Jerman

Federal Republic of Germany
*Bundesrepublik Deutschland*(German)
Federal Republic of Germany Bundesrepublik Deutschland(German)
	Flag Coat of arms
	Anthem:"Das Lied der Deutschen"; ( "The Song of the Germans" );
	Location of Jerman (dark green) – inEurope(light green & dark grey); – in theEuropean Union(light green)
Capital om kakadayan bobos agayo	Berlin; 52°31′N13°23′E/ 52.517°N 13.383°E
Boros rasmi	German
Demonim	German
Government	Federal parliamentary republic
•President	Frank-Walter Steinmeier
•Chancellor	Olaf Scholz
Kotinanan perundangan	Bundestag,German Bundesrat
Area
• Total	357,600 km2(138,100 sq mi)(63rd)
• Waig (%)	1.27 (2015)
Population
• Q3 2023 estimate	Templat:Increase neutral84,607,016(19th)
• Density	236/km2(611.2/sq mi) (58th)
GDP(PPP)	2023 estimate
• Total	$5.537 trillion(5th)
• Per kapita	$66,037(19th)
GDP(nominal)	2023 estimate
• Ginumu	$4.462 trillion(3rd)
• Per kapita	$52,823(21st)
Gini(2022)	28.8; low
HDI(2021)	0.942; very high·9th
Mato tusin	Euro(€) (EUR)
Zon timpu	UTC+1(CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+2(CEST)
Date format	Day, month, year; Year, month, day;
Driving side	right
Calling code	+49
Kod ISO 3166	DE
Internet TLD	.de

Jermantoi ko' ngaran nokoimagonRepublik Persekutuan Jerman(Templat:Audio-de,IPA:[ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant]),^[11]bopo nga iso pogun idEropah Tengah.Pogun nopo diti nga id piolitan doLaut Utara,DenmarkomLaut Baltikid koibutan;PolandomRepublik Czechid kosilahon;AustriaomSwitzerlandid kabaatan; omPerancis,Luxembourg,BelgiumomBelandaid kotonobon. Ginayo nopo do pogun diti nga kiikiro 357,021 km² om kiwaa iklim osuhatan kimusim. Miampai lobi 82 riong mogigion, ginumu nopo diti nga bobos ogumu id suangKesatuan Eropahsuai ko tinimungan mondidikot sompomogunan kotolu bobos agayo.^[12]

Nosuat no o rekod kokomoiGermania,iso kinoyonon i ionon dotulun-tulun Jermanikpogulu100M. Mimpuun doabad ko-10,minombontuk o wilayah-wilayah Jerman do toruntudEmpayar Suci Romi nokotindohoi gisom toun 1806. Ontokabad ko-16,nosiliu o kinoyonon id koibutan Jerman do longkod koguraanReformasi Protestan.Sabaaginegara bangsazaman moden, pinosompuru kawagu ii ontokSangod Perancis-Prusiaontok toun 1871. KalapasSangod Pomogunan II,numaan kawagu pitongkiado o pogun diti dokuasa-kuasaBarat. Ontok toun 1990,pinisompuru kawaguoJerman TimuromJerman Barat.

Jerman Barat nopo nga pogun i minonuridong doKomuniti Eropahontok toun 1957, om sumusuhut nosiliu Kesatuan Eropah ontok toun 1993. Pogun nopo diti nga soboogian mantadkoiyonon aiso piolitan Schengenom mimpuun momoguno mato tusin miampai Eropah,Euroontok toun 1999. Jerman nopo nga isorepublik persekutuan berparlimenii kiwaa 16 buah pogunbersekutu.Ibu negaranopo ngaBerlinom kakadayan bobos agayo nopo ngaFrankfurt.Minamung nogi o Jerman doPBB,NATO,G8om minanain doProtokol Kyoto.Ii nogi nga ekonomi kotolu bobos agayo id pomogunan tumanudKDNKompengeksportkakamot padagangon bobos agayo ontok toun 2007. Tumanudnilai mutlak,mongobi o Jerman do kouhupan koburuon bobos agayo id pomogunan,^[13]om balanja soudor dau nopo nga id taang koonom.^[14]Nakalantoi o pogun diti popoburu koposion di akawas om minonuridong iso sistem koumoligan sosial miampai pointongkop. Mongigit ii tonggungan oponsol id suang ahal Eropah om popotindogoi piuhupan ogirot mogikaakawo taang id pomogunan.^[15]Suai ko ii, nookunan nogi o Jerman sabaagi momuruan id suang mogikaakawo gana sains om teknologi.^[16]

Sajara

Puak-puak Jermanik

Tadon nopo kaaka dot tulun-tulun Jermanik nga mantadZaman Gangsatoi ko id masoZaman Bosipogulu era Rom. Puak-puak diti nokoburu mantad id kaabatan, kosilaon om kotonobon do Jerman. Puak diti nakaanu nogi minomonsoi do pionitan labus miampai puak suai id Eropah Kotonobon miagal ko tulun-tulun iran, puak Balt omSlavmiampai Puak Celt id gaul.

Maso pomorintahan diAugustus,songulun jeneral rom,Publius Quintilius Varustuminimpuhun manganu kokuasaan id tanahGermania.Mantad pisangadan diti nakaanu manahak do puak germanik kokomoi koinganan taktik it naanu mantad tongoulun rom.

Empayor Rom Tolundu (962-1806)

Empayor zaman pintanganan diti naasil mantad pibobogian doEmpayar Carolingiaid toun 843, it pinointutun diCharlemagneid tadauwulan 25 Disember 800 om nokoingkakat id mogisuai-suai bontuk gisom id toun 1806.

Pomulihan om Revolusi (1814–1871)

Mantad kinorotuan diNapoleon Bonaparte,nakaanu mititimburungak oo Kongres Vienna id toun 1814 om pinopoingkakat do Koisaan Jerman (Deutscher Bund), ii no tu iso liga it oluwau ii pinopoiso do 39 negeri-negeri berdaulat.

Nuut

↑From 1952 to 1990, the entire "Das Lied der Deutschen" was the national anthem, but only the third verse was sung on official occasions. Since 1991, the third verse alone has been the national anthem.^[1]
↑Berlin is the sole constitutional capital andde jureseat of government, but the former provisional capital of the Federal Republic of Germany,Bonn,has the special title of "federal city" (Bundesstadt) and is the primary seat of six ministries.^[2]
↑Danish,Low German,Sorbian,Romani,andFrisianare recognised by theEuropean Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.^[3]
↑The Bundesrat is sometimes referred to as an upper chamber of the German legislature. This is technically incorrect, since theGerman Constitutiondefines the Bundestag and Bundesrat as two separate legislative institutions. Hence, the federal legislature of Germany consists of two unicameral legislative institutions, not one bicameral parliament.

Sukuon

↑"Repräsentation und Integration"(id boros Jerman).Bundespräsidialamt.Pinoopimantad sanḏad ontok 7 March 2016.Linoyog ontok8 March2016.
↑"The German Federal Government".deutschland.de.23 January 2018.Pinoopimantad sanḏad ontok 30 April 2020.
↑Gesley, Jenny (26 September 2018)."The Protection of Minority and Regional Languages in Germany".Library of Congress.Pinoopimantad sanḏad ontok 25 May 2020.
↑Ralat maganu:Tag<ref>tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernamaCIA
↑"Flächennutzung".
↑"Surface water and surface water change".Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.Pinoopimantad sanḏad ontok 24 March 2021.Linoyog ontok11 October2020.
↑"Population by nationality and sex (quarterly figures) [Bevölkerung nach Nationalität und Geschlecht (Quartalszahlen)]".www.destatis.de.Destatis - Statistisches Bundesamt.Linoyog ontok5 January2024.
↑^8.0^8.1^8.2^8.3"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Germany)".International Monetary Fund.10 October 2023.Linoyog ontok10 October2023.
↑"Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income".Eurostat.Linoyog ontok25 November2023.
↑"Human Development Report 2021/2022"(PDF).United Nations Development Programme.8 September 2022. Pinoopi mantadsand̠ad(PDF)ontok 8 September 2022.
↑Max Mangold (stg.), ed. (1995).Duden, Aussprachewörterbuch (Kamus Sebutan Duden)(id boros Jerman) (ke-6 ed.). Mannheim: Dudenverlag, Bibliographisches Institut & F.A. Brockhaus AG. pp. ms. 271, 53f.ISBN 3-411-04066-1.
↑"Kemasukan penduduk-penduduk asing berdasarkan kewarganegaraan mengikut tahun"(CFM)(id boros Inggeris). Institut Dasar Migrasi.Linoyog ontok2008-09-02.
↑"Jerman penderma bantuan kedua terbesar di dunia selepas AS"(Cetakan semula)(id boros Inggeris). (dpa). 4 April 2008.Linoyog ontok2008-09-02.
↑"15 pembeli terbesar pada tahun 2006".Arah aliran terkini dalam perbelanjaan ketenteraan(id boros Inggeris). Institut Kajian Keamanan Antarabangsa Stockholm. 2007. Pinoopi mantadsand̠ad(PDF)ontok 2007-08-14.Linoyog ontok2008-09-02.
↑"Pemimpin Eropah? Jawapan-jawapan yang jauh berbeza"(id boros Inggeris). International Herald Tribune. 4 April 2008.Pinoopimantad sanḏad ontok 2008-04-04.Linoyog ontok2008-09-02.
↑Anna-Kristina Wassilew (6 Mei 2008)."Dengan Yakin Menuju Masa Depan bersama-sama Teknologi yang boleh diharapkan".Linoyog ontok2008-09-02.

Noputan labus

Pogun idEropah

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[2] From 1952 to 1990, the entire "Das Lied der Deutschen" was the national anthem, but only the third verse was sung on official occasions. Since 1991, the third verse alone has been the national anthem.^[1]

[4] Berlin is the sole constitutional capital andde jureseat of government, but the former provisional capital of the Federal Republic of Germany,Bonn,has the special title of "federal city" (Bundesstadt) and is the primary seat of six ministries.^[2]

[6] Danish,Low German,Sorbian,Romani,andFrisianare recognised by theEuropean Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.^[3]

[8] The Bundesrat is sometimes referred to as an upper chamber of the German legislature. This is technically incorrect, since theGerman Constitutiondefines the Bundestag and Bundesrat as two separate legislative institutions. Hence, the federal legislature of Germany consists of two unicameral legislative institutions, not one bicameral parliament.

[PresidentsOffice-1] "Repräsentation und Integration"(id boros Jerman).Bundespräsidialamt.Pinoopimantad sanḏad ontok 7 March 2016.Linoyog ontok8 March2016.

[3] "The German Federal Government".deutschland.de.23 January 2018.Pinoopimantad sanḏad ontok 30 April 2020.

[5] Gesley, Jenny (26 September 2018)."The Protection of Minority and Regional Languages in Germany".Library of Congress.Pinoopimantad sanḏad ontok 25 May 2020.

[CIA-7] Ralat maganu:Tag<ref>tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernamaCIA

[9] "Flächennutzung".

[10] "Surface water and surface water change".Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.Pinoopimantad sanḏad ontok 24 March 2021.Linoyog ontok11 October2020.

[11] "Population by nationality and sex (quarterly figures) [Bevölkerung nach Nationalität und Geschlecht (Quartalszahlen)]".www.destatis.de.Destatis - Statistisches Bundesamt.Linoyog ontok5 January2024.

[IMFWEO.DE-12] 8.0^8.1^8.2^8.3"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Germany)".International Monetary Fund.10 October 2023.Linoyog ontok10 October2023.

[eurogini-13] "Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income".Eurostat.Linoyog ontok25 November2023.

[UNHDR-14] "Human Development Report 2021/2022"(PDF).United Nations Development Programme.8 September 2022. Pinoopi mantadsand̠ad(PDF)ontok 8 September 2022.

[Duden6-15] Max Mangold (stg.), ed. (1995).Duden, Aussprachewörterbuch (Kamus Sebutan Duden)(id boros Jerman) (ke-6 ed.). Mannheim: Dudenverlag, Bibliographisches Institut & F.A. Brockhaus AG. pp. ms. 271, 53f.ISBN 3-411-04066-1.

[16] "Kemasukan penduduk-penduduk asing berdasarkan kewarganegaraan mengikut tahun"(CFM)(id boros Inggeris). Institut Dasar Migrasi.Linoyog ontok2008-09-02.

[derma-17] "Jerman penderma bantuan kedua terbesar di dunia selepas AS"(Cetakan semula)(id boros Inggeris). (dpa). 4 April 2008.Linoyog ontok2008-09-02.

[sipri-18] "15 pembeli terbesar pada tahun 2006".Arah aliran terkini dalam perbelanjaan ketenteraan(id boros Inggeris). Institut Kajian Keamanan Antarabangsa Stockholm. 2007. Pinoopi mantadsand̠ad(PDF)ontok 2007-08-14.Linoyog ontok2008-09-02.

[19] "Pemimpin Eropah? Jawapan-jawapan yang jauh berbeza"(id boros Inggeris). International Herald Tribune. 4 April 2008.Pinoopimantad sanḏad ontok 2008-04-04.Linoyog ontok2008-09-02.

[20] Anna-Kristina Wassilew (6 Mei 2008)."Dengan Yakin Menuju Masa Depan bersama-sama Teknologi yang boleh diharapkan".Linoyog ontok2008-09-02.

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