Deep Hypersaline Anoxic Basins as Untapped Reservoir of Polyextremophilic Prokaryotes of Biotechnological Interest
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Prokaryotic Assemblages of DHABs
3. Biotechnological Potential of Prokaryotes Inhabiting DHABs
3.1. DHABs as a Hidden Treasure for Biodiscovery of Pharmaceuticals
3.2. DHABs as a Reservoir of Polyextreme Enzymes
3.3. DHAB-Derived Prokaryotes: Promising Candidates for Enhanced Bioremediation of Oil Hydrocarbons
4. Conclusions and Future Directions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Environmental Parameters | Ranges | DHABs | Location | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Temperature | Min: 14 °C Max: 68 °C | La Medee Atlantis II | Mediterranean Sea Red Sea | [31] [32] |
Depth | Min 630 m Max: 3580 m | GC233 Discovery | Gulf of Mexico Mediterranean Sea | [33] [17] |
Na+ | Min: 1751 mM Max 5300 mM | GC233 Tyro | Gulf of Mexico Mediterranean Sea | [24] [34] |
Cl- | Min: 2092 mM Max: 10,154.3 mM | GC233 Discovery | Gulf of Mexico Mediterranean Sea | [24] [17] |
Mg2+ | Min: 8.7 mM Max: 5143 mM | GB425 Discovery | Gulf of Mexico Mediterranean Sea | [24] [17] |
K+ | Min: 17.2 mM Max: 471 mM | Orca La Medee | Gulf of Mexico Mediterranean Sea | [35] [31] |
Ca2+ | Min: 1 mM Max: 150 mM | Discovery, Kyros Atlantis II | Mediterranean Sea Red Sea | [17] [36] |
SO42− | Min: <1 mM Max: 333.1 mM | GB425; GC233 L’Atalante | Gulf of Mexico Mediterranean Sea | [24] [17] |
Sulfide | Min: 0.002 mM Max: 16 mM | GC233 Urania | Gulf of Mexico Mediterranean Sea | [24] [16] |
Marine Prokaryotes | Product | Bioactivity | Environmental Sources | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Alteromonas macleodii | Dithiolopyrrolone | Antibiotic and antitumor | Erba and Nereus DHABs | [84,104] |
Alteromonas sp.B-10-31 | Marinostatins B-1, C1, and C2 | Serine protease inhibitor | Coastal seawater | [105] |
Bacillus sp. | Macrolactins A–F | Cytotoxic, antimicrobial, antiviral | Deep sea | [106,107,108,109] |
Bacillus halodurans | Enfuvirtide | Antiviral | Nereus DHAB | [84,110] |
BacillusMK-PNG-276A | Loloatins A–D | Antimicrobial | Great barrier reef | [111] |
Bacillus sp. | Bogorol A | Antimicrobial | Seawater | [112] |
Bacillus sp.CND-914 | Halobacillin | Antitumor | Deep-sea sediments | [113] |
Bacillus sp.MIX-62 | Mixirins A–C | Antitumor | [114] | |
Bacteroidetes rapidithrixHC35 | Ariakemicins A and B | Antimicrobial, cytotoxic | Sea mud | [115] |
Erythrobacter sp. | Erythrazoles A and B Erythrolic acids A–E | Cytotoxic | Mangrove sediments | [116,117] |
Halobacteroides lacunarisTB21 | R-LPS | Immunomodulator | Thetis DHAB | [118] |
HalomonasLOB-5 | Loihichelins A–F | n.a. | Deep sea hydrothermal vents | [119] |
Halomonasmeridiana | n.a. | Antitumor | Nereus DHAB | [84] |
Halomonas sp.GWS-BW-H8hM | 3-(4′-Hydroxyphenyl)-4-phenylpyrrole-2,5-dicarboxylic acid (HPPD-1 and HPPD-2) | Cytotoxic | Seawater | [120] |
Halomonassp. GWS-BW-H8hM | 2-Amino-6-hydroxyphenoxazin-3-one2-Amino-8-benzoyl-phenoxazin-3-one2-Amino-8-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)-6-hydroxyphenoxazin-3-one | Antimicrobial, cytotoxic | Seawater | [121] |
Pseudoalteromonas carrageenovoraIAM 12662 | LPS | Antiviral | Erba DHAB | [84,122] |
Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktisTAC125 | Peptides | Antioxidant | Antarctic coastal sea water | [123] |
Pseudoalteromonas mariniglutinosa | n.a. | Antitumor | Erba and Nereus DHABs | [84] |
Pseudoalteromonas ravaSANK 73390 | Thiomarinols A–H and J | Antimicrobial | Seawater | [124,125] |
Streptomyces aureoverticillatus(NPS001583) | Aureoverticillactam | Antitumor | Marine sediments | [126] |
StreptomycesC42 | Champacyclin | Antimicrobial | Deep sea | [127] |
StreptomycesCNH-990 | Marmycins A and B | Cytotoxic | Seawater | [128,129] |
Streptomyces drozdowicziiSCSIO 10141 | Marfomycins A, B, and E | Anti-infective | Deep sea | [130] |
Streptomyces drozdowicziiNTK 97 | Frigocyclinone | Antimicrobial | Antarctica | [131] |
Streptomyces Merv8102 | Essramycin | Antimicrobial | Marine animals, plants, and sediments | [132] |
Streptomyces niveusSCSIO 3406 | Marfuraquinocins | Cytotoxic antimicrobial | Deep sea | [133] |
Streptomyces scopuliridisSCSIO ZJ46 | Desotamide B | Antimicrobial | Deep-sea sediments | [134] |
Streptomyces sioyaensisSA-1758 | Altemicidin | Cytotoxic, antimicrobial | Sea mud | [135] |
Streptomyces sp.12A35 | Lobophorins H and I | Antimicrobial | Deep sea | [136] |
Streptomyces sp.ART5 | Articoside | Cytotoxic, | Arctic deep sea | [137] |
Streptomyces sp.CNB-982 | Cyclomarins A–C | anti-inflammatory | Marine sediments | [138,139] |
Streptomyces sp.CNQ-418 | Marinopyrroles A–F | Antimicrobial, cytotoxic, anti-apoptotic | Deep-sea sediments | [140,141] |
Streptomyces sp.CNQ-85 | Daryamides A–C (2E,4E)-7-Methylocta-2,4-dienoic acid amide 26 | Antitumor, antifungal | Seawater | [142] |
Streptomyces sp.CNR-698 | Ammosamides A–D | Cytotoxic | Deep sea | [143,144,145] |
Streptomyces sp.M045 | Chinikomycins A and B | Antitumor | Seawater | [146] |
Streptomyces sp.MDF-04-17-069 | Tartrolon D | Cytotoxic | Marine sediments | [147] |
Streptomyces sp.Mei37 | Mansouramycins A–D | Antimicrobial, cytotoxic | Marine sediments | [148] |
Streptomyces sp.NTK 935 | Benzoxacystol | Antiproliferative | Deep sea | [149] |
Streptomyces sp.SCSIO 03032 | Spiroindimicins A–D | Antitumor | Deep sea | [150] |
Streptomyces sp.SCSIO 11594 | Dehydroxyaquayamycin, Marangucycline B | Antibacterial, antitumor | Deep sea | [151] |
Streptomyces xiamenensisM1-94P | Xiamenmycin C and D | Anti-fibrotic | Deep-sea sediments | [152] |
Streptomycete sp. | Piperazimycins A–C | Antitumor | Marine sediments | [153] |
Zunongwangia profundaSM-A87 | EPS | Antioxidant | Nereus DHAB | [154] |
Enzyme | Biological Source | Specific Adaptations | Function and/or Applications | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Aldehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.3–7) | Bacillus haloduransfrom Nereus interface; Atlantis II Red Sea brine pool; Cytophaga sp. KUC-1 from Antarctic seawater andHalobacterium salinarum | Slight halophile; thermo- and psychrophilic | Biotransformation of a large number of drugs and other xenobiotics generates aldehydes as intermediates or as products resulting from oxidative deaminations | [172,173,174,175] |
Protease (EC 3.4.21–25) | Salinivibrio costicola* andPseudoalteromonas ruthenica* from Erba DHAB.Bacillus circulansBM15 andPseudoAlteromonas sp.129-1.Bacillus sp.NPST-AK1,Halobacterium halobium(ATCC 43214),Bacillus licheniformis,Bacillus halophilus,Pseudoalteromonas strainEB27,Halomonas meridianaDSM 5425,Bacillus sp.(Ve2-20-91 (HM047794)), andBacillus caseinilyticus | Haloalkaliphilic and thermotolerant alkaline | Protein hydrolysis finds a broad variety of potential applications in diverse biotechnological processes such as in the feed, food, pharmacology (anticancer and antihemolytic activity) and cosmetic (keratin-based preparation) industries, and cleaning processes (e.g., detergent additive) | [176,177,178,179,180,181,182,183,184,185] |
Cellulase (EC 3.2.1.4) | Cytophaga hutchinsonii, Halorhabdus tiamatea from Shaban DHAB,Bacillus sp.SR22 from seawater,Bacillus sp.,Vibrio sp.,Rhodococcus sp.,ClostridiumandStreptomycesfrom mangrove Halorhabdus utahensis from Great Salt Lake | Halo-alkali tolerant and thermotolerant | Breakdown of cellulose-producing polysaccharides; potential application in the food, animal feed, beer and wine, textile and laundry, and pulp and paper industries, agriculture, biofuel, pharmaceutical industries, and waste management | [186,187,188,189,190,191] |
Chitinase (EC 3.2.1.14), chitin deacetylase (EC 3.5.1.41) | Bacillus thuringiensisHBK-51 from soil.PseudoAlteromonas sp.DC14,Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus,andArthrobacter sp.AW19M34-1 from seawater | Halo-alkali tolerant and thermotolerant | Hydrolysis of chitin and hence N-acetyl chitobiose production which in turn can be useful in fermentation research and biomedicine. There have also been applications in the cosmetic and pharmaceutic fields | [192,193,194] |
Esterase (EC 3.1.1.1) | Zunongwangia profunda* from Atlantis II and Nereus interface and brine pools.Alcanivorax dieseloleiB5(T) from Erba interface.Bacillus cereusAGP-03 from hot spring.Archaeoglobus fulgidus | Thermo-halotolerant and metal resistant; cold-active and organic solvent-tolerant | Leather manufacturing, flavor development in the dairy industry, oil biodegradation, and the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and chemicals | [195,196,197,198,199,200] |
Ferredoxin oxidoreductase (EC 1.2.7.1) | Halorhabdus tiamateaSARL4BT* from Shaban DHAB.Desulfovibrio sp.from Atlantis II DHAB. Methanosarcina barkeri | Low-oxygen tolerant | Oxidation/reduction processes which are applied in the asymmetric oxyfunctionalization of steroids and other pharmaceuticals, synthesis and modification of polymers, oxidative degradation of pollutants, oxyfunctionalization of hydrocarbons, and the construction of biosensors for diverse clinical applications | [189,201,202] |
Lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) | Idiomarina sp. W33, HaloBacillus sp.,andArchaeoglobus fulgidus.Marinobacter alkaliphilusABN-IAUF-1.Bacillus sp.,Arthrobacter sp.,Pseudomonas sp., andPsychrobacter sp.from Antarctic marine sediments. OceanoBacillus sp.PUMB02 from seawater | Halo- alkalitolerant and hyperthermophilic | Hydrolysis of acylglycerols to release fatty acids and lower acylglycerols or glycerol. Lipase enzymes are exploited in the food, beverage, detergent, biofuel production, animal feed, textiles, leather, paper processing, and cosmetic industries | [203,204,205,206,207,208] |
Mercuric reductase (EC 1.16.1.1) | Atlantis II deep-sea brine.Chromohalobacter israelensis* from Erba and Atlantis II DHABs.Bacillus firmus* from Discovery DHAB | Extreme halophilic and thermophilic | This enzyme can convert toxic mercury ions into relatively inert elemental mercury. It is very useful in waste-water treatments | [209,210] |
Nitrilase (EC 3.5.5.1) | Red Sea Atlantis II brine | Thermostable and heavy metal tolerant | Nitrilase can hydrolyze a single cyano group in dinitriles or polynitriles, yelding cyanocarboxilic acids, which are used in different kinds of industries, including the food and pharmacology industries; also used for bioremediative purposes | [211] |
Pullulanase (EC 3.2.1.41) | Bacillus sp.andStreptomyces sp. | Alkaliphilic | Utilized to hydrolyze the α-1,6 glucosidic linkages in starch, enabling a complete and efficient conversion of the branched polysaccharides into small fermentable sugars during the saccharification process | [212] |
Xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8) and β-Xylosidase (EC 3.2.1.37) | Staphylococcus sp., Arthrobacter sp.,Streptomycessp., andVibrio sp.XY-214 from seawater. Oceanospirillum linum CL8 andHalorhabdus utahensisfrom Great Salt Lake.Halorhabdus tiamateaSARL4BT* from Shaban DHAB.Pseudoalteromonas mariniglutinosa* from Erba and Nereus DHAB.Marinimicrobium haloxylanilyticum* from Kebrit DHAB.Zunongwangia profunda* from Nereus and Atlantis II DHABs.Halomonas meridiana* from Bannock, Erba, and Nereus DHABs.Bacillus halodurans* from Nereus interface | Alkali-halotolerant and psychrophilic | Commercial exploitation in the areas of the food, feed, and paper and pulp industries; also used to increase sugar recovery from agricultural residues for biofuel production | [189,213,214,215,216,217,218] |
α-agarase (EC 3.2.1.158) and β-agarase (EC 3.2.1.81) | Alteromonas macleodii* from Erba, Discovery, and Nereus DHABs.Alteromonas sp.GNUM-1,Alteromonas agarlyticus,Alteromonas sp.strain C-1,Vibrio sp.PO-303,Altermonas sp.SY37-12, and Cytophaga flevensis from seawater and marine sediments | Moderate halophile | Degradation of agar-degrading bacteria used as oriental food; wide applications in the food industry, cosmetics, and medical fields, and as a tool enzyme for biological, physiological, and cytological studies | [219,220,221] |
α-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) | PontiBacillus chungwhensis* from Discovery DHAB. Halomonas meridiana* from Nereus, Erba, and Bannock DHABs.Zunongwangia profunda* from Atlantis II and Nereus DHABs.Cytophaga sp.HaloBacillus sp.,Bacillus sp.GM8901,Bacillus sp.TSCVKK, andMethanococcus jannaschii. Halobacterium sp.from hypersaline environment.Alteromonas haloplanctisfrom Antarctic seawater | Moderate halophile and alkali- tolerant; hyperthermophilic | α-amylase has implications in the food, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries; multifunctional amylase exhibits transglycosylation and hydrolysis activities to produce isomaltooligosaccharides, maltooligosaccharides and glucose | [222,223,224,225,226,227,228,229,230,231,232] |
β-glucosidases (EC 3.2.1.21) | Halorhabdus tiamateaSARL4BT* from Shaban DHAB.Alteromonas sp.L82 from the Mariana Trench. Cytophaga hutchinsonii | Low-oxygen tolerant, cold-adapted, and salt-tolerant | β-glucosidases convert cellobiose and short cellodextrins into glucose. β-glucosidases are widely used in the production of biofuels and ethanol from cellulosic agricultural wastes, in the production of wine, and in the flavor industry. They can cleave phenolic and phytoestrogen glucosides from fruits and vegetables for extracting medicinally important compounds and enhancing the quality of beverages | [189,191,233,234] |
κ-Carragenases (EC 3.2.1.83) | Pseudoalteromonas carrageenovora* from Erba sediments.Bacillus sp. Alteronomonas sp., Cytophaga sp., andPseudoAlteromonas sp. Pseudomonas sp.,Vibrio sp.NJ-2, andVibrio parahaemolyticusfrom seawater | Alkali-halotolerant | Production of oligosaccharides with potential applications in the biomedical field, in bioethanol production, in the textile industry, and as a detergent additive | [235,236,237] |
Cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.19) | Bacillus lehensis* from Discovery DHAB | Alkali-halotolerant | Cyclodextrins produced by this enzyme have broad, non-toxic applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries | [66,238] |
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Varrella, S.; Tangherlini, M.; Corinaldesi, C. Deep Hypersaline Anoxic Basins as Untapped Reservoir of Polyextremophilic Prokaryotes of Biotechnological Interest.Mar. Drugs2020,18,91. https://doi.org/10.3390/md18020091
Varrella S, Tangherlini M, Corinaldesi C. Deep Hypersaline Anoxic Basins as Untapped Reservoir of Polyextremophilic Prokaryotes of Biotechnological Interest.Marine Drugs.2020; 18(2):91. https://doi.org/10.3390/md18020091
Chicago/Turabian StyleVarrella, Stefano, Michael Tangherlini, and Cinzia Corinaldesi. 2020. "Deep Hypersaline Anoxic Basins as Untapped Reservoir of Polyextremophilic Prokaryotes of Biotechnological Interest"Marine Drugs18, no. 2: 91. https://doi.org/10.3390/md18020091