Wikipedia

Coma Berenices

For other uses, seeComa Berenices (disambiguation).

Coma Berenicesis an ancientasterismin thenorthern sky,which has been defined as one of the88modernconstellations.It is in the direction of the fourthgalactic quadrant,betweenLeoandBoötes,and it is visible in both hemispheres. Its name means "Berenice's Hair" inLatinand refers to QueenBerenice II of Egypt,who sacrificed her long hair as avotive offering.[2]It was introduced to Western astronomy during the third century BC byConon of Samosand was further corroborated as a constellation byGerardus MercatorandTycho Brahe.It is the onlymodern constellationnamed after a historic person.[a]

Coma Berenices
Constellation
Coma Berenices
List of stars in Coma Berenices
AbbreviationCom
GenitiveComae Berenices
Pronunciation/ˈkoʊməbɛrəˈnaɪsiːz/,
genitive/ˈkoʊmiː/
SymbolismBerenice'shair
Right ascension11h58m25.0885s–13h36m06.9433s[1]
Declination33.3074303°–13.3040485°[1]
Area386 sq. deg. (42nd)
Main stars3
Bayer/Flamsteed
stars		44
Stars withplanets5
Stars brighter than 3.00m0
Stars within 10.00 pc (32.62 ly)1
Brightest starβ Com(4.26m)
Messier objects8
Meteor showersComa Berenicids
Bordering
constellations		Canes Venatici
Ursa Major
Leo
Virgo
Boötes
Visible at latitudes between +90° and −70°.
Best visible at 21:00 (9 p.m.) during the month ofMay.

The constellation's major stars areAlpha,Beta,andGamma Comae Berenices.They form a half square, along the diagonal of which run Berenice's imaginary tresses, formed by theComa Star Cluster.The constellation's brightest star is Beta Comae Berenices, a 4.2-magnitudemain sequencestar similar to the Sun. Coma Berenices contains theNorth Galactic Poleand one of the richest-knowngalaxy clusters,theComa Cluster,part of theComa Supercluster.GalaxyMalin 1,in the constellation, is the first-known giantlow-surface-brightness galaxy.SupernovaSN 1940Bwas the first scientifically observed (underway)type II supernova.FK Comae Berenicesis the prototype of aneponymous class of variable stars.The constellation is theradiantof onemeteor shower,Coma Berenicids,which has one of the fastest meteor speeds, up to 65 kilometres per second (40 mi/s).

History

edit
Bust ofBerenice II of Egypt

Coma Berenices has been recognized as anasterismsince theHellenistic period[3](or much earlier, according to some authors), and is the onlymodern constellationnamed for an historic figure.[4]It was introduced to Western astronomy during the third century BC byConon of Samos,the court astronomer of Egyptian rulerPtolemy III Euergetes,to honour Ptolemy's consort,Berenice II.[5]Berenice vowed to sacrifice her long hair as avotive offeringif Ptolemy returned safely from battle during theThird Syrian War.[6]Modern scholars are uncertain if Berenice made the sacrifice before or after Ptolemy's return; it was suggested that it happened after Ptolemy's return (around March–June or May 245 BC), when Conon presented the asterism jointly with scholar and poetCallimachusduring a public evening ceremony.[7]In Callimachus' poem,Aetia(composed around that time), Berenice dedicated her tresses "to all the gods". In Poem 66, the Latin translation by the Roman poetCatullus,and inHyginus'De Astronomica,she dedicated her tresses toAphroditeand placed them in thetemple of Arsinoe II(identified after Berenice's death with Aphrodite) atZephyrium.According toDe astronomica,by the next morning the tresses had disappeared. Conon proposed that Aphrodite had placed the tresses in the sky as an acknowledgement of Berenice's sacrifice.[6]Callimachus called the asterismplokamos Berenikēsorbostrukhon Berenikēsin Greek, translated into Latin as "Coma Berenices" by Catullus.Hipparchus[8]andGeminusalso recognized it as a distinct constellation.[9]Eratosthenescalled it "Berenice's Hair" and "Ariadne's Hair ", considering it part of the constellationLeo.[10]Similarly,Ptolemydid not include it among his 48 constellations in theAlmagest;[8]considering it part of Leo[3]and calling itPlokamos.[11]

Coma Berenices on Mercator's 1551 celestial globe, in the upper left

Coma Berenices became popular during the 16th century. In 1515, a set ofgoresbyJohannes Schönerlabelled the asterismTrica,"hair". In 1536 it appeared on acelestial globebyCaspar Vopel,who is credited with the asterism's designation as a constellation.[12]That year, it also appeared on a celestial map byPetrus Apianusas "Crines Berenices". In 1551, Coma Berenices appeared on acelestial globebyGerardus Mercatorwith five Latin and Greek names: Cincinnus,caesaries,πλόκαμος,Berenicis crinisand Trica. Mercator's reputation as a cartographer ensured the constellation's inclusion on Dutch sky globes beginning in 1589.[13]

Tycho Brahe,also credited with Coma's designation as a constellation, included it in his 1602star catalogue.[3]Brahe recorded fourteen stars in the constellation;Johannes Heveliusincreased its number to twenty-one, andJohn Flamsteedto forty-three. Coma Berenices also appeared inJohann Bayer's 1603Uranometria,and a few other 17th-century celestial maps followed suit. Coma Berenices and the now-obsoleteAntinousare considered the first post-Ptolemaic constellations depicted on a celestial globe.[14]With Antinous, Coma Berenices exemplified a trend in astronomy in which globe- and map-makers continued to rely on the ancients for data. This trend ended at the turn of the 16th century with observations of thesouthern skyand the work of Tycho Brahe.[13]

Before the 18th century Coma Berenices was known in English by several names, including "Berenice's Bush" and "Berenice'speriwig".[15]The earliest-known English name, "Berenices haire", dates to 1601.[15][16]By 1702 the constellation was known as Coma Berenices,[17]and appears as such in the 1731Universal Etymological English Dictionary.

Non-Western astronomy

edit

Coma Berenices was known to theAkkadiansas Ḫegala.[18]InBabylonian astronomya star, known as ḪÉ.GÁL-a-a(translated as "which is before it" ) or MÚL.ḪÉ.GÁL-a-a,is tentatively considered part of Coma Berenices.[19]It was also argued that Coma Berenices appears in EgyptianRamesside star clocksassb3w ꜥš3w,meaning "many stars".[20]

InArabic astronomyComa Berenices was known asAl-Dafira الضفيرة ( "braid" ),Al-HulbaالهلبةandAl-Thu'aba الذؤابة(both meaning "tuft" ), the latter two are translations of the PtolemaicPlokamos,forming the tuft of the constellationLeo[11]and including most of theFlamsteed-designatedstars (particularly12,13,14,16,17,18and21 Comae Berenices).[21]Al-Sufiincluded it in Leo.Ulugh Beg,however, regardedAl-Dafiraas consisting of two stars,7and23 Comae Berenices.[22]

The North AmericanPawnee peopledepicted Coma Berenices as ten faint stars on atannedelk-skin star map dated to at least the 17th century.[23]In the South AmericanKalinamythology, the constellation was known asombatapo(face).[24]

The constellation was also recognized by severalPolynesian peoples.The people ofTongahad four names for Coma Berenices:Fatana-lua,Fata-olunga,Fata-laloandKapakau-o-Tafahi.[25]TheBoorong peoplecalled the constellationTourt-chinboiong-gherra,and saw it as a small flock of birds drinking rainwater from a puddle in thecrotchof a tree.[26]The people of thePukapukaatoll may have called itTe Yiku-o-te-kiole,although sometimes this name is associated withUrsa Major.[27]

Characteristics

edit

Coma Berenices is bordered by Boötes to the east, Canes Venatici to the north, Leo to the west and Virgo to the south. Covering 386.5 square degrees and 0.937% of the night sky, it ranks 42nd of the88 constellations by area.[28]The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by theInternational Astronomical Unionin 1922, is "Com".[29]The official constellation boundaries, as set by Belgian astronomerEugène Delportein 1930,[b]are defined by a polygon of 12 segments (illustrated in infobox). In theequatorial coordinate system,theright ascensioncoordinates of these borders lie between11h58m25.09sand13h36m06.94s,and thedeclinationcoordinates are between +13.30° and +33.31°.[1]Coma Berenices is wholly visible to observers north of latitude56°S.[c]and the constellation's midnightculminationoccurs on 2 April.[31]

Features

edit
Coma Berenices' major stars

Although it is not large, Coma Berenices contains one galacticsupercluster,twogalactic clusters,onestar clusterand eightMessier objects(including severalglobular clusters). These objects can be seen with minimal obscuration by dust because the constellation is not in the direction of thegalactic plane.Because of that, there are fewopen clusters(except for the Coma Berenices Cluster, which dominates the northern part of the constellation), diffusenebulaeorplanetary nebulae.Coma Berenices contains theNorth Galactic Poleatright ascension12h51m25sanddeclination+27° 07′ 48″ (epochJ2000.0).

Stars

edit
Further information:List of stars in Coma Berenices

Brightest stars

edit
Coma Berenices as seen by the naked eye

Coma Berenices is not particularly bright, as none of its stars are brighter than fourthmagnitude,[32]although there are 66 stars brighter than or equal toapparent magnitude6.5.[d][28]

The constellation's brightest star isBeta Comae Berenices(43 Comae Berenices inFlamsteed designation,occasionally known as Al-Dafira), at magnitude 4.2 and with a highproper motion.In Coma Berenices' northeastern region, it is 29.95 ± 0.10light-yearsfrom Earth.[34]Asolar analog,it is a yellow-huedF-type main-sequence starwith aspectral classof F9.5V B.[35]Beta Comae Berenices is around 36% brighter,[36]and 15% more massive than theSun,[37]and with a radius 10% larger.[36]

The second-brightest star in Coma Berenices is the 4.3-magnitude, bluishAlpha Comae Berenices(42 Comae Berenices), with theproper nameDiadem,[38]in the southeastern part of the constellation. Despite its AlphaBayer designation,the star is dimmer than Beta Comae Berenices, being one of the cases where designation does not correspond to the brightest star. It is adouble star,with the spectral classes of F5V and F6V.[39]The star system is 58.1 ± 0.9 light-years from Earth.[40]

Gamma Comae Berenices(15 Comae Berenices) is an orange-huedgiant starwith a magnitude of 4.4 and a spectral class of K1III C. In the southwestern part of the constellation, it is 169 ± 2 light-years from Earth,[41]Estimated to be around 1.79 times as massive as the Sun,[42]it has expanded to around 10 times its radius.[43]It is the brightest star in theComa Star Cluster.[44]With Alpha Comae Berenices and Beta Comae Berenices, Gamma Comae Berenices forms a 45-degreeisosceles trianglefrom which Berenice's imaginary tresses hang.

Star systems

edit

Thestar systemsof Coma Berenices includebinary,doubleand triple stars.21 Comae Berenices(proper nameKissin) is aclose binarywith nearly equal components and anorbital periodof 26 years.[45]The system is 272 ± 3 light-years away.[46]TheComa Clustercontains at least eightspectroscopic binaries,[47]and the constellation has seveneclipsing binaries:CC,DD,EK,RW,RZ,SSandUX Comae Berenices.[48]

There are over thirtydouble starsin Coma Berenices,[49]including24 Comae Bereniceswith contrasting colors. Its primary is an orange-hued giant star with a magnitude of 5.0, 610 light-years from Earth, and its secondary is a blue-white-hued star with a magnitude of 6.6. Triple stars include12 Comae Berenices,17 Comae Berenices,KR Comae BerenicesandStruve 1639.[50][51]

Variable stars

edit

Over 200variable starsare known in Coma Berenices, although many are obscure.[52]Alpha Comae Berenicesis a possibleAlgol variable.[53]FK Comae Berenices,which varies from magnitude 8.14 to 8.33 over a period of 2.4 days, is the prototype for theFK Comae Berenices classof variable stars[52]and the star in which the "flip-flop phenomenon"was discovered.[54]FS Comae Berenicesis asemi-regular variable,ared giantwith a period of about two months whose magnitude varies between 6.1 and 5.3.R Comae Berenicesis aMira variablewith a maximum magnitude of almost 7.[55]There are 123RR Lyrae variablesin the constellation,[56]with many in theM53cluster.[57]One of these stars,TU Comae Berenices,may have abinary system.[58]TheM100galaxy contains about twentyCepheid variables,which were observed by theHubble Space Telescope.[59]Coma Berenices also containsAlpha2Canum Venaticorum variables,such as13 Comae BerenicesandAI Comae Berenices.[60]

In 2019 scientists atAryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciencesannounced the discovery of 28 new variable stars in Coma Berenices' globular clusterNGC 4147.[61]

Supernovae

edit

A number ofsupernovaehave been discovered in Coma Berenices. Four (SN 1940B,SN 1969H,SN 1987EandSN 1999gs) were in theNGC 4725galaxy,[62]and another four were discovered in theM99galaxy (NGC 4254):SN 1967H,SN 1972Q,SN 1986IandSN 2014L.[62]Five were discovered in theM100galaxy (NGC 4321):SN 1901B,SN 1914A,SN 1959E,SN 1979CandSN 2006X.[62]SN 1940B, discovered on 5 May 1940, was the first observedtype II supernova.[63]SN 2005ap,discovered on 3 March 2005, is the second-brightest-known supernova to date with a peakabsolute magnitudeof about −22.7.[64]Due to its great distance from Earth (4.7 billion light-years), it was not visible to the naked eye and was discovered telescopically. SN 1979C, discovered in 1979, retained its originalX-raybrightness for 25 years despite fading in visible light.[65]

Other stars

edit

Coma Berenices also contains theneutron starRBS 1223and thepulsarPSR B1237+25.[66]RBS 1223 is a member ofthe Magnificent Seven,a group of young neutron stars.[67]In 1975, the first extra-solar source ofextreme ultraviolet,the white dwarfHZ 43,was discovered in Coma Berenices.[68]In 1995, there was a very rare outburst of the WZ Sagittae-typedwarf novaAL Comae Berenices.[69]A June 2003 outburst fromGO Comae Berenices,an SU Ursae Majoris-type dwarf nova, wasphotometricallyobserved.[70]

Exoplanets

edit

Coma Berenices has seven knownexoplanets.[71]One,HD 108874 b,has Earth-likeinsolation.[72]WASP-56is a sun-like star of spectral type G6 and apparent magnitude 11.48 with a planet 0.6 the mass ofJupiterthat has a period of 4.6 days.[73]

Star clusters

edit

Coma Star Cluster

edit

TheComa Star Clusterrepresents Berenice's sacrificed tresses and as a naked eye object has been known since antiquity, appearing in Ptolemy'sAlmagest.[74]It doesn't have a Messier or NGC designation, but is in theMelotte catalogueof open clusters (designated Melotte 111) and is also catalogued as Collinder 256. It is a large, diffuseopen clusterof about 50 stars ranging between magnitudes five and ten, including several of Coma Berenices' stars which are visible to the naked eye. The cluster is spread over a huge region (more than five degrees across) nearGamma Comae Berenices.It has such a large apparent size because it is relatively close, only 280 light-years or 86 parsecs away.[75][76]

Globular clusters

edit

M53(NGC 5024) is aglobular clusterwhich was discovered independently byJohann Elert Bodein 1775 andCharles Messierin February 1777;William Herschelwas the first to resolve it into stars.[57]The magnitude-7.7 cluster is 56,000 light-years from Earth. Only 1° away isNGC 5053,a globular cluster with a sparser nucleus of stars. Its total luminosity is the equivalent of about 16,000 suns, one of the lowest luminosities of any globular cluster. It was discovered by William Herschel in 1784.NGC 4147is a somewhat dimmer globular cluster, with a much-smallerapparent sizeand an apparent magnitude of 10.7.[77]

Galaxies

edit

Coma Supercluster

edit

TheComa Supercluster,itself part of theComa Filament,contains theComaandLeo Clusterof galaxies. The Coma Cluster (Abell1656) is 230 to 300 million light-years away. It is one of the largest-known clusters, with at least 10,000 galaxies (mainlyelliptical,with a fewspiral galaxies).[78]Due to its distance from Earth, most of the galaxies are visible only through large telescopes. Its brightest members areNGC 4874andNGC 4889,both with a magnitude of 13; most others are magnitude 15 or dimmer. NGC 4889 is a giant elliptical galaxy with one of the largest-knownblack holes(21 billionsolar masses),[79]andNGC 4921is the cluster's brightest spiral galaxy.[80]After observing the Coma Cluster, astronomerFritz Zwickyfirst postulated the existence ofdark matterduring the 1930s.[78]The massive galaxyDragonfly 44discovered in 2015 was found to consist almost entirely of dark matter.[81]Its mass is very similar to that of theMilky Way,[81]but it emits only 1% of the light emitted by the Milky Way.[82]NGC 4676, sometimes called theMice Galaxies,is a pair ofinteracting galaxies300 million light-years from Earth. Its progenitor galaxies werespiral,and astronomers estimate that they had their closest approach about 160 million years ago. That approach triggered large regions ofstar formationin both galaxies, with long "tails" of dust, stars and gas. The two progenitor galaxies are predicted to interact significantly at least one more time before they merge into a larger, probably-ellipticalgalaxy.[83]

Virgo Cluster

edit
Messier 100taken with Hubble's Wide Field Camera 3[84]

Coma Berenices contains the northern portion of theVirgo Cluster(also known as the Coma–Virgo Cluster), about 60 million light-years away. The portion includes six Messier galaxies.M85(NGC 4382), consideredellipticalorlenticular,is one of the cluster's brighter members at magnitude nine. M85 is interacting with the spiral galaxyNGC 4394and the elliptical galaxyMCG-3-32-38.[66]However, it is relatively isolated from the rest of the cluster.[85]M88(NGC 4501) is a multi-arm spiral galaxy seen at about 30° from edge-on. It has a highly-regular shape with well-developed, symmetrical arms. Among the first galaxies recognized as spiral,[86]it has asupermassive black holein its center.[66]M91(NGC 4548), abarred spiral galaxywith a bright, diffuse nucleus, is the faintest object in Messier's catalog at magnitude 10.2.[87]M98(NGC 4192), a bright, elongated spiral galaxy seen nearly edge-on, appears elliptical because of its unusual angle. The magnitude-10 galaxy has noredshift.[88]M99(NGC 4254) is aspiral galaxyseen face-on. Like M98 it is of magnitude-10 and has an unusually long arm on its west side. Four supernovae have been observed in the galaxy.[89][90][91]M100(NGC 4321), a magnitude-nine spiral galaxy seen face-on, is one of the cluster's brightest.[59]Photographs reveal a brilliant core, two prominent spiral arms, an array of secondary arms and severaldust lanes.

Other galaxies

edit
M64 (Black Eye Galaxy)

M64 (NGC 4826) is known as theBlack Eye Galaxybecause of the prominent darkdust lanein front of the galaxy's bright nucleus. Also known as the Sleeping Beauty and Evil Eye galaxy,[92]it is about 17.3 million light-years away.[93]Recent studies indicate that theinterstellar gasin the galaxy's outer regions rotates in the opposite direction from that in the inner regions, leading astronomers to believe that at least onesatellite galaxycollidedwith it less than a billion years ago. All other evidence of the smaller galaxy has been assimilated. At the interface between the clockwise- and counterclockwise-rotating regions are many newnebulaeand young stars.[83]

NGC 4314is a face-onbarred spiral galaxyat a distance of 40 million light-years. It is unique for its region of intense star formation, creating a ring around its nucleus which was discovered by theHubble Space Telescope.The galaxy's prodigious star formation began five million years ago, in a region with a diameter of 1,000 light-years. The core's structure is also unique because the galaxy has spiral arms which feed gas into the bar.[83]

NGC 4414is anunbarred spiralflocculent galaxyabout 62 million light-years away. It is one of the closest flocculent spiral galaxies.[94]

NGC 4565is an edge-on spiral galaxy which appears superimposed on the Virgo Cluster. NGC 4565 has been nicknamed the Needle Galaxy because when seen in full, it appears as a narrow streak of light.[95]Like many edge-on spiral galaxies, it has a prominent dust lane and a central bulge. NGC 4565 has at least twosatellite galaxies,and one of them isinteractingwith it.[96]

NGC 4651,about the size of theMilky Way,has tidalstellar streamsgravitationally stripped from a smaller, satellite galaxy.[97]It is about 62 million light-years away.[97]It is located on the outskirts of the cluster,[98]and is also known as the Umbrella Galaxy. Unlike the other spiral galaxies in the cluster, NGC 4651 is rich in neutral hydrogen, which also extends beyond theopticaldisk.[99]Itsstar formationis typical for a galaxy of its type.[98]

Spiral galaxyMalin 1discovered in 1986 is the first-known giantlow-surface-brightness galaxy.[100]WithUGC 1382,it is also one of the largest low-surface-brightness galaxies.[100]

In 2006 adwarf galaxy,also namedComa Berenices,was discovered in the constellation from data obtained by theSloan Digital Sky Survey.[101]The galaxy is a faint satellite of the Milky Way. It is one of the faintest satellites of theMilky Way- its integratedluminosityis about3700times that of the Sun (absolutevisible magnitudeof about −4.1), which is lower than manyglobular clusters.[102]A high mass to light ratio may mean that the satellite has large amounts ofdark matter.[103]

  • Dwarf irregular galaxyNGC 4789A[104]
  • NGC 4565 (Needle Galaxy)
  • NGC 4651, with umbrella-shaped stellar streams
  • TheconstellationComa Berenices hosts the galaxyNGC 4495among myriad other astronomical objects.
  • The jellyfish galaxy JW39 hangs serenely in this image from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope. This galaxy lies over 900 million light-years away in the constellation Coma Berenices.

Quasars

edit

HS 1216+5032is a bright,gravitationally lensedpair ofquasars.[105]W Comae Berenices(or ON 231), ablazarin the constellation's northwest, was originally designated a variable star and later found to be aBL Lacertae object.[106]As of 2009, it had the most intensegamma rayspectrum of the sixty known gamma-ray blazars.[106]

Gamma-ray bursts

edit

Somegamma-ray burstsoccurred in Coma Berenices, particularlyGRB 050509Bon 9 May 2005[107]andGRB 080607on 7 June 2008.[108]GRB 050509B, which lasted only 0.03 second, became the first short burst with a detectedafterglow.[107]

Meteor shower

edit

TheComa Berenicidsmeteor shower peaks around 18 January.[52]Despite the shower's low intensity (averaging one or two meteors per hour) its meteors are some of the fastest, with speeds up to 65 kilometres per second (40 mi/s).[52]

In culture

edit
Luis Ricardo Falero'sThe Hair of Berenice(1886)

Since Callimachus' poem, Coma Berenices has been occasionally featured in culture.Alexander Popealludes to the legend in the ending ofThe Rape of the Lock,in which the titular hair is placed among the stars. (The poem would go on to provide the names of some of themoons of Uranus.) In 1886, Spanish artistLuis Ricardo Falerocreated amezzotintprint personifying Coma Berenices alongside Virgo and Leo.[109]In 1892, the Russian poetAfanasy Fetmade the constellation the subject of his short poem, composed for the Countess Natalya Sollogub.[110]The Swedish poetGunnar Ekelöfwrote the lines "Your friend the comet combed his hair with theLeonids/ Berenice let her hair hang down from the sky "in a 1933 poem.[111]American writer and folksingerRichard Fariñamentions Coma Berenices in his 1966 novelBeen Down So Long It Looks Like Up To Me,sardonically writing about content typical to upper-level astronomy coursework atCornell:"It's the advanced courses give you trouble. Relativity principles, spiral nebula in Coma Berenices, that kind of hassle". The Bolivian poet,Pedro Shimose,makes Coma Berenices the home address of his "Señorita NGC 4565" in his poem "Carta a una estrella que vive en otra constelación" ( "Letter to a star who lives in another constellation" ), included in his 1967 collection, "Sardonia".[112]"[113]The Irish poetW. B. Yeats,in his poem "Her Dream", refers to "Berenice's burning hair" being "nailed upon the night". Francisco Guerrero, a 20th-century Spanish composer, wrote an orchestral work on the constellation in 1996. In 1999 Irish artistAlice Mahermade a series of four oversize drawings, entitledComa Berenices,of entwining black hair coils.[114]

Notes

edit
  1. ^One other constellation's name isderivedfrom a reference to a historical person: the constellationScutumis a shortening of the former nameScutum Sobiescianum( "shield of Sobieski" ), named after KingJohn III Sobieskiof Poland. It is called the equivalent of "Shield of Sobieski" in some other languages, such as French.
  2. ^Delporte had proposed standardising the constellation boundaries to the International Astronomical Union, who had agreed and gave him the lead role[30]
  3. ^While parts of the constellation technically rise above the horizon to observers between 56°S and77°S,stars within a few degrees of the horizon are to all intents and purposes unobservable.[28]
  4. ^Objects of magnitude 6.5 are among the faintest visible to the unaided eye in suburban–rural transition night skies.[33]

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^abc"Coma Berenices, constellation boundary".The Constellations.International Astronomical Union.Retrieved27 February2014.
  2. ^"Coma Berenices".The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language(5th ed.). HarperCollins.
  3. ^abcPasachoff, Jay M. (2006).Stars and Planets.Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin.
  4. ^Van Oppen de Ruiter 2015,p. 109.
  5. ^Gaius Julius Hyginus(1589). "2.24".Astronomica.[Heidelbergae] In Officina Sanctandreana.
  6. ^abBarentine, John C. (2016).Uncharted Constellations: Asterisms, Single-Source and Rebrands.Springer. p. 17.ISBN978-3-319-27619-9.
  7. ^Van Oppen de Ruiter, Branko F. (2015).Berenice II Euergetis: Essays in Early Hellenistic Queenship.Springer. p. 110.ISBN978-1-137-49462-7.
  8. ^abLey, Willy (December 1963)."The Names of the Constellations".For Your Information.Galaxy Science Fiction.pp.90–99.
  9. ^Dekker, Elly(2012).Illustrating the Phaenomena: Celestial Cartography in Antiquity and the Middle Ages.Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. p. 41.ISBN978-0-19-960969-7.
  10. ^Garfinkle, Robert (1997).Star-Hopping: Your Visa to Viewing the Universe.Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 122.ISBN0-521-59889-3.
  11. ^abKunitzsch, Paul (2002)."Albumasariana"(PDF).Annali Istituto Universitario Orientale di Napoli.OPAR L'Orientale Open Archive. p. 4.Retrieved6 November2016.
  12. ^Ridpath, Ian."Coma Berenices".Star Tales.Retrieved11 April2012.
  13. ^abDekker, Elly."Caspar Vopel's Ventures in Sixteenth-Century Celestial Cartography".Atlas Coelestis.Retrieved15 Aug2016.
  14. ^Lankford, John (2011).History of Astronomy: An Encyclopedia.Taylor & Francis. p.165.ISBN978-0-8153-0322-0.
  15. ^abAllen, Richard Hinckley."Star Names Their Lore and Meaning".LacusCurtius.Retrieved19 July2016.
  16. ^"Berenice".Online Etymology Dictionary.Retrieved19 July2016.
  17. ^Leybourn, William; Morden, Robert (1702).An Introduction to Astronomy, Geography, Navigation and Other Mathematical Sciences, Made Easie by the Description and Uses of the Coelestial and Terrestrial Globes.R. Morden. p. 30.
  18. ^Douglas B. Miller; R. Mark Shipp (1996).An Akkadian Handbook: Paradigms, Helps, Glossary, Logograms, and Sign List.Eisenbrauns. p. 53.ISBN0-931464-86-2.
  19. ^E. Reiner; D. Pingree (1985)."Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Two. Enūma Anu Enlil Tablets 50–51"(PDF).Undena Publications. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 16 August 2016.Retrieved10 July2016.
  20. ^José Lull; Juan Antonio Belmonte."In Search of Cosmic Order: Selected Essays on Egyptian Archaeoastronomy"(PDF).Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias.p. 177.
  21. ^"The Tail Hair".Two Deserts One Sky.Retrieved6 November2016.
  22. ^Royal Astronomical Society (1843).Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society.Vol.14–15. p. 191.
  23. ^Ralph N. Buckstaff (1927). "Stars and Constellations of a Pawnee Sky Map".American Anthropologist.Vol. 29, no. 2. p. 282.
  24. ^Lévi-Strauss, Claude (1983).Mythologiques.University of Chicago Press. p. 232.ISBN0-226-47487-9.
  25. ^Maud Worcester Makemson (1941).The Morning Star Rises: an account of Polynesian astronomy.Yale University Press. p. 281.Bibcode:1941msra.book.....M.
  26. ^Helaine Selin, ed. (2012).Astronomy Across Cultures: The History of Non-Western Astronomy.Springer Science & Business Media. p. 75.ISBN978-94-011-4179-6.
  27. ^Slovenská akadémia vied. Kabinet orientalistiky (1999).Asian and African Studies.Vol. 8. Veda. p. 32.
  28. ^abcRidpath, Ian."Constellations: Andromeda–Indus".Star Tales.self-published.Retrieved26 August2015.
  29. ^Russell, Henry Norris(1922). "The New International Symbols for the Constellations".Popular Astronomy.30:469.Bibcode:1922PA.....30..469R.
  30. ^Ridpath, Ian."Constellation boundaries: How the modern constellation outlines came to be".Star Tales.self-published.Retrieved1 June2016.
  31. ^Robert Thompson; Barbara Thompson (2007).Illustrated Guide to Astronomical Wonders: From Novice to Master Observer.O'Reilly Media, Inc. p. 184.ISBN978-0-596-52685-6.
  32. ^"Волосы Вероники"(in Russian). Pushchino Radioastronomic Observatory.Retrieved20 July2016.
  33. ^Bortle, John E. (February 2001)."The Bortle Dark-Sky Scale".Sky & Telescope.Archived fromthe originalon 2012-12-16.Retrieved28 August2017.
  34. ^Brown, A. G. A.;et al. (Gaia collaboration) (August 2018)."GaiaData Release 2: Summary of the contents and survey properties ".Astronomy & Astrophysics.616.A1.arXiv:1804.09365.Bibcode:2018A&A...616A...1G.doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833051.Gaia DR2 record for this sourceatVizieR.
  35. ^"bet Com".SIMBAD.Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg.Retrieved19 November2016.
  36. ^abBoyajian, Tabetha S.; McAlister, Harold A.; van Belle, Gerard; Gies, Douglas R.; ten Brummelaar, Theo A.; von Braun, Kaspar; Farrington, Chris; Goldfinger, P. J.; O'Brien, David; Parks, J. Robert; Richardson, Noel D.; Ridgway, Stephen; Schaefer, Gail; Sturmann, Laszlo; Sturmann, Judit; Touhami, Yamina; Turner, Nils H.; White, Russel (2012). "Stellar Diameters and Temperatures. I. Main-sequence A, F, and G Stars".The Astrophysical Journal.746(1): 101.arXiv:1112.3316.Bibcode:2012ApJ...746..101B.doi:10.1088/0004-637X/746/1/101.S2CID18993744..See Table 10.
  37. ^Takeda, G.; Ford, E. B.; Sills, A.; Rasio, F. A.; Fischer, D. A.; Valenti, J. A. (2007). "Stellar parameters of nearby cool stars. II. Physical properties of ~1000 cool stars from the SPOCS catalog".Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series.168(2):297–318.arXiv:astro-ph/0607235.Bibcode:2007ApJS..168..297T.doi:10.1086/509763.S2CID18775378.Note:see VizieR catalogueJ/ApJS/168/297.
  38. ^"Naming Stars".IAU.org.Retrieved16 July2022.
  39. ^"alf Com".SIMBAD.Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg.Retrieved22 November2016.
  40. ^van Leeuwen, F. (2007). "Validation of the New Hipparcos Reduction".Astronomy and Astrophysics.474(2):653–64.arXiv:0708.1752.Bibcode:2007A&A...474..653V.doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078357.S2CID18759600.
  41. ^Brown, A. G. A.;et al. (Gaia collaboration) (August 2018)."GaiaData Release 2: Summary of the contents and survey properties ".Astronomy & Astrophysics.616.A1.arXiv:1804.09365.Bibcode:2018A&A...616A...1G.doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833051.Gaia DR2 record for this sourceatVizieR.
  42. ^Luck, R. Earle (2015). "Abundances in the Local Region. I. G and K Giants".The Astronomical Journal.150(3): 88.arXiv:1507.01466.Bibcode:2015AJ....150...88L.doi:10.1088/0004-6256/150/3/88.S2CID118505114.
  43. ^Pasinetti Fracassini, L. E.; et al. (2001). "Catalogue of Apparent Diameters and Absolute Radii of Stars (CADARS)".Astronomy & Astrophysics.367(2) (Third ed.):521–24.arXiv:astro-ph/0012289.Bibcode:2001A&A...367..521P.doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20000451.S2CID425754.HD 108381Accessed on line October 12, 2010.
  44. ^Joerg S. Schlimmer (January 1, 2014)."Discovery of Small Companions of Comae and TYC 1989-00307-1 in Constellation Coma Berenices and a Possible New Common Proper Motion Pair in the Constellation Canes Venatici"(PDF).Journal of Double Star Observations.Retrieved25 November2016.
  45. ^Patrick Moore; Robin Rees (2014).Patrick Moore's Data Book of Astronomy.Cambridge University Press. p. 412.ISBN978-1-139-49522-6.
  46. ^Brown, A. G. A.;et al. (Gaia collaboration) (August 2018)."GaiaData Release 2: Summary of the contents and survey properties ".Astronomy & Astrophysics.616.A1.arXiv:1804.09365.Bibcode:2018A&A...616A...1G.doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833051.Gaia DR2 record for this sourceatVizieR.
  47. ^Burnham, Robert (2013).Burnham's Celestial Handbook: An Observer's Guide to the Universe Beyond the Solar System, v.2.Courier Corporation. p. 672.ISBN978-0-486-31793-9.
  48. ^"Atlas of O-C Diagrams of Eclipsing Binary Stars".Mt. Suhora Astronomical Observatory.Retrieved6 November2016.
  49. ^"Double Stars in Coma Berenices".Eagle Creek Observatory.Archived fromthe originalon 25 November 2016.Retrieved6 November2016.
  50. ^Garfinkle 1997,pp. 127–128.
  51. ^P. Zasche; R. Uhlář (15 September 2010)."The triple system KR Comae Berenices".Astronomy & Astrophysics.519:A78.arXiv:1011.6563.Bibcode:2010A&A...519A..78Z.doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201014888.S2CID118435158.Retrieved24 November2016.
  52. ^abcdTammy Plotner (24 Dec 2015)."Coma Berenices".Universe Today.Retrieved15 Aug2016.
  53. ^"Alert Notice 506: Alpha Com eclipse observing campaign".AAVSO.January 16, 2015.Retrieved24 November2016.
  54. ^Thomas Hackman; Jaan Pelt; Maarit J. Mantere; Lauri Jetsu; Heidi Korhonen; Thomas Granzer; Perttu Kajatkari; Jyri Lehtinen; Klaus G. Strassmeier (22 March 2013). "Flip-flops of FK Comae Berenices".Astronomy & Astrophysics.553:A40.arXiv:1211.0914.Bibcode:2013A&A...553A..40H.doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220690.S2CID118705220.
  55. ^H.J.P Arnold; Paul Doherty; Patrick Moore (1999).The Photographic Atlas of the Stars.CRC Press. p. 128.ISBN0-7503-0654-8.
  56. ^"Coma Berenices".RR Lyrae stars: the GEOS maxima database. 11 March 2008.Retrieved22 November2016.
  57. ^ab"Messier 53".The Messier Catalog.Retrieved24 November2016.
  58. ^Pierre de Ponthiere; Franz-Josef Hambsch; Kenneth Menzies; Richard Sabo (10 May 2016). "TU Comae Berenices: Blazhko RR Lyrae Star in a Potential Binary System".Journal of the American Association of Variable Star Observers (Jaavso).44(1): 18.arXiv:1605.03242.Bibcode:2016JAVSO..44...18D.
  59. ^ab"Messier 100".The Messier Catalog.Retrieved24 November2016.
  60. ^Garfinkle 1997,p. 127.
  61. ^"Indian scientists discover 28 new Milky Way stars".Hindustan Times.27 July 2019.Retrieved10 November2019.
  62. ^abc"List of Supernovae".IAU Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams.Retrieved6 November2016.
  63. ^Albert G. Petschek, ed. (2012).Supernovae.Springer Science & Business Media. p. 60.ISBN978-1-4612-3286-5.
  64. ^Robert M. Quimby; Greg Aldering; J. Craig Wheeler; Peter Höflich; Carl W. Akerlof; Eli S. Rykoff (3 September 2007). "SN 2005ap: A Most Brilliant Explosion".The Astrophysical Journal.668(2):L99 –L102.arXiv:0709.0302.Bibcode:2007ApJ...668L..99Q.doi:10.1086/522862.S2CID18897235.
  65. ^"The supernova that just won't fade away".ESA.21 July 2005.Retrieved25 November2016.
  66. ^abcNagle, John (June 2016)."Coma Berenices"(PDF).Newsletter of the Baton Rouge Astronomical Society.Retrieved15 Aug2016.
  67. ^F. Haberl (4 September 2006). "The Magnificent Seven: Magnetic fields and surface temperature distributions".Astrophysics and Space Science.308(1–4):181–190.arXiv:astro-ph/0609066.Bibcode:2007Ap&SS.308..181H.doi:10.1007/s10509-007-9342-x.S2CID15013359.
  68. ^"Two satellites to observe the unobservable".New Scientist(1684): 56. 30 September 1989.ISSN0262-4079.
  69. ^Mobberley, Martin (2009).Cataclysmic Cosmic Events and How to Observe Them.Springer Science & Business Media. p.32.ISBN978-0-387-79946-9.
  70. ^Akira Imada; Taichi Kato; Makoto Uemura; Ryoko Ishioka; Thomas Krajci; Yasuo Sano; Tonny Vanmunster; Donn R.Starkey; Lewis M.Cook; Jochen Pietz; Daisaku Nogami; Bill Yeung; Kazuhiro Nakajima; Kenji Tanabe; Mitsuo Koizumi; Hiroki Taguchi; Norimi Yamada; Yuichi Nishi; Brian Martin; Ken'ichi Torii; Kenzo Kinugasa; Christopher P.Jones (17 December 2004). "The 2003 Superoutburst of an SU UMa-type Dwarf Nova, GO Comae Berenices".Revista Mexicana de Astronomía y Astrofísica, Serie de Conferencias.20:265.arXiv:astro-ph/0412450.Bibcode:2004RMxAC..20..265I.
  71. ^"HEC: The Constellations of Exoplanets".Planetary Habitability Laboratory University of Puerto Rico at Arecibo. Archived fromthe originalon 15 August 2016.Retrieved24 November2016.
  72. ^W. Lyra.Naming the extrasolar planets.INSPIRE / High-Energy Physics. p. 23.
  73. ^Faedi, F.; Pollacco, D.; Barros, S. C. C.; Brown, D.; Collier Cameron, A.; Doyle, A. P.; Enoch, R.; Gillon, M.; et al. (2013). "WASP-54b, WASP-56b, and WASP-57b: Three New Sub-Jupiter Mass Planets from SuperWASP".Astronomy and Astrophysics.551:A73–90.arXiv:1210.2329.Bibcode:2013A&A...551A..73F.doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220520.S2CID14346225.
  74. ^Stewart Moore."A binocular star cluster for spring skies".British Astronomical Association.Retrieved8 September2017.
  75. ^van Leeuwen, F. (April 2009). "Parallaxes and proper motions for 20 open clusters as based on the new Hipparcos catalogue".Astronomy and Astrophysics.497(1):209–242.arXiv:0902.1039.Bibcode:2009A&A...497..209V.doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200811382.S2CID16420237.
  76. ^Majaess, D.; Turner, D.; Lane, D.; Krajci, T. (September 2011). "Deep Infrared ZAMS Fits to Benchmark Open Clusters Hosting Delta Scuti Stars".Journal of the American Association of Variable Star Observers.39(2): 219.arXiv:1102.1705.Bibcode:2011JAVSO..39..219M.
  77. ^Dalessandro, Emanuele; et al. (November 2012), "Ultraviolet Properties of Galactic Globular Clusters with Galex. II. Integrated Colors",The Astronomical Journal,144(5): 13,arXiv:1208.5698,Bibcode:2012AJ....144..126D,doi:10.1088/0004-6256/144/5/126,S2CID56419886,126.
  78. ^abLarry Sessions (April 6, 2016)."Coma Cluster of galaxies".EarthSky.Retrieved6 November2016.
  79. ^Nicholas J. McConnell (2011-12-08). "Two ten-billion-solar-mass black holes at the centres of giant elliptical galaxies".Nature.480(7376):215–218.arXiv:1112.1078.Bibcode:2011Natur.480..215M.doi:10.1038/nature10636.PMID22158244.S2CID4408896.
  80. ^S. van den Bergh (1976-06-15)."A new classification system for galaxies".Astrophysical Journal.206:883–887.Bibcode:1976ApJ...206..883V.doi:10.1086/154452.
  81. ^ab"Scientists Discover Massive Galaxy Made of 99.99 Percent Dark Matter".Keck Observatory.25 August 2016. Archived fromthe originalon 25 May 2018.Retrieved11 December2016.
  82. ^Crosswell, Ken (26 July 2016)."The Milky Way's dark twin revealed".Nature News.doi:10.1038/nature.2016.20333.S2CID124730115.Retrieved30 July2016.
  83. ^abcWilkins, Jamie; Dunn, Robert (2006).300 Astronomical Objects: A Visual Reference to the Universe.Buffalo, New York: Firefly Books.ISBN978-1-55407-175-3.
  84. ^"25 years of stunning definition".www.spacetelescope.org.Retrieved10 December2018.
  85. ^Escudero, Carlos G.; Cortesi, Arianna; Faifer, Favio R.; Sesto, Leandro A.; Smith Castelli, Analía V.; Johnston, Evelyn J.; Reynaldi, Victoria; Chies-Santos, Ana L.; Salinas, Ricardo; Menéndez-Delmestre, Karín; Gonçalves, Thiago S.; Grossi, Marco; Mendes De Oliveira, Claudia (2022)."The complex globular cluster system of the S0 galaxy NGC 4382 in the outskirts of the Virgo Cluster".Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.511(1):393–412.arXiv:2201.01759.Bibcode:2022MNRAS.511..393E.doi:10.1093/mnras/stac021.
  86. ^"Messier 88".The Messier Catalog.Retrieved20 November2016.
  87. ^"Messier 91".The Messier Catalog.Retrieved20 November2016.
  88. ^Burnham 2013,p. 682.
  89. ^"List of Supernovae",Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams,IAU,retrieved2018-12-19
  90. ^Vollmer, B.; Huchtmeier, W.; van Driel, W. (September 2005). "NGC 4254: a spiral galaxy entering the Virgo cluster".Astronomy and Astrophysics.439(3):921–933.arXiv:astro-ph/0505021.Bibcode:2005A&A...439..921V.doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20041350.S2CID17414818.
  91. ^Fairall, A. P. (August 1975), "The spectrum of the type II supernova 1967h in NGC 4254",Monthly Notes of the Astronomical Society of South Africa,34(7–8):94–98
  92. ^Tammy Plotner."Messier 64".Universe Today.Retrieved19 November2016.
  93. ^Tully, R. Brent; et al. (August 2016), "Cosmicflows-3",The Astronomical Journal,152(2): 21,arXiv:1605.01765,Bibcode:2016AJ....152...50T,doi:10.3847/0004-6256/152/2/50,S2CID250737862,50.
  94. ^"NGC 4414: A Flocculent Spiral Galaxy".NASA.3 April 2002.Retrieved19 November2016.
  95. ^"A Galactic Disc, Edge-on and Up Close".ESA/Hubble Picture of the Week.Retrieved9 July2012.
  96. ^HALOGAS: H I Observations and Modeling of the Nearby Edge-on Spiral Galaxy NGC 4565
  97. ^ab"Astronomy Picture of the Day".NASA.Retrieved18 November2016.
  98. ^ab Koopmann, R.; Kenney, J. D. P. (2004). "Hα Morphologies and Environmental Effects in Virgo Cluster Spiral Galaxies".The Astrophysical Journal.613(2):866–885.arXiv:astro-ph/0406243.Bibcode:2004ApJ...613..866K.doi:10.1086/423191.S2CID17519217.
  99. ^ Chung, A.; Van Gorkom, J.H.; Kenney, J.F.P.; Crowl, Hugh; Vollmer, B. (2009)."VLA Imaging of Virgo Spirals in Atomic Gas (VIVA). I. The Atlas and the H I Properties".The Astronomical Journal.138(6):1741–1816.Bibcode:2009AJ....138.1741C.doi:10.1088/0004-6256/138/6/1741.
  100. ^abLea M. Z. Hagen; Mark Seibert; Alex Hagen; Kristina Nyland; James D. Neill; Marie Treyer; Lisa M. Young; Jeffrey A. Rich; Barry F. Madore (7 July 2016)."On the classification of UGC 1382 as a giant low surface brightness galaxy".The Astrophysical Journal.826(2): 210.arXiv:1607.02147.Bibcode:2016ApJ...826..210H.doi:10.3847/0004-637X/826/2/210.S2CID28203497.
  101. ^Belokurov, V.; Zucker, D. B.; Evans, N. W.; Kleyna, J. T.; Koposov, S.; Hodgkin, S. T.; Irwin, M. J.;Gilmore, G.;Wilkinson, M. I.; Fellhauer, M.; Bramich, D. M.; Hewett, P. C.; Vidrih, S.; De Jong, J. T. A.; Smith, J. A.; Rix, H. -W.; Bell, E. F.; Wyse, R. F. G.; Newberg, H. J.; Mayeur, P. A.; Yanny, B.;Rockosi, C. M.;Gnedin, O. Y.; Schneider, D. P.; Beers, T. C.; Barentine, J. C.; Brewington, H.; Brinkmann, J.; Harvanek, M.; Kleinman, S. J. (2007). "Cats and Dogs, Hair and a Hero: A Quintet of New Milky Way Companions".The Astrophysical Journal.654(2):897–906.arXiv:astro-ph/0608448.Bibcode:2007ApJ...654..897B.doi:10.1086/509718.S2CID18617277.
  102. ^Martin, N. F.; De Jong, J. T. A.; Rix, H. W. (2008). "A Comprehensive Maximum Likelihood Analysis of the Structural Properties of Faint Milky Way Satellites".The Astrophysical Journal.684(2):1075–1092.arXiv:0805.2945.Bibcode:2008ApJ...684.1075M.doi:10.1086/590336.S2CID17838966.
  103. ^Simon, J. D.;Geha, M.(2007). "The Kinematics of the Ultra-faint Milky Way Satellites: Solving the Missing Satellite Problem".The Astrophysical Journal.670(1):313–331.arXiv:0706.0516.Bibcode:2007ApJ...670..313S.doi:10.1086/521816.S2CID9715950.
  104. ^"A subtle swarm".www.spacetelescope.org.Retrieved5 December2016.
  105. ^Wolfgang Steinicke; Richard Jakiel (2007).Galaxies and How to Observe Them.Springer Science & Business Media. p.50.ISBN978-1-84628-699-5.
  106. ^abMobberley 2009,p. 168.
  107. ^ab"NASA's Swift catches 500th gamma-ray burst".ScienceDaily.25 April 2010.Retrieved11 December2016.
  108. ^Francis Reddy."Gamma-Ray Burst Offers First Peek at a Young Galaxy's Star Factory".NASA.Retrieved11 December2016.
  109. ^"La chevelure de Berenice".British Museum.Retrieved24 November2016.
  110. ^"Стихотворение Фета А.А." Графине Н. М. Соллогуб (О, Береника! Сердцем чую) ""(in Russian). Poesias.ru.Retrieved10 January2017.
  111. ^Ekelöf, Gunnar(2013).En självbiografi: efterlämnade brev och anteckningar(in Swedish). Albert Bonniers Förlag. p. 126.ISBN978-91-0-013697-0.Din vän kometen kammade håret med Leoniderna / Berenice låt sitt hår hänga ner från himlen
  112. ^(La Paz: Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, 1967).
  113. ^Farina, Richard (1996-05-01).Been Down So Long It Looks Like Up to Me.Penguin. p. 27.ISBN978-1-101-54952-0.
  114. ^"Coma Berenices (1 of 4)".Sotheby's.Archived fromthe originalon 27 March 2019.Retrieved24 November2016.
edit
Wikimedia Commons has media related toComa Berenices.


Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coma_Berenices&oldid=1271815540"