere post-buddhistiske upanishader, såsom verset 6.20 i Shvetashvatara Upanishad,^[26]såvel som iBhagavada Gita,alt sammen i forbindelse medmoksha.^[27]^[29]Udtrykket vises også i de grundlæggende sutraer i de seks skoler i hinduistisk filosofi, såsom åbningslinjerne forSamkhya karikafraSamkhya-skolen.^[30]^[31]

Sammenligning af buddhisme og hinduisme

Både hinduisme og buddhisme understreger, at man overvinderduḥkhagennem udviklingen af forståelse.^[32]Imidlertid adskiller de to religioner sig vidt forskelligt i forståelsen. Hinduismen understreger forståelse og accept af Atman (selv, sjæl) ogBrahman,mens buddhismen understreger forståelse og accept afAnatta(Anatman, ikke-selv, ikke-sjæl), mens hver især diskuterer midlerne til befrielse fraduḥkha.^[33]^[34]

Referencer

^Malcolm Huxter (2016).Healing the Heart and Mind with Mindfulness: Ancient Path, Present Moment.Routledge. s. 10.ISBN 978-1-317-50540-2.,Quote:"dukkha (unsatisfactoriness or suffering) (....) In the Introduction I wrote that dukkha is probably best understood as unsatisfactoriness."
^"Arkiveret kopi".Arkiveretfra originalen 26. september 2020.Hentet 29. april 2020.
^^a ^bPeter Harvey (2015). Steven M. Emmanuel (red.).A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy.John Wiley & Sons. s. 26-31.ISBN 978-1-119-14466-3.
^Carol Anderson (2013).Pain and Its Ending: The Four Noble Truths in the Theravada Buddhist Canon.Routledge. s. 1, 22 with note 4.ISBN 978-1-136-81332-0.,Quote:"(...) the three characteristics of samsara/sankhara (the realm of rebirth): anicca (impermance), dukkha (pain) and anatta (no-self)."
^Bhikkhu, Thanissaro (2004)."Anuradha Sutta: To Anuradha".accesstoinsight.org.Arkiveretfra originalen 26. marts 2018.Hentet 15. oktober 2019.
^Nyanatiloka Thera(2004). "dukkha". INyanaponika Thera(red.).Buddhist Dictionary: Manual of Buddhist Terms and Doctrines(5 udgave). Kandy: Buddhist Publication Society. s. 61.ISBN 9789552400193.Hentet 6. marts 2020.dukkha (1) 'pain', painful feeling, which may be bodily and mental [...] 2. 'Suffering', 'ill'.
^Brihadaranyaka Upanishad4 April 2014, trans. Patrick Olivelle (1996), p. 66.
^Paul Deussen (1980).Sixty Upaniṣads of the Veda, Vol. 1.Motilal Banarsidass (Reprinted). s. 482-485, 497.ISBN 978-81-208-1468-4.
^Monier-Williams 1899,s. 483.
^Thomas William Rhys Davids; William Stede (1921).Pali-English Dictionary.Motilal Banarsidass. s. 324-325.ISBN 978-81-208-1144-7.
^Walpola Rahula 2007,Kindle Locations 542-550.
^Goldstein 2013,s. 289.
^Monier-Williams 1899,s. 483, entry note:.
^Walpola Rahula 2007,Kindle locations 524-528.
^Prebish 1993.
^Keown 2003.
^Dalai Lama 1998,s. 38.
^Gethin 1998,s. 61.
^Smith & Novak 2009,Kindle location 2769.
^Keown 2000,Kindle Locations 932-934.
^Bhikkhu Bodhi 2011,s. 6.
^"The Four Noble Truths - By Bhikkhu Bodhi".Arkiveretfra originalen 26. august 2018.Hentet 29. april 2020.
^Williams 2002,s. 74-75.
^Paul Williams: "All rebirth is due to karma and is impermanent. Short of attaining enlightenment, in each rebirth one is born and dies, to be reborn elsewhere in accordance with the completely impersonal causal nature of one's own karma. The endless cycle of birth, rebirth, and redeath, is samsara."^[23]
^Paul Deussen (1980).Sixty Upaniṣads of the Veda, Vol. 1.Motilal Banarsidass (Reprinted). s. 112, 161, 176, 198, 202-203, 235, 455, etc.ISBN 978-81-208-1468-4.
^Paul Deussen (1980).Sixty Upaniṣads of the Veda, Vol. 1.Motilal Banarsidass (Reprinted). s. 326.ISBN 978-81-208-1468-4.
^Paul Deussen (1980).Sixty Upaniṣads of the Veda, Vol. 1.Motilal Banarsidass (Reprinted). s. 305.ISBN 978-81-208-1468-4.
^Sargeant 2009.
^SeeBhagavad Gitaverses 2.56, 5.6, 6.22-32, 10.4, 13.6-8, 14.16, 17.9, 18.8, etc;^[28]
^Original Sanskrit:Samkhya karika Arkiveret15. februar 2020 hosWayback MachineCompiled and indexed by Ferenc Ruzsa (2015), Sanskrit Documents Archives;
Second Translation (Verse 1): Ferenc Ruzsa (1997), The triple suffering - A note on the Samkhya karika, Xth World Sanskrit Conference: Bangalore, University of Hungary, Budapest;
Third Translation (all Verses):Samkhyakarika of Iswara KrishnaJohn Davis (Translator), Trubner, London, University of Toronto Archives
^Samkhya karika Arkiveret4. marts 2016 hosWayback Machineby Iswara Krishna, Henry Colebrooke (Translator), Oxford University Press
^For a general discussion of the core Indian spiritual goal of developing transcendent "seeing," see, e.g., Hamilton, Sue (2000/2001),Indian Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction,(Oxford: Oxford U. Press), pp. 9-10,ISBN 978-0-19-285374-5.
^Johannes Bronkhorst (2009).Buddhist Teaching in India.Wisdom Publications. s. 23-25.ISBN 978-0-86171-811-5.
^Peter Harvey (2013).The Selfless Mind: Personality, Consciousness and Nirvana in Early Buddhism.Routledge. s. 34, 38.ISBN 978-1-136-78336-4.

Kilder

Bhikkhu Bodhi (2011),The Noble Eightfold Path: Way to the End of Suffering,Independent Publishers Group, Kindle Edition
Dalai Lama (1998),The Four Noble Truths,Thorsons
Gethin, Rupert(1998),Foundations of Buddhism,Oxford University Press
Goldstein, Joseph (2013),Mindfulness: A Practical Guide to Awakening,Sounds True, Kindle Edition
Harvey, Peter (1990).Introduction to Buddhism.Cambridge University Press.
Kalupahana, David J.(1992).A history of Buddhist philosophy.Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited.
Keown, Damien (2000),Buddhism: A Very Short Introduction,Oxford University Press, Kindle Edition
Keown, Damien(2003),Dictionary of Buddhism,Oxford University Press,ISBN 0-19-860560-9
Lopez, Donald S.(2001).The Story of Buddhism.HarperCollins.
Monier-Williams, Monier(1899),A Sanskrit-English Dictionary(PDF),London (Reprinted 1964): Oxford University Press,arkiveret(PDF)fra originalen 25. maj 2020,hentet 29. april 2020{{citation}}:CS1-vedligeholdelse: location (link)
Nanamoli, Bhikkhu(1995).The Middle Length Discourses of the Buddha: A New Translation of the Majjhima Nikaya.Boston: Wisdom Publications.ISBN 0-86171-072-X.
Prebish, Charles (1993),Historical Dictionary of Buddhism,The Scarecrow Press,ISBN 0-8108-2698-4
Potter, Karl (2004).The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Vol. IX: Buddhist philosophy from 350 to 600 AD.
Ronkin, Noa (2005).Early Buddhist Metaphysics: the Making of a Philosophical Tradition.Routledge.
Sargeant, Winthrop (2009),The Bhagavad Gita,SUNY Press
Smith, Huston; Novak, Philip (2009),Buddhism: A Concise Introduction,HarperOne, Kindle Edition
Walpola Rahula(2007),What the Buddha Taught,Grove Press, Kindle Edition
Williams, Paul (2002),Buddhist Thought,Routledge,ISBN 0-415207010

[1] Malcolm Huxter (2016).Healing the Heart and Mind with Mindfulness: Ancient Path, Present Moment.Routledge. s. 10.ISBN 978-1-317-50540-2.,Quote:"dukkha (unsatisfactoriness or suffering) (....) In the Introduction I wrote that dukkha is probably best understood as unsatisfactoriness."

[2] "Arkiveret kopi".Arkiveretfra originalen 26. september 2020.Hentet 29. april 2020.

[peterharvey26-3] Peter Harvey (2015). Steven M. Emmanuel (red.).A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy.John Wiley & Sons. s. 26-31.ISBN 978-1-119-14466-3.

[4] Carol Anderson (2013).Pain and Its Ending: The Four Noble Truths in the Theravada Buddhist Canon.Routledge. s. 1, 22 with note 4.ISBN 978-1-136-81332-0.,Quote:"(...) the three characteristics of samsara/sankhara (the realm of rebirth): anicca (impermance), dukkha (pain) and anatta (no-self)."

[5] Bhikkhu, Thanissaro (2004)."Anuradha Sutta: To Anuradha".accesstoinsight.org.Arkiveretfra originalen 26. marts 2018.Hentet 15. oktober 2019.

[6] Nyanatiloka Thera(2004). "dukkha". INyanaponika Thera(red.).Buddhist Dictionary: Manual of Buddhist Terms and Doctrines(5 udgave). Kandy: Buddhist Publication Society. s. 61.ISBN 9789552400193.Hentet 6. marts 2020.dukkha (1) 'pain', painful feeling, which may be bodily and mental [...] 2. 'Suffering', 'ill'.

[olivellebu4414-7] Brihadaranyaka Upanishad4 April 2014, trans. Patrick Olivelle (1996), p. 66.

[Deussen1980p497-8] Paul Deussen (1980).Sixty Upaniṣads of the Veda, Vol. 1.Motilal Banarsidass (Reprinted). s. 482-485, 497.ISBN 978-81-208-1468-4.

[FOOTNOTEMonier-Williams1899483-9] Monier-Williams 1899,s. 483.

[rhysdavids324-10] Thomas William Rhys Davids; William Stede (1921).Pali-English Dictionary.Motilal Banarsidass. s. 324-325.ISBN 978-81-208-1144-7.

[FOOTNOTEWalpola_Rahula2007Kindle_Locations_542-550-11] Walpola Rahula 2007,Kindle Locations 542-550.

[FOOTNOTEGoldstein2013289-12] Goldstein 2013,s. 289.

[FOOTNOTEMonier-Williams1899483,_entry_note:&nbsp;-13] Monier-Williams 1899,s. 483, entry note:.

[FOOTNOTEWalpola_Rahula2007Kindle_locations_524-528-14] Walpola Rahula 2007,Kindle locations 524-528.

[FOOTNOTEPrebish1993-15] Prebish 1993.

[FOOTNOTEKeown2003-16] Keown 2003.

[FOOTNOTEDalai_Lama199838-17] Dalai Lama 1998,s. 38.

[FOOTNOTEGethin199861-18] Gethin 1998,s. 61.

[FOOTNOTESmithNovak2009Kindle_location_2769-19] Smith & Novak 2009,Kindle location 2769.

[FOOTNOTEKeown2000Kindle_Locations_932-934-20] Keown 2000,Kindle Locations 932-934.

[FOOTNOTEBhikkhu_Bodhi20116-21] Bhikkhu Bodhi 2011,s. 6.

[bodhi1-22] "The Four Noble Truths - By Bhikkhu Bodhi".Arkiveretfra originalen 26. august 2018.Hentet 29. april 2020.

[FOOTNOTEWilliams200274-75-23] Williams 2002,s. 74-75.

[24] Paul Williams: "All rebirth is due to karma and is impermanent. Short of attaining enlightenment, in each rebirth one is born and dies, to be reborn elsewhere in accordance with the completely impersonal causal nature of one's own karma. The endless cycle of birth, rebirth, and redeath, is samsara."^[23]

[25] Paul Deussen (1980).Sixty Upaniṣads of the Veda, Vol. 1.Motilal Banarsidass (Reprinted). s. 112, 161, 176, 198, 202-203, 235, 455, etc.ISBN 978-81-208-1468-4.

[26] Paul Deussen (1980).Sixty Upaniṣads of the Veda, Vol. 1.Motilal Banarsidass (Reprinted). s. 326.ISBN 978-81-208-1468-4.

[27] Paul Deussen (1980).Sixty Upaniṣads of the Veda, Vol. 1.Motilal Banarsidass (Reprinted). s. 305.ISBN 978-81-208-1468-4.

[FOOTNOTESargeant2009-28] Sargeant 2009.

[29] SeeBhagavad Gitaverses 2.56, 5.6, 6.22-32, 10.4, 13.6-8, 14.16, 17.9, 18.8, etc;^[28]

[30] Original Sanskrit:Samkhya karika Arkiveret15. februar 2020 hosWayback MachineCompiled and indexed by Ferenc Ruzsa (2015), Sanskrit Documents Archives;
Second Translation (Verse 1): Ferenc Ruzsa (1997), The triple suffering - A note on the Samkhya karika, Xth World Sanskrit Conference: Bangalore, University of Hungary, Budapest;
Third Translation (all Verses):Samkhyakarika of Iswara KrishnaJohn Davis (Translator), Trubner, London, University of Toronto Archives

[colebrookesktrans-31] Samkhya karika Arkiveret4. marts 2016 hosWayback Machineby Iswara Krishna, Henry Colebrooke (Translator), Oxford University Press

[32] For a general discussion of the core Indian spiritual goal of developing transcendent "seeing," see, e.g., Hamilton, Sue (2000/2001),Indian Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction,(Oxford: Oxford U. Press), pp. 9-10,ISBN 978-0-19-285374-5.

[33] Johannes Bronkhorst (2009).Buddhist Teaching in India.Wisdom Publications. s. 23-25.ISBN 978-0-86171-811-5.

[Harvey2013p34-34] Peter Harvey (2013).The Selfless Mind: Personality, Consciousness and Nirvana in Early Buddhism.Routledge. s. 34, 38.ISBN 978-1-136-78336-4.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[23]

[28]