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Nonetheless, Suhrawardy worked towards integration of [[East Bengal]] into the [[Federation of Pakistan]] but partied away with the [[Pakistan Muslim League|Muslim League]] when he joined hands to establish the [[Awami League]] in 1949.<ref name=Banglapedia>{{cite book |last=Harun-or-Rashid |first= |year=2012 |chapter=Suhrawardy, Huseyn Shaheed |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Suhrawardy,_Huseyn_Shaheed |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ahsan |first=Syed Badrul |date=5 December 2012 |title=Suhrawardy's place in history |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=259898 |newspaper=The Daily Star |accessdate=2 December 2014}}</ref> During the [[East Bengali legislative election, 1954|legislative elections]] held in 1954, Suhrawardy provided his crucial political support to the [[United Front (East Pakistan)|United Front]] that defeated the [[Pakistan Muslim League|Muslim League]].<ref name=Banglapedia/><ref name= "storyofpakistan" >{{cite web |url=http://storyofpakistan /h-s-suhrawardy-becomes-prime-minister/ |title=H. S. Suhrawardy Becomes Prime Minister |date=1 July 2013 |website=Story of Pakistan |accessdate=2 December 2014}}</ref> In 1953, Suhrawardy joined the Prime Minister [[Mohammad Ali Bogra]]'s [[Mohammad Ali Bogra#Prime Minister of Pakistan (1953–55)|Ministry of Talents]] as a [[Law Minister of Pakistan|Minister of Law and Justice]] and served until 1955.
Nonetheless, Suhrawardy worked towards integration of [[East Bengal]] into the [[Federation of Pakistan]] but partied away with the [[Pakistan Muslim League|Muslim League]] when he joined hands to establish the [[Awami League]] in 1949.<ref name=Banglapedia>{{cite book |last=Harun-or-Rashid |first= |year=2012 |chapter=Suhrawardy, Huseyn Shaheed |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Suhrawardy,_Huseyn_Shaheed |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ahsan |first=Syed Badrul |date=5 December 2012 |title=Suhrawardy's place in history |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=259898 |newspaper=The Daily Star |accessdate=2 December 2014}}</ref> During the [[East Bengali legislative election, 1954|legislative elections]] held in 1954, Suhrawardy provided his crucial political support to the [[United Front (East Pakistan)|United Front]] that defeated the [[Pakistan Muslim League|Muslim League]].<ref name=Banglapedia/><ref name= "storyofpakistan" >{{cite web |url=http://storyofpakistan /h-s-suhrawardy-becomes-prime-minister/ |title=H. S. Suhrawardy Becomes Prime Minister |date=1 July 2013 |website=Story of Pakistan |accessdate=2 December 2014}}</ref> In 1953, Suhrawardy joined the Prime Minister [[Mohammad Ali Bogra]]'s [[Mohammad Ali Bogra#Prime Minister of Pakistan (1953–55)|Ministry of Talents]] as a [[Law Minister of Pakistan|Minister of Law and Justice]] and served until 1955.


After supporting the [[Motion of no confidence|vote of no-confidence]] motion at the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]] that removed Prime Minister [[Chaudhry Mohammad Ali|Muhammad Ali]], the three-party [[coalition government]] of [[Pakistan Muslim League|Muslim League]], [[Awami League]], and the [[Republican Party (Pakistan)|Republican Party]], appointed Suhrawardy to the [[Prime Minister's Secretariat (Pakistan)|office]] of [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]], promising to address the issue of economic disparities between the [[West Pakistan|Western Pakistan]] and the [[East Pakistan|Eastern Pakistan]], resolving the [[energy conservation]] crises and reforming the [[Pakistani military|nation's military]].<ref name= "storyofpakistan" /> His foreign policy resulted in increase dependency towards the US [[Foreign aid to Pakistan|foreign aid]] to the country and pioneering a [[SEATO|strategic partnership]] with the United States against the [[Soviet Union]], and recognised the [[PeoplesRepublic of China|China]] by supporting the [[One-China policy]]. On the home front, he faced pressure from the [[Karachi Stock Exchange|business and stock community]] over his [[Five-Year Plans of Pakistan|economic policy]] to distribute the [[Taxation in Pakistan|taxation]] and [[Economy of Pakistan|federal revenues]] between the [[East Pakistan|East]] and [[West Pakistan|West]], where the controversial issue of [[One Unit|national integration]] had been brought to fruition by the [[Nationalism in Pakistan|nationalists]].<ref name= "The H.S. Suhrawardy government" /> After failing to bring a [[Parliamentary resolution|resolution]] against President [[Iskandar Mirza]] at the [[Parliament of Pakistan|Parliament]] to seek [[Vote of Confidence|vote of confidence]], Suhrawardy unexpectedly resigned from his post amid a possible retaliation by [[Iskandar Mirza|President Mirza]] and [[Horse trading (political)|defections]] from his party in favour of the [[Maulana Bhasani]] group in the Awami League.{{rp|63–64}}<ref name= "Karachi University Press, Suhrawardy, 1987" >{{cite book|last1=Suhrawardy|first1=Huseyn Shaheed|editor1-last=Talukdar|editor1-first=Mohammad Habibur Rahman|title=Memoirs of Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy with a Brief Account of His Life and Work|date=1987|publisher=Karachi University Press|location=Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan|pages=253|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google /books?id=dxINAAAAIAAJ&dq=suhrawardy+resigned&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Suhrawardy%27s+resignation+|accessdate=29 January 2018|language=en-pk|format=google books( snippet view)}}</ref>
After supporting the [[Motion of no confidence|vote of no-confidence]] motion at the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]] that removed Prime Minister [[Chaudhry Mohammad Ali|Muhammad Ali]], the three-party [[coalition government]] of [[Pakistan Muslim League|Muslim League]], [[Awami League]], and the [[Republican Party (Pakistan)|Republican Party]], appointed Suhrawardy to the [[Prime Minister's Secretariat (Pakistan)|office]] of [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]], promising to address the issue of economic disparities between the [[West Pakistan|Western Pakistan]] and the [[East Pakistan|Eastern Pakistan]], resolving the [[energy conservation]] crises and reforming the [[Pakistani military|nation's military]].<ref name= "storyofpakistan" /> His foreign policy resulted in increase dependency towards the US [[Foreign aid to Pakistan|foreign aid]] to the country and pioneering a [[SEATO|strategic partnership]] with the United States against the [[Soviet Union]], and recognised the [[People'sRepublic of China|China]] by supporting the [[One-China policy]]. On the home front, he faced pressure from the [[Karachi Stock Exchange|business and stock community]] over his [[Five-Year Plans of Pakistan|economic policy]] to distribute the [[Taxation in Pakistan|taxation]] and [[Economy of Pakistan|federal revenues]] between the [[East Pakistan|East]] and [[West Pakistan|West]], where the controversial issue of [[One Unit|national integration]] had been brought to fruition by the [[Nationalism in Pakistan|nationalists]].<ref name= "The H.S. Suhrawardy government" /> After failing to bring a [[Parliamentary resolution|resolution]] against President [[Iskandar Mirza]] at the [[Parliament of Pakistan|Parliament]] to seek [[Vote of Confidence|vote of confidence]], Suhrawardy unexpectedly resigned from his post amid a possible retaliation by [[Iskandar Mirza|President Mirza]] and [[Horse trading (political)|defections]] from his party in favour of the [[Maulana Bhasani]] group in the Awami League.{{rp|63–64}}<ref name= "Karachi University Press, Suhrawardy, 1987" >{{cite book|last1=Suhrawardy|first1=Huseyn Shaheed|editor1-last=Talukdar|editor1-first=Mohammad Habibur Rahman|title=Memoirs of Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy with a Brief Account of His Life and Work|date=1987|publisher=Karachi University Press|location=Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan|pages=253|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google /books?id=dxINAAAAIAAJ&dq=suhrawardy+resigned&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Suhrawardy%27s+resignation+|accessdate=29 January 2018|language=en-pk|format=google books( snippet view)}}</ref>


==Early years==
==Early years==

Version vom 17. Juli 2018, 16:27 Uhr

Vorlage:Use dmy dates Vorlage:Infobox officeholder

Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy(English IPA: ɦusæŋ ʃɑid sɦuɾɑwɑɾdɪə;Vorlage:Lang-ur;Vorlage:Lang-bn;8 September 1892Vorlage:Snd5 December 1963) is aBengali[1]politicianand a lawyer who served as thefifthPrime Minister of Pakistan,appointed in this capacity on 12 September 1956 untilresigningon 17 October 1957.

Born into an illustriousBengali Muslimfamily inMidnapore,Suhrawardy was educated inCalcuttaand was trained as abarristerinOxfordwhere he practiced law at theGray's Innin Great Britain.[2]Upon returning toIndiain 1921, his legislative career started with his election to theBengal Legislative AssemblyonMuslim League's platform but joined theSwaraj Partywhen he was invited to be elected as theDeputy Mayor of CalcuttaunderChittaranjan Das.

AfterChittaranjan Das's death in 1925, Suhrawardy promoted theMuslim unityon aMuslim League's platform, and began advocating for thetwo-nation theory.After thegeneral electionsheld in 1934, Suhrawardy pushed for strengthening the Muslim League's political program and asserted his role as becoming one of theFounding FathersofPakistan.After joining theBengal's governmentin 1937, Suhrawardy assumed the only Muslim League-led government after thegeneral electionsheld in 1945, and faced criticism from the Indian press of his alleged role inmassive riotstook place in Calcutta in 1946.[3]

During the time ofIndia's partitionin 1947, Suhrawardy forwarded the idea of independentUnited Bengalto prevent thepartition,thus preventing the choice of either joining the federations ofIndiaorPakistan,enjoying the support fromMuhammad Ali Jinnahover this issue.:342[4][5][6][7]

Nonetheless, Suhrawardy worked towards integration ofEast Bengalinto theFederation of Pakistanbut partied away with theMuslim Leaguewhen he joined hands to establish theAwami Leaguein 1949.[8][9]During thelegislative electionsheld in 1954, Suhrawardy provided his crucial political support to theUnited Frontthat defeated theMuslim League.[8][10]In 1953, Suhrawardy joined the Prime MinisterMohammad Ali Bogra'sMinistry of Talentsas aMinister of Law and Justiceand served until 1955.

After supporting thevote of no-confidencemotion at theNational Assemblythat removed Prime MinisterMuhammad Ali,the three-partycoalition governmentofMuslim League,Awami League,and theRepublican Party,appointed Suhrawardy to theofficeofPrime Minister,promising to address the issue of economic disparities between theWestern Pakistanand theEastern Pakistan,resolving theenergy conservationcrises and reforming thenation's military.[10]His foreign policy resulted in increase dependency towards the USforeign aidto the country and pioneering astrategic partnershipwith the United States against theSoviet Union,and recognised theChinaby supporting theOne-China policy.On the home front, he faced pressure from thebusiness and stock communityover hiseconomic policyto distribute thetaxationandfederal revenuesbetween theEastandWest,where the controversial issue ofnational integrationhad been brought to fruition by thenationalists.[11]After failing to bring aresolutionagainst PresidentIskandar Mirzaat theParliamentto seekvote of confidence,Suhrawardy unexpectedly resigned from his post amid a possible retaliation byPresident Mirzaanddefectionsfrom his party in favour of theMaulana Bhasanigroup in the Awami League.:63–64[12]

Early years

Family background and education

Huseyn Suhrawardy was born on 8 September 1892 inMidnapore,BengalinIndiainto an illustriousBengali Muslimfamily known for their wealth, education, andgentrybackground, who claimed to be the direct descendent and ancestors of theFirst Caliphate.:81[13][2]His father,JusticeSirZahid Suhrawardy,was a jurist at theCalcutta High Court;and his mother,Banu,was the daughter ofMaulana Ubaidullah Suhrawardy,who was a prolificUrdu languagewriter and was the first Indian women to have passed theSenior Cambridgeexaminations.[14]His elder brother,Hasan,alinguist,found a great successful career as a diplomat with Pakistan'sForeign ministry.[14]Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullahwas his niece.[15]His uncles,Hassan Suhrawardyserved in theBritish Indian Armyas a military physician while SirAbdullah Suhrwardywas a barrister.[14]

After hismatriculationfrom theCalcutta Madrassa,Suhrawardy academically excelled when he went enrolled to attend theCalcutta Universityin 1906, attending theSt. Xavier's Collegewhere he graduated withBScinMathematicsin 1911.:6–7[12][16][17]In 1913, Suhrawardy attained hisMAinArabic Languageand earned a scholarship to attend theOxford Universityfor his higher studies. Hisgentrybackground allowed him to settle in England comfortably while attending theSt. Catherine's CollegeofOxford University,where he attainedMAinpolitical scienceand graduated with theBCL degreein 1920.[18][19]

After leaving theOxford,Suhrwardy was called to bar at theGray's Innwhere he was trained asbarrister-at-Lawin 1922–23.[20]

Political career in India

Deputy mayorship of Calcutta and legislation (1922–1944)

After his training as theBarrister-at-Lawin England, Suhrawardy returned toIndiawhere he begin his practice at theCalcutta High Courtin 1922–23, building his reputation as a competent lawyer.:80[13]During this time, he joined theMuslim Leagueand secured his elections as aMemberof theBengal Legislative Assembly.[2]His legislative career took prominence during the times of theKhilafat Movement,a conservative Islamic movement inIndia,and had remained associate with theMovementfor several years.:80[13]

In 1924–25, Suhrawardy was appointed asdeputy mayorof theCalcutta Corporationwhen he joined theSwaraj Partyled by theMayor of KolkataChittaranjan Das.:80[13]In 1926, he broke with theSwaraj Partyafter theHindu-Muslim riotstook place in Calcutta, and represented the accused Muslims at theCalcutta High Court,and begin encouraging the trade strikes to maintain pressure on theCongress Party.:93:124[21]

In 1930s, he strengthened the political program of theMuslim League,supporting theconceptofPakistan,and begin mobilizing his support in favor of thePakistan Movement.[2]In 1936, he became theSecretary-Generalof the Muslim League'sBengal chapterand successfully defended his constituency ingeneral electionsheld in 1934–37.[2]

His outspoken advocacy for thePakistan Movementfurther strengthened the position and political program of theMuslim League,and was appointed to head theMinistry of Commerce and Labourfrom 1937 until 1943 under the provincial administration ofPremier of BengalAbul Kasim Fazlul Haq.:16[12]

In 1943,PremierK. Nazimuddineventually appointed him to lead theMinistry of Civil Supplyand it was during his tenureship when thefamine took place in Bengalin 1943.[22]Although, British administrator andGovernor of BengalRichard Caseywas of the view of consideringPremierK. Nazimuddinas "incapable", there were major allegations that leveled on him towards deliberating causing the famine and doing very little to prevent it.[22]Suhrawardy, on the other hand, contradicted when claiming that it was theCentral governmentin New Delhi andblack marketersthat had seized the transportation of rice and wheats to thepresidency.[22]

On the other hand, Indian author, Madhushree Mukherjee, laid major responsibility of this famine to British Prime MinisterWinston Churchillwho wanted the ration for war efforts only and had refrained theU.S. aid to Bengal.[23]Suhrwardy was further accused of practicing theScorched-Earthpolicy to counter theJapanese Army's advances in East and supervised to burn thousand fishing boats to block any potential movement of invading Japanese Army troops.:533–535[24]These measures aggravated starvation and famine and the relief was only ordered whenLord Wavellbecame theViceroy,using theIndian Armyto organise relief.:534[24]However, by that time, the winter crop had arrived and famine conditions had already eased, after millions had earlier perished.:534[24]

TheIndian press,notably theHindu press,had become very critical of his role and theBengali Hindusheld him directly responsible for the famine.[25]

Premiership and United Bengal (1946–47)

Vorlage:See also

Bengal in 1940s:Suhrawardy's proposal of United Bengal eventually failed due toriots in 1946.[26]

During thegeneral electionsheld in 1945 inIndia,Suhrawardy campaigned againstK. Nazimuddinfor thePremiership of Bengal,and secured enough political endorsement from theMuslim Leaguethat allowed him to form theprovincial governmentas itsPrime Minister– the onlyMuslim League-led government inIndiain 1946.[2]TheCongress Partyhad been very critical of his role and the government and limited the number of cabinets departments by dismissing the Hindu members of his cabinet.[25]

By 1946-47, the support for thePakistan Movementamong theIndian Muslimshad become very popular and it became inevitable for thecreationof thenation-statethrough thepartitionofIndiaby 1947.[27]The issue of communalism based on the religious beliefs prevented the inclusion of Hindu-majority districts ofPunjabandBengalin theFederation of Pakistanas theCongress Partyand their allies theHindu Mahasabhasought the division of these provinces on communal lines.[27]

To prevent the violence, riots, and long-termborder disputes,Suhrawardy joined hands with the demands of preventing thesecond partitionof Bengal by endorsing the idea of independentUnited Bengal,alongside withSarat Chandra Bose,K. Shanker Roy,Abul Hashim,Satya Ranjan BakshiandF. Q. Choudhri.[28][29]

Suhrawardy reached a compromise with theBosewhen he sought to form thecoalition governmentbetweenCongress Party'sBengal sectionwith theMuslim League'sBengal Division.[27]Proponents of the plan urged theIndian publicinBengalto reject the communal divisions and uphold the vision ofan independentbut unitedBengal.[27]In a press conference held in New Delhi on 27 April 1947 Suhrawardy presented his plan for a united and independent Bengal and Abul Hashim issued a similar statement in Calcutta on 29 April.[28]

The issue of United Bengal was met with favorable views and backing ofMuhammad Ali Jinnahwho saw it for the benefits for Bengali Muslims.:285[30]Jinnah viewed this plan in a long term geostrategic point in believing thatindependent Bengalled by Muslim premier would forged acloser alliancewithPakistanthan it would withIndia.:285[30][26]

Despite Jinnah's backing, the plan was fiercely opposed byK. Nazimuddin,his brotherK. Shahabuddin,Nurul Amin,andMohammad Akramwho wanted to integration with Pakistan.:25[31]Amongst Bengali Hindus, the plan was not supported, therefore supporting for the creation of theWest Bengal– thepartition.:25–26[31]During this time, Suhrawardy led massive rallies on every Friday for the cause ofindependence movementto separate fromIndia,further fueling tensions with Congress Party.:25–26[31]

Direct Action Day (16 August 1946)

Vorlage:See alsoSuhrawardy and other Muslim League leaders reportedly delivered provocative speeches reminding the Bengali Muslims of the historical Islamic victory and urged them to follow the same way on 16 August. The popular historian, Devendra Panigrahi, in his famous bookIndia's Partition: The Story of Imperialism in Retreat[32]quotes from the 13 August 1946 issue of Muslim league mouthpiece(The Star of India), "Muslims must remember that it was in Ramzan that permission for jehad was granted by Allah. It was in Ramzan that the Battle of Badr, the first open conflict between Islam and heathens, was fought and won by 313 Muslims and again it was in Ramzan that 10,000 Muslims under the Holy Prophet conquered Mecca and established the Kingdom of Heaven and the commonwealth of Islam in Arabia. The Muslim League is fortunate that it is starting its action on this Holy month and day".According to historian Juthika Roy, Jinnah gave a free hand to Suhrawardy to terrorise the Hindus and start a pogrom against Hindus.[33]On 16 August 1946, themassive bloody riotserupted inCalcutta,killings scores of Hindus at the hands of rioters.[34]Suhrawardy attempted to control the situation by unsuccessfully calling for peace and deployment of theIndian Armyin Calcutta with no success.[34]The riots ended with thousand deaths and theIndian pressblaming Suhrawardy of obstructing the police work, which is well documented by several authors and eyewitnesses.[35][36][37][38]According to police intelligentsia, the riots were instigated by members of the Muslim League and its affiliate Volunteer Corps after listening to the speeches made by Nazimuddin and Suhrawardy,[39][40][41][42][43]in the city in order to enforce the declaration by the Muslim League that Muslims were to 'suspend all business' to support their demand for an independent Pakistan.[39][40][41][44]However, supporters of the Muslim League believed that the Congress Party was behind the violence in an effort to weaken the fragile Muslim League government in Bengal, further generating the controversy about the real culprits.[39][45][43]Historian Joya Chatterji allocates much of the responsibility to Suhrawardy, for setting up the confrontation and failing to stop the rioting, but points out that Hindu leaders were also culpable.[46]

A senior intelligence operative wrote to a senior British officer based at Fort William after the 'Great Calcutta Killings' after theCalcutta riotsrevealing Suhrawardy's villainous nature. He wrote, "There is hardly a person in Calcutta who has a good word for Suhrawardy, respectable Muslims included. For years he has been known as "The king of the goondas" and my own private opinion is that he fully anticipated what was going to happen, and allowed it to work itself up, and probably organised the disturbance with his goonda gangs as this type of individual has to receive compensation every now and again."[47]According toTathagata Roy,the Governor of Tripura, Suhrawardy had pre-planned the riot long back, evident from the fact that demographic changes were being made in the Calcutta Police constabulary.[48]Even the Bangladeshi historianHarun-or-Rashid,in his bookThe Foreshadowing of Bangladesh: Bengal Muslim League & Muslim Politics: 1906-1947,[49]also disclosed the diabolic role of Suhrawardy in orchestrating riots against the Hindus in a pre-planned manner and safeguarding the Muslim goons from the police.

Eventually, the United Bengal plan eventually failed which had earlier been facing the opposition of the Muslim League led byK. Nazimuddin,Congress Party,the Hindu Mahasabha[50]and theCommunist Party of India.[51]Eventually, the Bengali Hindus voted for thepartitionthat created theWest Bengaljoining theUnion of India,andEast Bengalwas left with no choice but to join theFederation of Pakistanon 14 August 1947.:26–27[31][26]

Public service in Pakistan

Law and health ministries in coalition government (1953–55)

Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy (left) withSheikh Mujibur Rahman,1949.

On 14 August 1947, Suhrawardy lost the control of theBengal Divisionof theMuslim Leagueand was lost the election whenK. Nazimuddinwas elected for theChief Minister of East Bengal.[10]After thepartitionofIndia,Suhrawardy remained inCalcuttaand made calls for peace when soughting help fromMahatma Gandhi;he returned in 5 March 1949 to Pakistan.[52]

After Jinnah's death andK. Nazimuddinbecoming theGovernor-Generalin 1948, Suhrawardy was forced out from theMuslim Leaguebut the latter co-founded theAwami Muslim League,alongside with the conservative cleric,Maulana Bhasaniand others in 1949.[10][53]He shifted fromMuslim unityto greatly espousing theBengali nationalism,becoming critical of theGovernment of East Pakistan.[54]In 1950, he begin opposing the conservative agenda of Prime MinisterK. Nazimuddin,and forged an alliance with theCommunist Partyand other left-oriented parties, which was known as theUnited Front.[55]

After the dismissal of Prime MinisterK. Nazimuddinin 1953, Suhrawardy joined theMinistry of Talentsas aMinister of Law and Justiceunder Prime MinisterMohammad Ali Bogra,taking responsibility ofdraftingtheConstitution of Pakistan.:145[30]He also oversaw the implementation of theunification of the West Pakistanas a counterbalance to theEast,in a prospect for providing the better governance.:145[30]

During thelegislative electionsin held in 1954 inEast,Suhrawardy led theUnited Frontagainst theMuslim Leagueled byNurul Amin,which saw the landslide victory of the United Front.[2]TheAwami Leagueforged a three-party alliance with theMuslim Leagueand theRepublican Partyto form thecoalition governmentin theNational Assembly.[2]During this time, he was appointed asHealth Ministerin the three-party coalition government led by Prime MinisterMuhammad Ali.[56]

During this time, he also acted asLeader of the Opposition,alongside with theI.I. Chudrigarof thePakistan Muslim League.[2]AfterPrime Minister Muhammad Alirefused to support the motion to investigation the Muslim League's allegations onRepublican Partyled by its PresidentFeroze Khanin 1956, Suhrawardy went onto support thevote of no confidencemovement byMuslim Leagueagainst its own Prime Minister.[2]After supporting the successful vote of noconfidence movement at theNational Assembly,the Awami League successfully held negotiations with the Muslim League and the Republican Party to appoint Suhrawardy as the new Prime Minister.[11]

Prime Minister of Pakistan (1956–57)

Suhrawardy administration: Internal affairs and constitutional reforms

On 12 September 1956,Chief JusticeM. Munir,administrated theoathof Prime Minister Huseyn Suhrawardy inGovernor's HouseinKarachi,then-Federal capital of the country.[57]

Initially making promised to review the policy ofOne-Unitstatus to thenationalistsat theNational Assembly,Prime Minister Suhrwardy backed out to overturn this scheme.[58]At theNational Assembly,Prime Minister Suhrawardy facedpoliticsover two issues pressed by thenationalists:theOne UnitandElectoral College.[59]The issue of one unit was revived by thenationalistswho called for the restoration of the status of thefour provinces,begin holdingmassive ralliesall around theWest.[11][59]Prime Minister Suhrawardy, however, showed less concern over this issue which came at the interests of theEastas he had reached the compromised earlier in favor of being appointed as the Prime Minister.[58]Though, theEasthad not objected the implementation of the One Unit as they were not above the factional battles motivated by personal interests, theWest's multi-ethnic diversity background had effectively raised this issue which had won public support and sympathy.[58]

Nonetheless, there were no concrete steps taken by Suhrwardy government to address this issue and it was not until theYahya administrationwhenit was repealedin 1970.[59]At theNational Assembly,theAwami Leagueinitiated the constitutional work on reviving thejoint electoratesystem but faced strong pressure and opposition from theMuslim Leagueto implement this issue.[11]The Muslim League had called for the separate electoral system which had subsequent public support over this issue; theEasthad favored the joint electorate system.[11]

In 1956, Prime Minister Suhrwardy approved to request the three-year extension ofarmy commanderLt-Gen.Ayub Khanwhile approving the appointment ofV-Adm.HMS Choudhryas the first nativenaval commander– both men served to command their services until 1959.[60]

To address the issue ofenergy conservationin West, Suhrawardy established thePakistan Atomic Energy Commission(PAEC) inviting its chair to dr.Nazir Ahmad,aphysicist.[61]Thenuclear power programwas intended to be for peaceful usages when he affirmed his obiligations towards the clauses of theAtoms for Peaceinitiative.[61]When hisScience Advisor,Dr.Salimuzzaman Siddiqui,presented the plan to acquire theNRXreactor fromCanada,Suhrawardy reportedly vetoed instead releasing funds for the U.S.-basedPool-type reactorfrom theUnited Statesin 1956.[61]

U.S. aid and the economic policy

In 1956, Prime Minister Suhrawardy halted theNational Finance Commission Program(NFC Program) to allocate thetaxed revenueequally between theWestandEast.Prime Minister Suhrawardy relied heavily upon theU.S. aidto the country to meet the food shortages, requesting U.S. President for shippment of theWheat flourand rice on a regular basis to Pakistan.:375[62]InEast,there were reports of another widespreadfamine,in which, the wheat,potatoes,rice, were being sent from theU.S. FoodsandWest'sFauji Foundationto the East on regular basis.:374–375[62]

Thecentral governmentled by Prime Minister Suhrawardy focused towards the implementation of theplannedeconomy.[11]His relations with theStock Exchangeand thebusiness communitydeteriorated when he announced of distributing theUS$10 millionICA aidbetweenWestandEast,and establishing theshipping corporationat the expense of West's revenues.:149[30]Massive labor strikes broke out in West against his economic policy in major cities of Pakistan, eventually leaders of thestock exchangemet with PresidentMirzato address their concerns and issues.[11][11]

Foreign Policy

The10 July 1957:Prime Minister Suhrawardy meeting with the U.S. PresidentDwight Eisenhowerin Washington D.C. whenpaying a state visitto the United States.[63]

Prime Minister Suhrwardy directed theforeign policytowards aligning with the United States against theSoviet Union,and was seen as apro-Americanpolitical figure in the country.[64][65]Suhrawardy harboured stronganti-Sovietviews and advocated for strongpro-Westernand pro-American policy at the public circles, putting himself at odds with the policy of his own party, theAwami League.:1657[65]

He is considered to be one the pioneers of Pakistan'sforeign policyaimed, directed, and set towards excessively supporting the United States and theircause,a policy that was pursued by the successive administrations.:1657[65]On July 10, 1957, Prime Minister Suhrawardy paid astate visitto the United States where he met with PresidentDwight Eisenhowerand accepted his request tolease out an air force baseto theUnited States Air Forcethat would be in use for thesignals intelligencepurposes against theSoviet Union.Theincident in 1960severely compromised thenational securityof Pakistan whenSoviet Unioneventually discovered the base through interrogatingits pilot.In return, the United Statesdistributed~US$2.142 billion in shape of giving the supersonicF-104 StarfighterandM48 Pattontanks and dispatching theassistance groupto thePakistan's military.[66]

After his visit to the United States, Prime Minister Suhrawardy was invited by theSoviet Unionfor a state visit but Suhrawardy complained of Soviet Union's attitude towards supportingIndiaover theissue of Kashmir.:170; 196[67]He snubbed the Soviet Union's invitation by maintaining discreet silence.:197[67]

1956in China: Prime Minister Suhrawardy signed thealliance pactwithChinese PremierChou-en Laiin Beijing.[68]Today, Pakistan hosts China's largest embassy.[69]

In 1956, Prime Minister Suhrawardy became the Pakistan's first Prime Minister to paid a state visit toChinawhen he went to meet withChinese PremierZhou Enlaiin Beijing, taking with him the entire diplomatic mission including thePakistan Ambassador to China,Dr. Ahmed Ali,who had established thePakistan embassyin Beijing and formed Pak-China friendship and strengthened the official diplomatic friendship between Pakistan and China.[70]In 1957, he well received theChinese PremierZhou EnlaiinKarachiwhen he reciprocated the visit inKarachi.[68]

In 1956-57, Prime Minister Suhrawardy accused India of supporting insurgency in different parts of the country, and leveled accusations against his counterpart, Indian Prime MinisterJawaharlal Nehruofundoing the partitionofIndia.[71]

Decline and resignation

His economic policy and distribution oftaxation revenuesbetweenWestandEastinvited massive labour strikes as well as opposition from thestock exchange communityand theprivate sectorin 1956.[72]Furthermore, his policy inclination towards the United States brought great ire and opposition from within theAwami League,which had been favoring the clericMaulana Bhasani,who had been suspicious of American motives. Suhrawardy had strongly advocated for Pakistan's membership in theSoutheast Asia Treaty Organization,which was aimed towards containingcommunism;he was in direct conflict with Bhasani on this issue.[73]

To the dismay of his party, Suhrawardy became closer to PresidentIskander Mirzaon many issues.[68]There were massive protests carried out in theEastagainst Prime Minister Suhrawardy by the Awami League when the United States dispatched aMilitary Assistance Advisory Group(MAAG) to thePakistani military.[74]Eventually, Bhashani andYar Mohammadchallenged him for the party's presidency, as both men had managed to consolidate the Awami League, but they failed to carry the party mass with them.[65]

Intending to break President Mirza's control over Parliament, Suhrawardy asked President Mirza to call a session of theNational Assemblyand a seek aVote of Confidencefrom theParliament,where Prime Minister Suhrawardy's allies had the majority.[75]When President Mirza declined to call the session, Prime Minister Suhrawardy unsuccessfully attempted to bring aparliamentary resolutioncalling for the resignation in the Parliament.:187–188[76]

His alignment with the United States at the expense of theSoviet Unioncaused Prime Minister Suhrawardy to eventually lose control over the presidency of party to junior leadership underAbdur Rashid Tarkabagish.:196[76][77][78]Threatened with President Mirza's retaliation after the failedparliamentary resolutionand facing to have lost themajorityin theNational Assembly,Prime Minister Suhrawardy faced the similarcircumstances as his predecessorand surprisingly tendered his resignation on 17 October 1957.[78][79]

The news of his resignation led to protests inKarachi,but Prime Minister Suhrawardy down played the event in 1957.:159[12]In 1960, he retired from politics, departing forBeirut.[2]

Public and personal life

In 1920, Suhrawardy wasarrangedto marry,Fatima(d.1922), the daughter of JusticeSir Abdur Rahimwho was also a politician. The marriage produced two children, Ahmed Shahab Suhrawardy andJahan Suhrawardy— Ahmed died ofpneumoniawhile studying in London whilst his daughter,Jahanwas arranged to married off to Shah Ahmed Sulaiman, son of JusticeSir Shah Sulaiman.

After his passing in 1963, the Suhrawardy family remained active innational politics,and his granddaughterShahida Jamilsubsequently is a politician with thePML(N)and briefly served as theLaw Ministerin 1999 and 2007.

In 1940, Suhrawardy marriedVera Alexandrovna Tiscenko,a Russian theatre actress anddancerwhom he knew through hisolder brother'swork in Russia.[80]Veraconverted toIslamby taking the name of Begum Noor Jehan, and took thecitizenshipofPakistanin 1947.[81]She was a Russian actress ofPolishdescent from theMoscow Art Theatreand protege ofOlga Knipper.[82][83]Suhrawardy andVera Tiscenkofiled for a divorce inSindh High Court,which was said to be bitter when theSindh High Courtordered for distribution of Surawardy's wealth with Vera;:111[12]the divorce was finalized in 1951.[80]

Following the divorce,Veramoved to the United States with their only son, Rashid Suhrawardy, (known as Robert Ashby), who is a British actor living in London and briefly portrayedJawaharlal Nehruin filmJinnahin 1998.

Death

Suhrawardy is buried with other Bengali leaders at a mausoleum inShahbag,Dhaka.

He had been a chronic heart patient and died inLebanonin 1963 due to a cardiac arrest. His death was officially due to complications from heart problems, though some have alleged he was poisoned, gassed or subjected to blunt-trauma in his bedroom, although there is no proof of this.

Legacy

See also

References

Vorlage:Reflist

Further reading

  • Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy: A BiographybyBegum Shaista Ikramullah(Oxford University Press, 1991)
  • Freedom at Midnightby Dominique Lapierre and Larry Collins
  • Gandhi's Passionby Stanley Wolpert (Oxford University Press)
  • Memoirs of Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardyby Muhammad H R Talukdar (University Press Limited, 1987)
  • The Last Guardian: Memoirs of Hatch-Barnwell, ICS of Bengalby Stephen Hatch-Barnwell (University Press Limited, 2012)

Vorlage:Commons category

Vorlage:S-start Vorlage:S-off Vorlage:S-new Vorlage:S-ttl Vorlage:S-aft |- Vorlage:S-bef Vorlage:S-ttl Vorlage:S-aft |- Vorlage:S-ttl Vorlage:S-aft Vorlage:S-end

Vorlage:PakistaniPMs Vorlage:Pakistan Movement Vorlage:Bangladesh Awami League Vorlage:Presidents of Awami League

  1. ↑Victoria Redclift:Statelessness and Citizenship: Camps and the Creation of Political Space.Routledge, Cambridge, UK 2013,ISBN 978-1-136-22032-6,Vorlage:Small,S.183(englisch,google[GOOGLE BOOKS; abgerufen am 29. Januar 2018]).
  2. ↑abcdefghijkHuseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy–Former Prime Minister of Pakistan.In:storyofpakistan.Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust, 22. Oktober 2013,abgerufen am 29. Januar 2018(en-pk).
  3. ↑Joya Chatterji:Bengal Divided: Hindu Communalism and Partition, 1932–1947.Cambridge University Press, 1994,ISBN 0-521-41128-9,S.239:„Hindu culpability was never acknowledged. The Hindu press laid the blame for the violence upon the Suhrawardy Government and the Muslim League. “
  4. ↑Jalal – The sole spokesman, page 266
  5. ↑Akbar Ahmed:Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity: The Search for Saladin.Routledge, 2005,ISBN 978-1-134-75022-1,S.342–(google).
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  36. ↑Debjani Sengupta:A City Feeding on Itself: Testimonies and Histories of 'Direct Action' Day.Sarai Reader, 2006.
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  84. ↑Khayaban-e-Suhrawardy Road.Khayaban-e-Suhrawardy Road;
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