Wikipedia

David Souter

For other people named David Souter, seeDavid Souter (disambiguation).

David Hackett Souter(/ˈsuːtər/SOO-tər;born September 17, 1939) is an American lawyer and jurist who served as anassociate justiceof theU.S. Supreme Courtfrom 1990 until his retirement in 2009.[3]Appointed by PresidentGeorge H. W. Bushto fill the seat that had been vacated byWilliam J. Brennan Jr.,Souter sat on both theRehnquistand theRobertscourts.

David Souter
Official portrait, 1990
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
In office
October 9, 1990 – June 29, 2009[1]
Nominated byGeorge H. W. Bush
Preceded byWilliam J. Brennan Jr.
Succeeded bySonia Sotomayor
Judge of theUnited States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit
In office
May 25, 1990 – October 9, 1990
Nominated byGeorge H. W. Bush
Preceded byHugh H. Bownes
Succeeded byNorman H. Stahl
Associate Justiceof theNew Hampshire Supreme Court
In office
1983–1990
Nominated byJohn Sununu
Preceded byMaurice Bois
Succeeded bySherman Horton
Associate Justiceof theNew Hampshire Superior Court
In office
1978–1983
20thAttorney General of New Hampshire
In office
July 17, 1976 – September 19, 1978
GovernorMeldrim Thomson Jr.
Preceded byWarren Rudman
Succeeded byThomas D. Rath
Personal details
Born
David Hackett Souter

(1939-09-17)September 17, 1939(age 85)
Melrose, Massachusetts,U.S.
Political partyRepublican[2]
EducationHarvard University(BA,LLB)
Magdalen College, Oxford(MA)
Signature
David Souter's voice
David Souter delivers the opinion of the Court inClark v. Arizona
Recorded June 29, 2006

Raised inNew England,Souter attendedHarvard College,Magdalen College, Oxford,andHarvard Law School.After briefly working in private practice, he moved to public service. He served as a prosecutor (1966–1968) in theNew Hampshire Attorney General's office (1968–1976), as the attorney general of New Hampshire (1976–1978), as an associate justice of theSuperior Court of New Hampshire(1978–1983), as an associate justice of theNew Hampshire Supreme Court(1983–1990), and briefly as a judge of theUnited States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit(1990).[4]

Souter was nominated to the Supreme Court without a significant "paper trail" but was expected to be a conservative justice. Within a few years of his appointment, Souter moved towards the ideological center. He eventually came to vote reliably with the Court'sliberal wing.[4][5]In mid-2009, after DemocratBarack Obamatook office as U.S. president, Souter announced his retirement from the Court; he was succeeded bySonia Sotomayor.Souter has continued to hear casesby designationat thecircuit court level.

Early life and education

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Souter was born inMelrose, Massachusetts,on September 17, 1939, the only child of Joseph Alexander Souter (1904–1976) and Helen Adams (Hackett) Souter (1907–1995).[6][7]His father was ofScottishancestry and his mother ofEnglishancestry.[8]At age 11, he moved with his family to their farm inWeare, New Hampshire.[6]

Souter graduated second in his class fromConcord High Schoolin 1957.[9]He then attendedHarvard University,graduating in 1961 with anBachelor of Arts,magna cum laude,in philosophy and writing a senior thesis on thelegal positivismof Supreme Court JusticeOliver Wendell Holmes Jr.While at Harvard, Souter was inducted intoPhi Beta Kappa.[10]He was selected as aRhodes Scholarand earned a Bachelor of Arts degree (later promoted to a Master of Arts degree,as per tradition) in Jurisprudence fromMagdalen College, Oxford,in 1963. He graduated in 1966 with aBachelor of Lawsdegree fromHarvard Law School.

Early career

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In 1968, after two years as anassociateat the law firm of Orr & Reno inConcord, New Hampshire,Souter realized he disliked private practice[6]and began his career in public service by accepting a position as an Assistant Attorney General of New Hampshire. As Assistant Attorney General heprosecutedcriminal cases in the courts. In 1971,Warren Rudman,then theAttorney General of New Hampshire,selected Souter to be the Deputy Attorney General. Souter succeeded Rudman as New Hampshire Attorney General in 1976.

In 1978, with the support of his friend Rudman, Souter was named an associate justice of theSuperior Court of New Hampshire.[6]As a judge on the Superior Court he heard cases in two counties and was noted for his tough sentencing.[6]With four years of trial court experience, Souter was appointed to theNew Hampshire Supreme Courtas an associate justice in 1983.[11]

Shortly after George H. W. Bush was sworn in as President, he nominated Souter for a seat on theUnited States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit.Souter had had seven years of judicial experience at the appellate level, four years at the trial court level, and ten years with the Attorney General's office. He was confirmed by unanimous consent of theSenateon April 27, 1990.[12]

U.S. Supreme Court appointment

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Souter testifying during one of his confirmation hearings

President George H. W. Bush originally considered nominatingClarence Thomasto Brennan's seat, but he and his advisers decided that Thomas did not yet have enough experience as a judge.[13]Warren Rudman, who had since been elected to the U.S. Senate, and formerNew Hampshire GovernorJohn H. Sununu,then Bush's chief of staff, suggested Souter, and were instrumental in his nomination and confirmation. Bush was reportedly "highly impressed by Souter's intellectual seriousness" and Souter's intellect, "particularly impressive in one-on-one meetings", was reported to have been a persuasive factor in his nomination.[14][15]At the time, few observers outside New Hampshire knew who Souter was,[16]although he had reportedly been on Reagan's short list of nominees for the Supreme Court seat held byLewis F. Powell Jr.that eventually went toAnthony Kennedy.[17]

Souter was seen as a "stealth justice" whose professional record in the state courts provoked no real controversy and provided a minimal "paper trail"[18]on issues of U.S. Constitutional law. Bush saw the lack of a paper trail as an asset, because one ofPresident Reagan's nominees,Robert Bork,had been rejected by the Senate partially because of his extensive written opinions on controversial issues.[19]Bush nominated Souter on July 25, 1990, saying that he did not know Souter's stances onabortion,affirmative action,or other issues.[6][20]

Senate confirmation hearings were held beginning on September 13, 1990. TheNational Organization for Womenopposed Souter's nomination and held a rally outside the Senate during his confirmation hearings.[6]The president of NOW,Molly Yard,testified that Souter would "end freedom for women in this country."[21]Souter was also opposed by theNAACP,which urged its 500,000 members to write letters to their senators asking them to oppose the nomination.[22]In Souter's opening statement before the Judiciary Committee of the Senate he summed up the lessons he had learned as a judge of the New Hampshire courts:

The first lesson, simple as it is, is that whatever court we are in, whatever we are doing, whether we are in a trial court or an appellate court, at the end of our task some human being is going to be affected. Some human life is going to be changed in some way by what we do, whether we do it as trial judges or whether we do it as appellate judges, as far removed from the trial arena as it is possible to be. And so we had better use every power of our minds and our hearts and our beings to get those rulings right.[23]

Despite the organized opposition, Souter won confirmation easily.[24]Souter's performance at the confirmation hearings ensured his approval by the Senate;Walter Dellinger,a liberal Democrat and an adviser to theSenate Judiciary Committee,called Souter "the most intellectually impressive nominee I've ever seen".[25][26]The Senate Judiciary Committee reported out the nomination by a vote of 13–1,[27]and the Senate confirmed the nomination by a vote of 90–9;[28]Souter wassworn into officeshortly thereafter, on October 9, 1990.[1]

The nine senators voting against Souter includedTed KennedyandJohn Kerryfrom Souter's neighboring state ofMassachusetts.These senators, along with seven others, painted Souter as a right-winger in the mold of Robert Bork.[29]

U.S. Supreme Court

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Souter in 2009

Souter opposed having cameras in the Supreme Court during oral arguments because he said questions would be taken out of context by the media and the proceedings would be politicized.[30]

He also served as the Court's designated representative to Congress on at least one occasion, testifying before committees of that body about the Court's needs for additional funding to refurbish its building and for other projects.[6]

Expected conservatism

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At the time of Souter's appointment, John Sununu assured President Bush and conservatives that Souter would be a "home run" for conservatism.[31]In his testimony before the Senate, he was thought by conservatives to be astrict constructioniston constitutional matters, but he portrayed himself as anincrementalistwho disliked drastic change and attached a high importance to precedent.[32][33]In the state attorney general's office and as a state Supreme Court judge, he had never been tested on matters of federal law.[13]

After the appointment of Clarence Thomas, Souter moved toward the ideological middle.[16]In the 1992 caseLee v. Weisman,Souter voted with the liberal wing and against allowing prayer at a high school graduation ceremony.[34]

In the 1992 casePlanned Parenthood v. Casey,Souter voted with the moderate wing in a majority decision in which the Court reaffirmed the essential holding inRoe v. Wadebut narrowed its scope. JusticeAnthony Kennedyhad considered overturningRoeand upholding all the restrictions at issue inCasey.Souter considered upholding all the restrictions but was uneasy about overturningRoe.After consulting with O'Connor, the three (who came to be known as the "troika" ) developed a joint opinion that upheld all the restrictions inCaseyexcept the mandatory notification of a husband while asserting the essential holding ofRoe,that the Constitution protects the right to an abortion.[35]

By the late 1990s, Souter began to align himself more withStephen BreyerandRuth Bader Ginsburg,although as of 1995, he sided on more occasions with the more liberal[36]justiceJohn Paul Stevensthan either Breyer or Ginsburg, both Clinton appointees.[37]On death penalty cases,workers' rightscases,defendants' rightscases, and other issues, Souter began increasingly voting with the Court's liberals,[38]and later came to be considered part of the Court's liberal wing. Because of this, many conservatives view Souter's appointment an error of the Bush presidency.[39]For example, after widespread speculation that President George W. Bush intended to appointAlberto Gonzales—whose perceived views on affirmative action and abortion drew criticism—to the Court, some conservative Senate staffers popularized the slogan "Gonzales is Spanish for Souter".[40]

AWall Street Journalopinion piece ten years after Souter's nomination called Souter a "liberal jurist" and said that Rudman took "pride in recounting how he sold Mr. Souter to gullible White House Chief of Staff John Sununu as a confirmable conservative. Then they both sold the judge to President Bush, who wanted above all else to avoid a confirmation battle."[41]Rudman wrote in his memoir that he had "suspected all along" that Souter would not "overturn activist liberal precedents."[6]Sununu later said that he had "a lot of disappointment" in Souter's positions on the Court and would have preferred him to be more likeAntonin Scalia.[6]In contrast, President Bush said several years after Souter's appointment that he was proud of Souter's "outstanding" service and "outstanding intellect" and that Souter would "serve for years on the Court, and he will serve with honor always and with brilliance".[14]

Notable decisions

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Planned Parenthood v. Casey

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In the 1992 casePlanned Parenthood v. Casey,the Supreme Court upheld the right to abortion as established by the "essential holding" ofRoe v. Wade(1973) and issued as its "key judgment" the imposition of theundue burden standardwhen evaluating state-imposed restrictions on that right. The controllingplurality opinionin the case was joined by Souter, Kennedy and O'Connor. Souter is widely believed to have written the section of the opinion that addresses the issue ofstare decisisand set out a four-part test in determining whether to overrule a prior decision.[42]David Garrowlater called that section "the most eloquent section of the opinion" and said it includes "two paragraphs that rank among the most memorable lines ever authored by an American jurist".[14]

Bush v. Gore

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In 2000, Souter voted along with three other justices inBush v. Goreto allow the presidential election recount to continue, while the majority voted to end the recount. The decision allowed the declaration ofGeorge W. Bushas the winner of the election in Florida to stand.

In his 2007 bookThe Nine: Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court,Jeffrey Toobinwrote of Souter's reaction toBush v. Gore:

Toughened, or coarsened, by their worldly lives, the other dissenters could shrug and move on, but Souter couldn't. His whole life was being a judge. He came from a tradition where the independence of the judiciary was the foundation of the rule of law. And Souter believedBush v. Goremocked that tradition. His colleagues' actions were so transparently, so crudely partisan that Souter thought he might not be able to serve with them anymore. Souter seriously considered resigning. For many months, it was not at all clear whether he would remain as a justice. That the Court met in a city he loathed made the decision even harder. At the urging of a handful of close friends, he decided to stay on, but his attitude toward the Court was never the same. There were times when David Souter thought ofBush v. Goreand wept.[43]

The above passage was disputed by Souter's longtime friend Warren Rudman. Rudman told theNew Hampshire Union Leaderthat while Souter was discomfited byBush v. Gore,it was not true that he had broken down into tears over it.[43]

Relationship with other justices

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Justice Souter (second from the left in the back row) on theRehnquist Court

Souter worked well withSandra Day O'Connorand had a good relationship with both her and her husband during her days on the court.[6]He generally had a good working relationship with every justice, but was particularly fond ofRuth Bader Ginsburg,and consideredJohn Paul Stevensto be the "smartest" justice.[6]

International recognition

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Even though Souter had never traveled outside the United States during his years with the Supreme Court, he still gained significant recognition abroad. In 1995, a series of articles based on his written opinions and titled "Souter Court" was published by a Moscow legal journal,The Russian Justice.Those were followed by a book, written in Russian and bearing Souter's name in the title.[44]Justice of theConstitutional Court of the Russian FederationYury Danilov, reviewing the 2nd edition of the book in a Moscow English-language daily, made the following remark on Souter's position inBush v. Gore:"In a most critical and delicate situation, David Souter had maintained the independence of his position and in this respect had become a symbol of the independence of the judiciary."[45][46]

Retirement

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Souter receiving an honorary degree fromHarvard Universityon May 27, 2010

Long before the election of President Obama, Souter had expressed a desire to leaveWashington, D.C.,and return to New Hampshire.[47][48]The election of a Democratic president in 2008 may have made Souter more inclined to retire, but he did not want to create a situation in which there would be multiple vacancies at once.[49]Souter apparently became satisfied that no other justices planned to retire at the end of the Supreme Court's term in June 2009.[49]As a result, in mid-April 2009 he privately notified the White House of his intent to retire at the conclusion of that term.[50]Souter sent Obama a retirement letter on May 1, effective at the start of the Supreme Court's 2009 summer recess.[51]Later that day Obama made an unscheduled appearance during the daily White House press briefing to announce Souter's retirement.[52]On May 26, 2009, Obama announced his nomination of federal appeals court judgeSonia Sotomayor.She was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on August 6.

On June 29, 2009, the last day of the Court's 2008–2009 term, Chief Justice Roberts read a letter to Souter that had been signed by all eight of his colleagues as well as retired JusticeSandra Day O'Connor,thanking him for his service, and Souter read a letter to his colleagues reciprocating their good wishes.[53]

Souter's papers have been donated to theNew Hampshire Historical Societyand will not be made public until at least 50 years after his death.[54]

Post-Supreme Court career

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As a Supreme Court justice with retired status, Souter remains a judge and is entitled to sitby designationon lower courts. After his retirement from the Supreme Court and until 2020, he regularly sat by designation on panels of theFirst Circuit Court of Appeals,based in Boston and covering Maine, Massachusetts, Puerto Rico, Rhode Island, and his adopted home state of New Hampshire, generally in February or March of each year.[55][56]As of April 2024, Souter had not sat by designation with the First Circuit for several years, and was not expected to do so that fall either.[57]

Souter has maintained a low public profile since retiring from the Supreme Court. In one exception, comments he made during a 2012 appearance at theCapitol Center for the Artsin New Hampshire about the dangers of "civic ignorance" were, in 2016, called "remarkably prescient" of thepresidential campaignofDonald Trump.[58]

Personal life

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Once named byThe Washington Postas one ofWashington's 10 Most Eligible Bachelors,[6]Souter has never married, though he was once engaged.[59]He is anEpiscopalian.[60]

Souter was elected to theAmerican Philosophical Societyin 1994,[61]and theAmerican Academy of Arts and Sciencesin 1997.[62]

In 2004, Souter was mugged while jogging between his home and theFort Lesley J. McNairArmy Base in Washington, DC. He suffered minor injuries from the event, visiting theMedStar Washington Hospital Centerfor treatment.[63]The problem led to public questioning of theSupreme Court Police's security detail, which was not present at the time.[64]

According toJeffrey Toobin's 2007 bookThe Nine,Souter has a decidedly low-tech lifestyle: He writes with a fountain pen, does not use email, and has no cellphone or answering machine. While serving on the Supreme Court, he preferred to drive back to New Hampshire for the summer, where he enjoyed mountain climbing.[6]Souter has also done his own home repairs[65]and is known for his daily lunch of an apple and unflavored yogurt.[66]

Former Supreme Court correspondentLinda Greenhousewrote of Souter: "to focus on his eccentricities—his daily lunch of yogurt and an apple, core and all; the absence of a computer in his personal office—is to miss the essence of a man who in fact is perfectly suited to his job, just not to its trappings. His polite but persistent questioning of lawyers who appear before the court displays his meticulous preparation and his mastery of the case at hand and the cases relevant to it. Far from being out of touch with the modern world, he has simply refused to surrender to it control over aspects of his own life that give him deep contentment: hiking, sailing, time with old friends, reading history."[67]

In early August 2009, Souter moved from his family farmhouse inWeareto aCape Cod-stylesingle-floor house in nearbyHopkinton, New Hampshire,a town inMerrimack Countynortheast of Weare and immediately west of the state capital ofConcord.Souter told a disappointed Weare neighbor that the two-story family farmhouse was not structurally sound enough to support the thousands of books he owns and that he wished to live on one level.[68]

Over the years, Souter has served on hospital boards and civic committees.[69][70]He is a former honorary co-chair of theWe the PeopleNational Advisory Committee.[71]

See also

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References

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  2. ^Barnes, Robert; Shackelford, Lucy (February 12, 2008)."As on Bench, Voting Styles Are Personal".The Washington Post.Archivedfrom the original on November 26, 2020.RetrievedAugust 26,2017.
  3. ^"Press Release".Supreme Court of the United States. February 13, 2009.Archivedfrom the original on July 21, 2011.RetrievedJune 27,2017.
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  5. ^Baker, Peter; Zeleny, Jeff (May 1, 2009)."Souter's Exit to Give Obama First Opening".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on May 7, 2021.RetrievedFebruary 7,2017.
  6. ^abcdefghijklmnYarbrough, Tinsley E."David Hackett Souter: Traditional Republican on the Rehnquist Court"ArchivedMay 5, 2021, at theWayback Machine,Oxford University Press, 2005,ISBN0-19-515933-0
  7. ^Biography David Hackett SouterArchivedMarch 14, 2021, at theWayback Machine,Cornell University Law School
  8. ^"David Souter, Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court".May 24, 2018.
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  10. ^Supreme Court Justices Who Are Phi Beta Kappa MembersArchivedSeptember 28, 2011, at theWayback Machine,Phi Beta Kappa website
  11. ^Gerstenzang, James; Lauter, David (July 24, 1990)."Little-Known Judge Named to Replace Brennan on Court: Judiciary: David Souter served as New Hampshire justice and attorney general. He has no clear record on abortion".Los Angeles Times.Archivedfrom the original on July 8, 2017.RetrievedDecember 31,2016.
  12. ^"PN1016 - Nomination of David H. Souter for The Judiciary, 101st Congress (1989-1990)".www.congress.gov.April 27, 1990.Archivedfrom the original on June 28, 2018.RetrievedJune 27,2017.
  13. ^abGreenberg, Jan CrawfordClarence Thomas: A Silent Justice Speaks OutArchivedSeptember 19, 2008, at theWayback Machine,ABC News,September 30, 2007
  14. ^abcGarrow, David J. (September 25, 1994)."Justice Souter Emerges".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.RetrievedJuly 3,2022.
  15. ^"And Then There Were 2 and Finally 1--Souter: Court: Nominee selected over Texas woman primarily for his lack of 'paper trail' on controversial issues".Los Angeles Times.July 25, 1990.RetrievedJuly 3,2022.
  16. ^abGreenhouse, LindaSouter Anchoring the Court's New CenterArchivedMay 8, 2017, at theWayback Machine,The New York Times,July 3, 1992
  17. ^Greenhouse, Linda; Times, Special To the New York (October 29, 1987)."A NEW CONTENDER IS SEEN FOR COURT".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.RetrievedJuly 4,2022.
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  21. ^Kamen, AlFor Liberals, Easy Does It With RobertsArchivedNovember 30, 2016, at theWayback Machine,The Washington Post,September 19, 2005
  22. ^Molotsky, IrvinN.A.A.C.P. Urges Souter's Defeat, Citing Earlier Statements on RaceArchivedFebruary 5, 2017, at theWayback Machine,The New York Times,September 22, 1990
  23. ^Senate Committee on the Judiciary: Senate Hearing 101–1263ArchivedJanuary 6, 2010, at theWayback Machine,Hearings on the Nomination of David H. Souter, September 13, 1990.
  24. ^Taranto, James and Leo, Leonard"Presidential Leadership"ArchivedApril 7, 2015, at theWayback Machine,Free Press, 2004
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  26. ^Hensley, Thomas R.; Hale, Kathleen; Snook, Carl (2006).The Rehnquist Court: Justices, Rulings, and Legacy.ABC-CLIO. p. 82.ISBN978-1-57607-200-4.
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  30. ^On Cameras in Supreme Court, Souter Says, 'Over My Dead Body'ArchivedJuly 29, 2018, at theWayback Machine,The New York Times,March 30, 1996
  31. ^Shenon, Philip; Times, Special To the New York (August 24, 1990)."Conservative Says Sununu Assured Him on Souter".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on October 18, 2019.RetrievedOctober 18,2019.
  32. ^"Hearings Before the Committee on the Judiciary United States Senate on the Nomination of David H. Souter to be Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States"(PDF).govinfo.gov.September 19, 1990.Archived(PDF)from the original on January 15, 2020.RetrievedOctober 17,2019.
  33. ^Roosevelt, Kermit. Justice CincinnatusDavid Souter—a dying breed, the Yankee RepublicanArchivedJanuary 24, 2010, at theWayback Machine,Slate, May 1, 2009.
  34. ^Perrin, Marilyn (1994)."Lee v. Weisman: Unanswered Prayers".Pepperdine Law Review.21:250.Archivedfrom the original on November 8, 2021.RetrievedOctober 18,2019.
  35. ^Whitman, Christina (June 2002)."Looking Back on Planned Parenthood v. Casey".Michigan Law Review.100(7): 1982.doi:10.2307/1556082.JSTOR1556082.Archivedfrom the original on September 21, 2017.RetrievedOctober 18,2019.
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  37. ^Ponnuru, RameshEmpty Souter-Supreme Court Justice David SouterArchivedSeptember 17, 2008, at theWayback Machine,National Review,September 11, 1995
  38. ^(seeSegal-Cover score)
  39. ^Greenfield, JeffDavid Souter: The Justice Who Built The Trump CourtArchivedJuly 10, 2018, at theWayback MachinePolitico Magazine,July 9, 2018
  40. ^Greenburg, Jan Crawford (2007).Supreme Conflict: The Inside Story of the Struggle for Control of the United States Supreme Court.Penguin. p. 246.ISBN9781594201011.Archivedfrom the original on November 8, 2021.RetrievedNovember 10,2020.
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  43. ^abDid Bush v. Gore Make Justice Souter Weep?ArchivedNovember 25, 2017, at theWayback Machine,The Wall Street Journal,September 6, 2007
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  57. ^Raymond, Nate (April 6, 2024)."Retired U.S. Supreme Court Justice Breyer to hear cases on appeals court".Reuters.RetrievedAugust 22,2024.
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  65. ^A No-Frills Embrace for a Low-Key JusticeArchivedApril 3, 2016, at theWayback Machine,The New York Times,May 3, 2009
  66. ^"Following Souter".The Economist.May 7, 2009.ISSN0013-0613.Archivedfrom the original on July 31, 2016.RetrievedMarch 13,2017.
  67. ^Greenhouse, Linda (May 2, 2009)."David H. Souter: Justice Unbound".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on June 26, 2017.RetrievedMarch 13,2017.
  68. ^Off the Bench, Souter Leaves Farmhouse BehindArchivedNovember 24, 2015, at theWayback Machine,The New York Times,August 3, 2009
  69. ^Linda Greenhouse (July 24, 1990)."An 'Intellectual Mind': David Hackett Souter".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on November 12, 2012.RetrievedMarch 7,2011.
  70. ^Ashby Jones (May 20, 2009)."What's in Souter's Future? Civics, for Starters".The Wall Street Journal.Archivedfrom the original on January 18, 2012.RetrievedMarch 7,2011.
  71. ^National Advisory CommitteeArchivedMarch 16, 2009, at theWayback Machine

Further reading

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  • Abraham, Henry J.,Justices and Presidents: A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court.3rd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992).ISBN0-19-506557-3.
  • Cushman, Clare,The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies, 1789–1995.2nd ed. (Supreme Court Historical Society; Congressional Quarterly Books, 2001).ISBN978-1-56802-126-3.
  • Frank, John P.,The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions(Leon Friedman and Fred L. Israel, editors). (Chelsea House Publishers, 1995).ISBN978-0-7910-1377-9.
  • Hall, Kermit L., ed.The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States.(New York: Oxford University Press, 1992).ISBN978-0-19-505835-2.
  • Martin, Fenton S., and Goehlert, Robert U.,The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography.(Congressional Quarterly Books, 1990).ISBN0-87187-554-3.
  • Urofsky, Melvin I.,The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary.(New York: Garland Publishing 1994).ISBN978-0-8153-1176-8.
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David Souter
Legal offices
Preceded by Attorney General of New Hampshire
1976–1978 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Judge of theUnited States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit
1990 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
1990–2009 		Succeeded by
U.S. order of precedence(ceremonial)
Preceded byas Retired Associate Justice of the Supreme Court Order of precedence of the United States
as Retired Associate Justice of the Supreme Court 		Succeeded byas Retired Associate Justice of the Supreme Court
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