Piktere

Pikternevar etkeltisk folkeslag,der boede påStorbritanniennord forForth–Clyde-halvøen indenvikingetidenog i dentidlige middelalder.^[1]Hvor de boede og detaljer om deres kultur kan udledes af tidlige middelalderlige tekst ogpiktiske stenmonumenter,der er bevaret. TermenPictioptræder i skrevne kilder som etexonymfra slutningen af 200-tallet, men blev anvendt somendonymi slutningen af 600-tallet underVerturian-perioden.Dette varede i 160 år indtilAlpínid-dynastietovertog, og det piktiske kongerige blev slået sammen medDál Riataog dannedeKongeriget Alba.Konceptet med et "piktisk kongedømme" fortsatte i nogle få årtier indtil det helt blev opgivet som en moderne betegnelse forCaustantín mac Áedaregeringstid.^[2]

Tidlige middelalderlige kilder beskriver et særskiltpiktisk sprog,der menes at have været etøkeltisk sprog,der var tæt relateret tilbritisk,der blev talt afBritere,som levede mod syd. Dette blev gradvist erstattet afmellemgæliskfra 800-tallet og frem. Pikterne antages at være nedstammet frakaledoniereog andrejernalderstammer,der nævnes afromerskehistorikere eller påverdenskortetfremstillet afPtolemæus.

Det piktiske samfund var typisk for mange samfund i den tidlige middelaldersNordeuropaog har mange paralleller til nabogrupper.Arkæologiskefund har givet viden om deres kultur. Der er kun bevaret ganske få eksempler på nedskrevent piktisk, og størstedelen af deres historie kendes derfor fra eksterne kilder, inklusiveBedasHistoria ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum,hagiografipåhelgenersliv somColumbaafAdomnánogirske annaler. Et af de største fysiske vidnesbyrd om pikternes eksistens er depiktiske sten,der er monumentalesteler,som findes flere steder i Skotland. Desuden findes der også rester af piktere i bl.a.Old Scatness. Blandt arkæologiske fund fra pikterne og andre genstande med piktisk kunst erRogartbrochen,St Andrews-sarkofagen,St Ninian's Isle-skattenogWhitecleuchkædennogle af de mest berømte. De piktiske sølvgenstande fraNorrie's Law-skatten,der stammer fra 500-tallet, er den største samling piktisk sølv, der er fundet.^[3]

Oprindelse

Den oprindelige myte om pikternes oprindelse blev beskrevet iBedasHistoria ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum,der beskriver pikterne som bosættere fraSkytien,der ankom til nordkysten afIrlandved en tilfældighed. Lokaleskoter-ledere sendt dem videre mod det nordlige Storbritannien, som de herefter bosatte sig og giftede sig med skoterne.^[4]DenPiktiske krønikegentager denne historie, og navngiver yderligere den mytiske grundlæggende lederCruithne(det gæliske navn forpikter), der blev efterfulgt af sin sønner, hvis navne svarer til de syv piktiske områderCircin,Fidach,Fortriu,Fotla(Atholl),Cat,CeogFib.^[5]Bedas beskrivelse har længe været opfattet som en pseudohistorisk litterær opfindelse,^[6]og menes at være af piktisk oprindelse, komponeret omkring år 700.^[7]Strukturen minder om myterne for andre folkefærd, og mytens primære formål synes at være, at legitimere Fortrius annekteringen af det piktiske territorium og den yderligere oprettelse af Pikterland.^[8]

Et studie fra 2023sekventeredehelegenometfra otte individer, der blev associeret med den piktiske periode (ca. år 300-900), udgravet på kirkegårde vedLundin Linksi Fife ogBalintore,Easter Ross.Studiet viste "brede affiniteter" mellem piktiske genomer fra hovedlandet,jernalder-britereog nutidens folk, der bor i det vestlige Skotland,Wales,NordirlandogNorthumbria,men mindre end resten afEngland,hvilket understøtter de nuværende arkæologiske teorier om en "lokal oprindelse" for det piktiske folk.^[9]

Historie

Den såkaldteDaniel Stone,kors-stenfragment fundet vedRosemarkie,Easter Ross

Området der blev okkuperet af pikterne var tidligere beskrevet af romerske forfattere og geografer som hjem forCaledonii.^[10]Disse romere havde også brugt andre navne til at referere til de brianniske stammer, der levede i området, heriblandtVerturiones,TaexaliogVenicones.^[11]

Den skrevne historie, der omhandler pikterne som folk, stammer fra den tidlige middelalder. På dette tidspunkt kontrolleredegælerneiDál Riatadet, som nu erArgyllsom en del af et kongerige, der gik fra havet mellem Storbritannien og Irland.AnglernefraBernicia,der blev slået sammen medDeirafor at danneNorthumbria,overmanede de omkringliggende britiske kongeriger, og i meget af 600-tallet var Northumbria det mest magtfulde kongerige i Storbritannien.^[12]Pikterne var sandsynligvis underlagt Northumbria som vasalstat indtilBridei mac Belisregeringstid, hvor anglerne i 685 led et nederlag underslaget ved Dun Nechtain,som stoppede deres udvidelse af kongerige mod nord. Northumbria fortsatte med at dominere det sydlige Skotland i resten af den piktiske periode.

TheWhitecleuchkædener ensølvkædeaf høj status fra pikternes kongerige. Der kendes ti lignende kæder fra 300-tallet og frem til 700-tallet

Dál Riata lå under den piktiske kongeÓengus mac Fergusa(regerede 729–761), og selvom det havde sine egne konger i begyndelsen af 760'erne, så har de tilsyneladende ikke at komme sig over uafhængigheden fra pikterne.^[13]En senere piktisk konge,Caustantín mac Fergusa(793–820), placerede sin søn Domnall på Dál Riatas trone (811–835).^[14]Pikterne forsøgte at opnå lignende dominans over briterne iAlt Clut(Strathclyde) men var ikke succesfulde.^[15]

Vikingetidenforårsagede store ændringer i Storbritannien og Irland, og ikke mindste iSkotland,hvor vikingerne erobrede og bosatte sig på øerne og forskellige områder i hovedlandet inklusiveCaithness,SutherlandogGalloway.I midten af 800-tallet sigesKetil Fladnæseat have grundlagtKongedømmet Mann og Øerne,der regerede i mange af pikternes territorier, og i slutningen af århundredet havdevikingerneødelagt kongeriget Northumbria, svækket Kongeriget Strathclyde meget og grundlagtkongeriget York.I etstort slag i 839dræbte vikingerne kongen afFortriu,Eógan mac Óengusa,kongen Dál RiataÁed mac Boantaog mange andre.^[16]I efterspillet, i 840'erne, blevCínaed mac Ailpín(Kenneth MacAlpin) konge over pikterne.^[17]

Under Cínaeds barnebarb,Caustantín mac Áeda(900–943) begyndte udefrakommende at omtale området som Kongeriget Alba frem for PIkternes Kongerige, men det vides ikke om der var etableret et nyt kongerige eller om Alba simpelthen er en tætte approksimation af det piktiske navn for pikterne. Detpiktiske sprogforsvandt dog ikke pludseligt, men en tydeliggælificering,der kan være begyndt flere generationer før, var i gang allerede under Caustantín og hans efterfølgere.

På et tidspunkt, sandsynligvis i 1000-tallet, var alle indbyggerne i det nordlige Alba blevet fuldt gælificerede skotter, og den piktiske identitet blev glemt.^[18]Henrik af Huntingdonvar en af det første overlevende historikere til at beskrive at pikterne var forsvundet iHistoria Anglorumfra 1100-tallet.^[19]Senere blev ideen om pikterne som en stamme genoplive imyteoglegende.^[20]

Referencer

^Woolf 2017
^Fraser 2009,s. 43–67;Fraser 2011,s. 155–44;Woolf 2017
^Foster, Sally M.; Blackwell, Alice; Goldberg, Martin (2014). "The Legacy of Nineteenth-century Replicas for Object Cultural Biographies: Lessons in Duplication from 1830s Fife".Journal of Victorian Culture.19(2): 137-160.doi:10.1080/13555502.2014.919079.hdl:1893/21160.
^Skene 1867,s. 4; translation inAnderson 1922,s. cxvii;Fraser 2009,s. 238–239
^Skene 1867,s. 4; translation inAnderson 1922,s. cxvii
^Wainwright 1955,s. 25;Smyth 1984,s. 59;Fraser 2009,s. 238;Fraser 2011
^Fraser 2009,s. 239
^Fraser 2009;Fraser 2011;Evans 2019
^Morez et al. 2023
^e.g. afTacitus,Ptolemæus,ogsomDicalydoniiafAmmianus Marcellinus.Ptolemæus kaldte havet vest for Skotland forOceanus Duecaledonius.
^E.g. Ptolemæus, Ammianus Marcellinus.
^See e.g.Higham 1993
^Broun 1998til genskabelse af riget Dál Riata. Den manglende omtale i deirske annalerbliver ignoreret afBannerman 1999.
^IfølgeBroun 1998--men Dál Riatas historie efter dette er usikker.
^Cf. the failed attempts byÓengus mac Fergusa.
^Ulster-annalerne(s.a. 839): "The (Vikings) won a battle against the men of Fortriu, and Eóganán son of Aengus, Bran son of Óengus, Aed son of Boanta, and others almost innumerable fell there."
^Corbishley, Mike;Gillingham, John;Kelly, Rosemary; Dawson, Ian; Mason, James;Morgan, Kenneth O.(1996) [1996]."The kingdoms in Britain & Ireland".The Young Oxford History of Britain & Ireland.Oxford:Oxford University Press.s.80.ISBN 019-910035-7.
^Broun 1997;Broun 2001c;Forsyth 2005,s. 28–32;Woolf 2001a;cf.Bannerman 1999,passim, representing the "traditional" view.
^Woolf 2007,s. 1
^EksempelvisPechsog muligvissmåfolk(engelskpixie.MenFoster 1996citererToland 1726,s. 145: "they are apt all over Scotland to make everything Pictish whose origin they do not know." Det samme kunne siges om de piktiske myter.

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Eksterne henvisninger

Wikimedia Commonshar flere filer relateret tilPiktere
Glasgow UniversityePrints,inkluderet Katherine Forsyths
- Language in Pictland(pdf)og
- Literacy in Pictland(pdf)
CELT: Corpus of Electronic TextshosUniversity College Cork
- Corpus of Electronic Texts(CELT) inkluderer middelaldermanuskripteneAnnals of Ulster,Tigernach,the Four MastersogInnisfallen,Chronicon Scotorum,Lebor Bretnach,slægtslister og en række helgenbiografier. De fleste er oversat til engelsk, eller oversættelse er på gang.
The Pictish Chronicle
Scotland Royalty Arkiveret27. marts 2020 hosWayback Machine
The Chronicle of the Kings of AlbaArkiveret6. juni 2007 hosWayback Machine
Annals of ClonmacnoisehosCornell
Bede'sEcclesiastical Historyog dennes fortsettelse (pdf),hosCCEL,oversat af A. M. Sellar.
Annales Cambriae(oversatt)Arkiveret4. december 2010 hosWayback MachinehosInternet Medieval Sourcebook Arkiveret11. oktober 2000 hosWayback Machine.
ProceedingshosSociety of Antiquaries of Scotland(PSAS) i 1999 (pdf).
Tarbat Discovery Programmemed rapporter om udgravninger i Portmahomack.
The Birth of Scotland
Woad and its mis-association with Pictish BodyArt

[:0-1] Woolf 2017

[2] Fraser 2009,s. 43–67;Fraser 2011,s. 155–44;Woolf 2017

[Journal_of_Victorian_Culture-3] Foster, Sally M.; Blackwell, Alice; Goldberg, Martin (2014). "The Legacy of Nineteenth-century Replicas for Object Cultural Biographies: Lessons in Duplication from 1830s Fife".Journal of Victorian Culture.19(2): 137-160.doi:10.1080/13555502.2014.919079.hdl:1893/21160.

[4] Skene 1867,s. 4; translation inAnderson 1922,s. cxvii;Fraser 2009,s. 238–239

[5] Skene 1867,s. 4; translation inAnderson 1922,s. cxvii

[6] Wainwright 1955,s. 25;Smyth 1984,s. 59;Fraser 2009,s. 238;Fraser 2011

[7] Fraser 2009,s. 239

[8] Fraser 2009;Fraser 2011;Evans 2019

[9] Morez et al. 2023

[10] .g. afTacitus,Ptolemæus,ogsomDicalydoniiafAmmianus Marcellinus.Ptolemæus kaldte havet vest for Skotland forOceanus Duecaledonius.

[11] E.g. Ptolemæus, Ammianus Marcellinus.

[12] See e.g.Higham 1993

[13] Broun 1998til genskabelse af riget Dál Riata. Den manglende omtale i deirske annalerbliver ignoreret afBannerman 1999.

[14] IfølgeBroun 1998--men Dál Riatas historie efter dette er usikker.

[15] Cf. the failed attempts byÓengus mac Fergusa.

[16] Ulster-annalerne(s.a. 839): "The (Vikings) won a battle against the men of Fortriu, and Eóganán son of Aengus, Bran son of Óengus, Aed son of Boanta, and others almost innumerable fell there."

[17] Corbishley, Mike;Gillingham, John;Kelly, Rosemary; Dawson, Ian; Mason, James;Morgan, Kenneth O.(1996) [1996]."The kingdoms in Britain & Ireland".The Young Oxford History of Britain & Ireland.Oxford:Oxford University Press.s.80.ISBN 019-910035-7.

[18] Broun 1997;Broun 2001c;Forsyth 2005,s. 28–32;Woolf 2001a;cf.Bannerman 1999,passim, representing the "traditional" view.

[19] Woolf 2007,s. 1

[20] EksempelvisPechsog muligvissmåfolk(engelskpixie.MenFoster 1996citererToland 1726,s. 145: "they are apt all over Scotland to make everything Pictish whose origin they do not know." Det samme kunne siges om de piktiske myter.

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v d r Tidlig middelalder(ca.300til800)
Frankerriget	Aachen Alcuin Austrasien Bretonerne Burgund Frankerne Kategori:Frankiske konger Gallo-romersk kultur Gregor af Tours Karl den Store Karl Martell Karolingerne Karolingisk minuskel Karolingisk renæssance Klodevig 1. Merovingerne Neustrien Pfalz Pippinske gave Rolandskvadet Slaget ved Poitiers Syagrius
England	Angelsakserne Anglo-romersk kultur Arthur Danelag Kelter Pikter
Spanien	Basker El Andaluz Sveber Vandaler Visigoter
Det byzantinske rige	Eksarkatet Hagia Sophia Konstantin den Store Ravenna Tetrarkiet Økumeniske Konciler
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Centralasien	Buddhistisk mission Kinesisk-arabisk konflikt Sassanideriget Silkevejen Tibet Tokharerne Uighurere
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Tyskland	Frankisk ekspansion Stammehertugdømme Vender
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