Wikipedia

Basement membrane

Thebasement membrane,also known as base membrane, is a thin, pliable sheet-like type ofextracellular matrixthat provides cell and tissue support and acts as a platform for complex signalling.[1][2]The basement membrane sits betweenepithelial tissuesincludingmesotheliumandendothelium,and the underlying connective tissue.[3][4]

Basement membrane
The epithelium and endobasement membrane in relation toepitheliumandendothelium.Also seen are otherextracellular matrixcomponents
Image showing the basement membrane of thelining of the mouth,which separates the lining (epithelium) from a loose layer ofconnective tissue(thelamina propria)
Details
Identifiers
Latinmembrana basalis
MeSHD001485
THH2.00.00.0.00005
FMA63872
Anatomical terms of microanatomy
Not to be confused withBasilar membrane.

Structure

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Normalhistologyof thebreast,with basement membrane annotated near center-right.
Prostategland microanatomy, with basement membrane annotated at bottom.

As seen with theelectron microscope,the basement membrane is composed of two layers, thebasal laminaand thereticular lamina.[4]The underlying connective tissue attaches to the basal lamina withcollagen VIIanchoring fibrilsandfibrillinmicrofibrils.[5]

The basal lamina layer can further be subdivided into two layers based on their visual appearance in electron microscopy. The lighter-colored layer closer to the epithelium is called thelamina lucida,while the denser-colored layer closer to the connective tissue is called thelamina densa.Theelectron-denselamina densa layer is about 30–70nanometersthick and consists of an underlying network of reticularcollagen IVfibrils which average 30 nanometers in diameter and 0.1–2micrometersin thickness and are coated with the heparan sulfate-rich proteoglycanperlecan.[6]In addition to collagen, this supportive matrix contains intrinsic macromolecular components. The lamina lucida layer is made up oflaminin,integrins,entactins,anddystroglycans.Integrins are a key component ofhemidesmosomeswhich serve to anchor the epithelium to the underlying basement membrane.

To represent the above in a visually organised manner, the basement membrane is organized as follows:

Function

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The primary function of the basement membrane is to anchor down theepitheliumto its looseconnective tissue(thedermisorlamina propria) underneath. This is achieved by cell-matrixadhesions throughsubstrate adhesion molecules(SAMs).

The basement membrane acts as a mechanical barrier, preventingmalignantcells from invading the deeper tissues.[7]Early stages of malignancy that are thus limited to the epithelial layer by the basement membrane are calledcarcinoma in situ.

The basement membrane is also essential forangiogenesis(development of new blood vessels). Basement membrane proteins have been found to acceleratedifferentiationofendothelialcells.[8]

The most notable examples of basement membranes is theglomerular basement membraneof thekidney,by the fusion of thebasal laminafrom theendotheliumof glomerular capillaries and thepodocytebasal lamina,[9]and betweenlungalveoliand pulmonarycapillaries,by the fusion of the basal lamina of the lung alveoli and of the basal lamina of the lung capillaries, which is where oxygen and CO2diffusion occurs (gas exchange).

As of 2017, other roles for basement membrane include blood filtration and muscle homeostasis.[1]Fractonesmay be a type of basement membrane, serving as anicheforstem cells.[10][11]

Clinical significance

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Some diseases result from a poorly functioning basement membrane. The cause can be genetic defects, injuries by the body's own immune system, or other mechanisms.[12]Diseases involving basement membranes at multiple locations include:

Inhistopathology,thickened basement membranes are found in several inflammatory diseases, such aslichen sclerosus,systemic lupus erythematosusordermatomyositisin the skin, or collagenous colitis in the colon.[15]

Evolutionary origin

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These are only found withindiploblasticandhomoscleromorphicsponge animals. The homoscleromorph were found to be sister to diploblasts in some studies, making the membrane originate once in the history of life. But more recent studies have disregarded diploblast-homoscleromorph group, so other sponges may have lost it (most probable) or the origin in the two groups may be separate.

See also

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References

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  1. ^abPozzi A, Yurchenco PD, Iozzo RV (January 2017)."The nature and biology of basement membranes".Matrix Biology.57–58: 1–11.doi:10.1016/j.matbio.2016.12.009.PMC5387862.PMID28040522.
  2. ^Sekiguchi R, Yamada KM (2018)."Basement Membranes in Development and Disease".Current Topics in Developmental Biology.130:143–191.doi:10.1016/bs.ctdb.2018.02.005.ISBN9780128098028.PMC6701859.PMID29853176.
  3. ^Kierszenbaum A, Tres L (2012).Histology and Cell Biology, An Introduction to Pathology(3rd ed.). Elsevier.ISBN978-0-323-07842-9.
  4. ^abTortora G, Derrickson B (2012).Principles of anatomy & physiology(13th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. pp. 117–118.ISBN9780470646083.
  5. ^Paulsson M (1992)."Basement membrane proteins: structure, assembly, and cellular interactions".Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.27(1–2): 93–127.doi:10.3109/10409239209082560.PMID1309319.Archivedfrom the original on 2007-10-13.
  6. ^Noonan DM, Fulle A, Valente P, Cai S, Horigan E, Sasaki M, et al. (December 1991)."The complete sequence of perlecan, a basement membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan, reveals extensive similarity with laminin A chain, low density lipoprotein-receptor, and the neural cell adhesion molecule".The Journal of Biological Chemistry.266(34): 22939–22947.doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)54445-8.PMID1744087.
  7. ^Liotta LA, Tryggvason K, Garbisa S, Hart I, Foltz CM, Shafie S (March 1980). "Metastatic potential correlates with enzymatic degradation of basement membrane collagen".Nature.284(5751): 67–68.Bibcode:1980Natur.284...67L.doi:10.1038/284067a0.PMID6243750.S2CID4356057.
  8. ^Kubota Y, Kleinman HK, Martin GR, Lawley TJ (October 1988)."Role of laminin and basement membrane in the morphological differentiation of human endothelial cells into capillary-like structures".The Journal of Cell Biology.107(4): 1589–1598.doi:10.1083/jcb.107.4.1589.PMC2115245.PMID3049626.
  9. ^"Sect. 7, Ch. 4: Basement Membrane".Renal Physiology Glomerular Filtration Rate and Renal Blood Flow.Medical College of Georgia, Robert B. Greenblatt, M.D. Library. 1 April 2008. Archived from the original on 1 April 2008.Retrieved7 May2018.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  10. ^Mercier F, Kitasako JT, Hatton GI (September 2002). "Anatomy of the brain neurogenic zones revisited: fractones and the fibroblast/macrophage network".The Journal of Comparative Neurology.451(2): 170–188.doi:10.1002/cne.10342.PMID12209835.S2CID19919800.
  11. ^Sato Y, Kiyozumi D, Futaki S, Nakano I, Shimono C, Kaneko N, et al. (January 2019). Yamashita Y (ed.)."Ventricular-subventricular zone fractones are speckled basement membranes that function as a neural stem cell niche".Molecular Biology of the Cell.30(1): 56–68.doi:10.1091/mbc.E18-05-0286.PMC6337917.PMID30379609.
  12. ^Henig RM (February 22, 2009)."What's Wrong With Summer Stiers?".New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on November 9, 2016.
  13. ^Janeway CA (2001).Immunobiology(5th ed.). Garland.ISBN978-0-8153-3642-6.
  14. ^Bardhan A, Bruckner-Tuderman L, Chapple IL, Fine JD, Harper N, Has C, et al. (September 2020). "Epidermolysis bullosa".Nature Reviews. Disease Primers.6(1): 78.doi:10.1038/s41572-020-0210-0.PMID32973163.S2CID221861310.
  15. ^LeBoit PE (October 2000). "A thickened basement membrane is a clue to...lichen sclerosus!".The American Journal of Dermatopathology.22(5): 457–458.doi:10.1097/00000372-200010000-00014.PMID11048985.

Further reading

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