Donald John Trump(born June 14, 1946) is an American politician, media personality, and businessman who served as the 45thpresident of the United Statesfrom 2017 to 2021.
Donald Trump | |
|---|---|
 Official portrait, 2017 | |
| 45thPresident of the United States | |
| In office January 20, 2017 – January 20, 2021 | |
| Vice President | Mike Pence |
| Preceded by | Barack Obama |
| Succeeded by | Joe Biden |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Donald John Trump June 14, 1946 Queens,New York City, U.S. |
| Political party | Republican(1987–1999, 2009–2011, 2012–present) |
| Other political affiliations |
|
| Spouses | |
| Children | |
| Relatives | Trump family |
| Alma mater | University of Pennsylvania(BS) |
| Occupation | |
| Awards | Full list |
| Signature |  |
| Website | |
Trump received a Bachelor of Science degree in economics from theUniversity of Pennsylvaniain 1968. His father made him president of the family real estate business in 1971. Trump renamed itthe Trump Organizationand reoriented the company toward building and renovating skyscrapers, hotels, casinos, and golf courses. After a series of business failures in the late 1990s, he launched side ventures, mostly licensing the Trump name. From 2004 to 2015, he co-produced and hosted the reality television seriesThe Apprentice.He and his businesses have been plaintiffs or defendants in more than 4,000 legal actions, including six business bankruptcies.
Trump won the2016 presidential electionas theRepublican Partynominee againstDemocratic PartycandidateHillary Clintonwhile losing the popular vote.[a]TheMueller special counsel investigationdetermined thatRussia interfered in the 2016 electionto favor Trump. During the campaign, his political positions were described as populist, protectionist, and nationalist. His election and policies sparked numerous protests. He was the only U.S. president without prior military or government experience. Trumppromoted conspiracy theoriesand mademany false and misleading statementsduring his campaigns and presidency, to a degree unprecedented in American politics. Many of his comments and actions have been characterized as racially charged, racist, and misogynistic.
As president, Trumpordered a travel banon citizens from several Muslim-majority countries, diverted military funding toward building a wall on the U.S.–Mexico border, and implementeda family separation policy.He rolled back more than 100 environmental policies and regulations. He signed theTax Cuts and Jobs Actof 2017, which cut taxes and eliminated theindividual health insurance mandatepenalty of theAffordable Care Act.He appointedNeil Gorsuch,Brett Kavanaugh,andAmy Coney Barrettto the U.S. Supreme Court. He reacted slowly to theCOVID-19 pandemic,ignored or contradicted many recommendations from health officials, used political pressure to interfere with testing efforts, andspread misinformationabout unproven treatments. Trump initiated a trade war with China and withdrew the U.S. from the proposedTrans-Pacific Partnershiptrade agreement, theParis Agreementon climate change, and theIran nuclear deal.He met with North Korean leaderKim Jong Unthree times but made no progress on denuclearization.
Trump is the only U.S. president to have beenimpeachedtwice,in 2019for abuse of power and obstruction of Congress after he pressured Ukraine to investigateJoe Biden,andin 2021for incitement of insurrection. The Senate acquitted him in both cases. Trump lost the2020 presidential electionto Biden but refused to concede. He falsely claimed widespread electoral fraud andattempted to overturn the results.On January 6, 2021, he urged his supporters to march to theU.S. Capitol,whichmany of them attacked.Scholars and historiansrank Trumpas one of the worst presidents in American history.
Since leaving office, Trump has continued to dominate the Republican Party and is their nominee again in the2024 presidential election.Trump supported and took credit for the repeal ofRoe v. Wadein 2022. In May 2024, a jury in New Yorkfound Trump guilty on 34 felony countsof falsifying business records related to ahush money payment to Stormy Danielsin an attempt to influence the 2016 election, making him the first former U.S. president to be convicted of a crime. He has been indicted in three other jurisdictions on 54 other felony counts related to hismishandling of classified documentsand for efforts to overturn the 2020 presidential election. In civil proceedings, Trump was found liablefor sexual abuse and defamation in 2023, defamation in 2024,andfinancial fraud in 2024.
Personal life
Early life
Trump was born on June 14, 1946, atJamaica HospitalinQueens,New York City,[1]the fourth child ofFred TrumpandMary Anne MacLeod Trump.He grew up with older siblingsMaryanne,Fred Jr.,and Elizabeth and younger brotherRobertin theJamaica Estatesneighborhood of Queens, and attended the privateKew-Forest Schoolfrom kindergarten through seventh grade.[2][3][4]At age 13, he entered theNew York Military Academy,a private boarding school.[5]In 1964, he enrolled atFordham University.Two years later, he transferred to theWharton Schoolof theUniversity of Pennsylvania,graduating in May 1968 with a Bachelor of Science in economics.[6][7]In 2015, Trump's lawyer threatened Trump's colleges, his high school, and theCollege Boardwith legal action if they released his academic records.[8]
While in college, Trump obtained four studentdraftdeferments during theVietnam War.[9]In 1966, he was deemed fit for military service based on a medical examination, and in July 1968, a local draft board classified him as eligible to serve.[10][11][12]In October 1968, he was classified1-Y,a conditional medical deferment forbone spurs,[10]and in 1972, he was reclassified4-F,unfit for military service, permanently disqualifying him.[12]
Family
In 1977, Trump married Czech modelIvana Zelníčková.[13]They had three children:Donald Jr.(born 1977),Ivanka(1981), andEric(1984). The couple divorced in 1990, following Trump's affair with actressMarla Maples.[14]Trump and Maples married in 1993 and divorced in 1999. They have one daughter,Tiffany(born 1993), who was raised by Maples in California.[15]In 2005, Trump married Slovenian modelMelania Knauss.[16]They have one son,Barron(born 2006).[17]
Religion
In the 1970s, Trump's parents joined theMarble Collegiate Church,part of theReformed Church in America.[18][19]He went to Sunday school and wasconfirmedin 1959 at theFirst Presbyterian Church in Jamaica,Queens.[18][20]In 2015, he said he was aPresbyterianand attended Marble Collegiate Church; the church said he was not an active member.[20]In 2019, he appointed his personal pastor, televangelistPaula White,to the White HouseOffice of Public Liaison.[21]In 2020, he said he identified as anon-denominational Christian.[22]
Health habits
Trump says he has never drunk alcohol, smoked cigarettes, or used drugs.[23][24]He sleeps about four or five hours a night.[25][26]He has called golfing his "primary form of exercise" but usually does not walk the course.[27]He considers exercise a waste of energy because he believes the body is "like a battery, with a finite amount of energy", which is depleted by exercise.[28][29]In 2015, Trump's campaign released a letter from his longtime personal physician,Harold Bornstein,stating that Trump would "be the healthiest individual ever elected to the presidency".[30]In 2018, Bornstein said Trump had dictated the contents of the letter and that three of Trump's agents had seized his medical records in a February 2017 raid on the doctor's office.[30][31]
Wealth
In 1982, Trump made the initialForbeslist of wealthy people for holding a share of his family's estimated $200 million net worth (equivalent to $631 million in 2023).[32]His losses in the 1980s dropped him from the list between 1990 and 1995.[33]After filing the mandatory financial disclosure report with theFECin July 2015, he announced a net worth of about $10 billion. Records released by the FEC showed at least $1.4 billion in assets and $265 million in liabilities.[34]Forbesestimated his net worth dropped by $1.4 billion between 2015 and 2018.[35]In their 2024 billionaires ranking, Trump's net worth was estimated to be $2.3 billion (1,438th in the world).[36]
Journalist Jonathan Greenberg reported that Trump called him in 1984, pretending to be a fictional Trump Organization official named "John Barron".Greenberg said that Trump, just to get a higher ranking on theForbes400list of wealthy Americans, identified himself as "Barron", and then falsely asserted that Donald Trump owned more than 90 percent of his father's business. Greenberg also wrote thatForbeshad vastly overestimated Trump's wealth and wrongly included him on the 1982, 1983, and 1984 rankings.[37]
Trump has often said he began his career with "a small loan of a million dollars" from his father and that he had to pay it back with interest.[38]He was a millionaire by age eight, borrowed at least $60 million from his father, largely failed to repay those loans, and received another $413 million (2018 dollars adjusted for inflation) from his father's company.[39][40]In 2018, he and his family were reported to have committed tax fraud, and theNew York State Department of Taxation and Financestarted an investigation.[40]His investments underperformed the stock and New York property markets.[41][42]Forbesestimated in October 2018 that his net worth declined from $4.5 billion in 2015 to $3.1 billion in 2017 and his product-licensing income from $23 million to $3 million.[43]
Contrary to his claims of financial health and business acumen,Trump's tax returnsfrom 1985 to 1994 show net losses totaling $1.17 billion. The losses were higher than those of almost every other American taxpayer. The losses in 1990 and 1991, more than $250 million each year, were more than double those of the nearest taxpayers. In 1995, his reported losses were $915.7 million (equivalent to $1.83 billion in 2023).[44][45][32]
In 2020,The New York Timesobtained Trump's tax information extending over two decades. Its reporters found that Trump reported losses of hundreds of millions of dollars and had, since 2010, deferred declaring $287 million in forgiven debt as taxable income. His income mainly came from his share inThe Apprenticeand businesses in which he was a minority partner, and his losses mainly from majority-owned businesses. Much income was intax creditsfor his losses, which let him avoid annual income tax payments or lower them to $750. During the 2010s, Trump balanced his businesses' losses by selling and borrowing against assets, including a $100 million mortgage onTrump Tower(due in 2022) and the liquidation of over $200 million in stocks and bonds. He personally guaranteed $421 million in debt, most of which is due by 2024.[46]
As of October 2021[update],Trump had over $1.3 billion in debts, much of which is secured by his assets.[47]In 2020, he owed $640 million to banks and trust organizations, includingBank of China,Deutsche Bank,andUBS,and approximately $450 million to unknown creditors. The value of his assets exceeds his debt.[48]
Business career
Real estate
Starting in 1968, Trump was employed at his father's real estate company, Trump Management, which owned racially segregated middle-class rental housing in New York City's outer boroughs.[50][51]In 1971, his father made him president of the company and he began using theTrump Organizationas anumbrella brand.[52]Between 1991 and 2009, he filed forChapter 11bankruptcy protection for six of his businesses: thePlaza Hotelin Manhattan, the casinos inAtlantic City, New Jersey,and theTrump Hotels & Casino Resortscompany.[53]
Manhattan and Chicago developments
Trump attracted public attention in 1978 with the launch of his family's first Manhattan venture, the renovation of the derelictCommodore Hotel,adjacent to Grand Central Terminal.[54]The financing was facilitated by a $400 million city property tax abatement arranged for Trump by his father who also, jointly withHyatt,guaranteed a $70 million bank construction loan.[51][55]The hotel reopened in 1980 as theGrand Hyatt Hotel,[56]and that same year, Trump obtained rights to developTrump Tower,a mixed-use skyscraper in Midtown Manhattan.[57]The building houses the headquarters of the Trump Corporation and Trump'sPACand was Trump's primary residence until 2019.[58][59]
In 1988, Trump acquired the Plaza Hotel with a loan from a consortium of sixteen banks.[60]The hotel filed for bankruptcy protection in 1992, and a reorganization plan was approved a month later, with the banks taking control of the property.[61]In 1995, Trump defaulted on over $3 billion of bank loans, and the lenders seized the Plaza Hotel along with most of his other properties in a "vast and humiliating restructuring" that allowed Trump to avoid personal bankruptcy.[62][63]The lead bank's attorney said of the banks' decision that they "all agreed that he'd be better alive than dead."[62]
In 1996, Trump acquired and renovated the mostly vacant 71-story skyscraper at40 Wall Street,later rebranded as the Trump Building.[64]In the early 1990s, Trump won the right to develop a 70-acre (28 ha) tract in theLincoln Squareneighborhood near the Hudson River. Struggling with debt from other ventures in 1994, Trump sold most of his interest in the project to Asian investors, who financed the project's completion,Riverside South.[65]
Trump's last major construction project was the 92-story mixed-useTrump International Hotel and Tower (Chicago)which opened in 2008. In 2024, theNew York Times and ProPublica reportedthat the Internal Revenue Service was investigating whether Trump had twice written off losses incurred through construction cost overruns and lagging sales of residential units in the building Trump had declared to be worthless on his 2008 tax return.[66][67]
Atlantic City casinos
In 1984, Trump openedHarrah's at Trump Plaza,a hotel and casino, with financing and management help from theHoliday Corporation.[68]It was unprofitable, and Trump paid Holiday $70 million in May 1986 to take sole control.[69]In 1985, Trump bought the unopened Atlantic City Hilton Hotel and renamed itTrump Castle.[70]Both casinos filed forChapter 11bankruptcy protection in 1992.[71]
Trump bought a third Atlantic City venue in 1988, theTrump Taj Mahal.It was financed with $675 million injunk bondsand completed for $1.1 billion, opening in April 1990.[72][73]Trump filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in 1991. Under the provisions of the restructuring agreement, Trump gave up half his initial stake and personally guaranteed future performance.[74]To reduce his $900 million of personal debt, he sold theTrump Shuttleairline; his megayacht, theTrump Princess,which had been leased to his casinos and kept docked; and other businesses.[75]
In 1995, Trump founded Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts (THCR), which assumed ownership of the Trump Plaza.[76]THCR purchased the Taj Mahal and the Trump Castle in 1996 and went bankrupt in 2004 and 2009, leaving Trump with 10 percent ownership.[68]He remained chairman until 2009.[77]
Clubs
In 1985, Trump acquired theMar-a-Lagoestate in Palm Beach, Florida.[78]In 1995, he converted the estate into a private club with an initiation fee and annual dues. He continued to use a wing of the house as a private residence.[79]Trump declared the club his primary residence in 2019.[59]The Trump Organization beganbuilding and buying golf coursesin 1999.[80]It owns fourteen and manages another three Trump-branded courses worldwide.[80][81]
Licensing of the Trump brand
The Trump name has beenlicensed forconsumer products and services, including foodstuffs, apparel, learning courses, and home furnishings.[82][83]According toThe Washington Post,there are more than 50 licensing or management deals involving Trump's name, and they have generated at least $59 million in revenue for his companies.[84]By 2018, only two consumer goods companies continued to license his name.[82]
Side ventures
In September 1983, Trump purchased theNew Jersey Generals,a team in theUnited States Football League.After the 1985 season, the league folded, largely due to Trump's attempt to move to a fall schedule (when it would have competed with theNFLfor audience) and trying to force a merger with the NFL by bringing an antitrust suit.[85][86]
Trump and his Plaza Hotel hosted several boxing matches at theAtlantic City Convention Hall.[68][87]In 1989 and 1990, Trump lent his name to theTour de Trumpcycling stage race, an attempt to create an American equivalent of European races such as theTour de Franceor theGiro d'Italia.[88]
From 1986 to 1988, Trump purchased significant blocks of shares in various public companies while suggesting that he intended to take over the company and then sold his shares for a profit,[44]leading some observers to think he was engaged ingreenmail.[89]The New York Timesfound that Trump initially made millions of dollars in such stock transactions, but "lost most, if not all, of those gains after investors stopped taking his takeover talk seriously".[44]
In 1988, Trump purchased theEastern Air Lines Shuttle,financing the purchase with $380 million (equivalent to $979 million in 2023)[32]in loans from a syndicate of 22 banks. He renamed the airlineTrump Shuttleand operated it until 1992.[90]Trump defaulted on his loans in 1991, and ownership passed to the banks.[91]
In 1992, Trump, his siblingsMaryanne,Elizabeth, andRobert,and his cousin John W. Walter, each with a 20 percent share, formed All County Building Supply & Maintenance Corp. The company had no offices and is alleged to have been a shell company for paying the vendors providing services and supplies for Trump's rental units, then billing those services and supplies to Trump Management with markups of 20–50 percent and more. The owners shared the proceeds generated by the markups.[40][92]The increased costs were used to get state approval for increasing the rents of Trump's rent-stabilized units.[40]
From 1996 to 2015, Trump owned all or part of theMiss Universepageants, includingMiss USAandMiss Teen USA.[93][94]Due to disagreements with CBS about scheduling, he took both pageants to NBC in 2002.[95][96]In 2007, Trump received a star on theHollywood Walk of Famefor his work as producer of Miss Universe.[97]NBC and Univision dropped the pageants in June 2015.[98]
Trump University
In 2004, Trump co-foundedTrump University,a company that sold real estate seminars for up to $35,000.[99]After New York State authorities notified the company that its use of "university" violated state law (as it was not an academic institution), its name was changed to the Trump Entrepreneur Initiative in 2010.[100]
In 2013, the State of New York filed a $40 million civil suit against Trump University, alleging that the company made false statements and defrauded consumers.[101]Additionally, two class actions were filed in federal court against Trump and his companies. Internal documents revealed that employees were instructed to use a hard-sell approach, and former employees testified that Trump University had defrauded or lied to its students.[102][103][104]Shortly after he won the 2016 presidential election, Trump agreed to pay a total of $25 million to settle the three cases.[105]
Foundation
The Donald J. Trump Foundation was aprivate foundationestablished in 1988.[106][107]From 1987 to 2006, Trump gave his foundation $5.4 million which had been spent by the end of 2006. After donating a total of $65,000 in 2007–2008, he stopped donating any personal funds to the charity,[108]which received millions from other donors, including $5 million fromVince McMahon.[109]The foundation gave to health- and sports-related charities, conservative groups,[110]and charities that held events at Trump properties.[108]
In 2016,The Washington Postreported that the charity committed several potential legal and ethical violations, including alleged self-dealing and possibletax evasion.[111]Also in 2016, the New York attorney general determined the foundation to be in violation of state law, for soliciting donations without submitting to required annual external audits, and ordered it to cease its fundraising activities in New York immediately.[112]Trump's team announced in December 2016 that the foundation would be dissolved.[113]
In June 2018, the New York attorney general's office filed a civil suit against the foundation, Trump, and his adult children, seeking $2.8 million in restitution and additional penalties.[114]In December 2018, the foundation ceased operation and disbursed its assets to other charities.[115]In November 2019, a New York state judge ordered Trump to pay $2 million to a group of charities for misusing the foundation's funds, in part to finance his presidential campaign.[116][117]
Legal affairs and bankruptcies
Roy Cohnwas Trump'sfixer,lawyer, and mentor for 13 years in the 1970s and 1980s.[118]According to Trump, Cohn sometimes waived fees due to their friendship.[118]In 1973, Cohn helped Trump countersue the U.S. government for $100 million (equivalent to $686 million in 2023)[32]over its charges that Trump's properties had racial discriminatory practices. Trump's counterclaims were dismissed, and the government's case went forward, ultimately resulting in a settlement.[119]In 1975, an agreement was struck requiring Trump's properties to furnish theNew York Urban Leaguewith a list of all apartment vacancies, every week for two years, among other things.[120]Cohn introduced political consultantRoger Stoneto Trump, who enlisted Stone's services to deal with the federal government.[121]
According to a review of state and federal court files conducted byUSA Todayin 2018, Trump and his businesses had been involved in more than 4,000 state and federal legal actions.[122]While Trump has not filed forpersonal bankruptcy,his over-leveraged hotel and casino businesses in Atlantic City and New York filed forChapter 11 bankruptcyprotection six times between 1991 and 2009.[123]They continued to operate while the banks restructured debt and reduced Trump's shares in the properties.[123]
During the 1980s, more than 70 banks had lent Trump $4 billion.[124]After his corporate bankruptcies of the early 1990s, most major banks, with the exception of Deutsche Bank, declined to lend to him.[125]After theJanuary 6 Capitol attack,the bank decided not to do business with Trump or his company in the future.[126]
Media career
Books
Usingghostwriters,Trump has produced 19 books under his name.[127]His first book,The Art of the Deal(1987), was aNew York TimesBest Seller.While Trump was credited as co-author, the entire book was written byTony Schwartz.According toThe New Yorker,the book made Trump famous as an "emblem of the successful tycoon".[128]
Film and television
Trump made cameo appearances in many films and television shows from 1985 to 2001.[129]
Starting in the 1990s, Trump was a guest about 24 times on the nationally syndicatedHoward Stern Show.[130]He also had his own short-form talk radio program calledTrumped!(one to two minutes on weekdays) from 2004 to 2008.[131][132]From 2011 until 2015, he was a weekly unpaid guest commentator onFox & Friends.[133][134]
From 2004 to 2015, Trump was co-producer and host of reality showsThe ApprenticeandThe Celebrity Apprentice.Trump played a flattering, highly fictionalized version of himself as a superrich and successful chief executive who eliminated contestants with thecatchphrase"You're fired." The shows remade his image for millions of viewers nationwide.[135][136]With the related licensing agreements, they earned him more than $400 million which he invested in largely unprofitable businesses.[137]
In February 2021, Trump, who had been a member ofSAG-AFTRAsince 1989, resigned to avoid a disciplinary hearing regarding the January 6 attack.[138]Two days later, the union permanently barred him from readmission.[139]
Political career
Trump registered as a Republican in 1987;[140]a member of theIndependence Party,the New York state affiliate of theReform Party,in 1999;[141]a Democrat in 2001; a Republican in 2009; unaffiliated in 2011; and a Republican in 2012.[140]
In 1987, Trump placed full-page advertisements in three major newspapers,[142]expressing his views on foreign policy and how to eliminate the federal budget deficit.[143]In 1988, he approachedLee Atwater,asking to be put into consideration to be Republican nomineeGeorge H. W. Bush's running mate. Bush found the request "strange and unbelievable".[144]
Presidential campaigns (2000–2016)
Trumpwas a candidatein the2000 Reform Party presidential primariesfor three months but withdrew from the race in February 2000.[145][146][147]
In 2011, Trump speculated about running against President Barack Obama inthe 2012 election,making his first speaking appearance at theConservative Political Action Conference(CPAC) in February 2011 and giving speeches in early primary states.[148][149]In May 2011, he announced he would not run.[148]Trump's presidential ambitions were generally not taken seriously at the time.[150]
2016 presidential campaign
Trump's fame and provocative statements earned him an unprecedented amount offree media coverage,elevating his standing in the Republican primaries.[151]He adopted the phrase "truthful hyperbole", coined by his ghostwriter Tony Schwartz, to describe his public speaking style.[128][152]His campaign statements were often opaque and suggestive,[153]and a record number were false.[154][155][156]Trump said he disdainedpolitical correctnessand frequently made claims ofmedia bias.[157][158]
Trump announced his candidacy in June 2015.[159][160]His campaignwas initially not taken seriously by political analysts, but he quickly rose to the top of opinion polls.[161]He became the front-runner in March 2016[162]and was declared the presumptive Republican nominee in May.[163]
Hillary Clintonled Trump innational polling averagesthroughout the campaign, but, in early July, her lead narrowed.[164][165]In mid-July Trump selected Indiana governorMike Penceas his running mate,[166]and the two were officially nominated at the2016 Republican National Convention.[167] Trump and Clinton faced off inthree presidential debatesin September and October 2016. Trump twice refused to say whether he would accept the result of the election.[168]
Campaign rhetoric and political positions
Trump's political positions and rhetoric were described asright-wing populist.[169][170][171]Politicodescribed them as "eclectic, improvisational and often contradictory", quoting a health-care policy expert at theAmerican Enterprise Instituteas saying that his political positions were a "random assortment of whatever plays publicly".[172]NBC Newscounted "141 distinct shifts on 23 major issues" during his campaign.[173]
Trump described NATO as "obsolete"[174][175]and espoused views that were described asnon-interventionistand protectionist.[176]His campaign platform emphasized renegotiatingU.S.–China relationsand free trade agreements such asNAFTA,strongly enforcing immigration laws, and buildinga new wallalong theU.S.–Mexico border.Other campaign positions included pursuingenergy independencewhile opposing climate change regulations, modernizingservices for veterans,repealing and replacing theAffordable Care Act,abolishingCommon Coreeducation standards,investing in infrastructure,simplifying thetax codewhile reducing taxes, and imposingtariffson imports by companies that offshore jobs. He advocated increasing military spending and extreme vetting or banning immigrants from Muslim-majority countries.[177]
Trump helped bring far-right fringe ideas and organizations into the mainstream.[178]In August 2016, Trump hiredSteve Bannon,the executive chairman ofBreitbart News—described by Bannon as "the platform for the alt-right" —as his campaign CEO.[179]Thealt-rightmovement coalesced around and supported Trump's candidacy, due in part to itsopposition to multiculturalismandimmigration.[180][181][182]
Financial disclosures
Trump's FEC-required reports listed assets above $1.4 billion and outstanding debts of at least $315 million.[34][183] Trump did not releasehis tax returns,contrary to the practice of every major candidate since 1976 and his promises in 2014 and 2015 to do so if he ran for office.[184][185]He said his tax returns were beingaudited,and that his lawyers had advised him against releasing them.[186]After a lengthy court battle to block release of his tax returns and other records to theManhattan district attorneyfor a criminal investigation, including two appeals by Trump to theU.S. Supreme Court,in February 2021 the high court allowed the records to be released to the prosecutor for review by a grand jury.[187][188]
In October 2016, portions of Trump's state filings for 1995 were leaked to a reporter fromThe New York Times.They show that Trump had declared a loss of $916 million that year, which could have let him avoid taxes for up to 18 years.[189]
Election to the presidency
On November 8, 2016, Trump received 306 pledgedelectoral votesversus 232 for Clinton, though, after electordefections on both sides,the official count was ultimately 304 to 227.[190]Trump, the fifth person to be elected presidentwhile losing the popular vote,received nearly 2.9 million fewer votes than Clinton.[191]He also was the only president whoneither served in the military nor held any government officeprior to becoming president.[192] Trump's victory was apolitical upset.[193]Polls had consistently shown Clinton with anationwide—though diminishing—lead, as well as an advantage in most of thecompetitive states.[194]
Trump won 30 states, includingMichigan,Pennsylvania,andWisconsin,states which had been considered ablue wallof Democratic strongholds since the 1990s. Clinton won 20 states and theDistrict of Columbia.Trump's victory marked the return of anundividedRepublican government—a Republican White House combined with Republican control of both chambers ofCongress.[195]
Trump's election victory sparkedprotestsin major U.S. cities.[196][197]On the day after Trump's inauguration, an estimated 2.6 million people worldwide, including an estimated half million in Washington, D.C., protested against Trump in theWomen's Marches.[198]
Presidency (2017–2021)
Early actions
Trump was inauguratedon January 20, 2017. During his first week in office, he signedsix executive orders,which authorized: interim procedures in anticipation of repealing the Affordable Care Act ( "Obamacare" ), withdrawal from the Trans-Pacific Partnership negotiations, reinstatement of theMexico City policy,advancement of theKeystone XLandDakota Access Pipelineconstruction projects, reinforcement of border security, and a planning and design process to construct a wall along the U.S. border with Mexico.[199]
Trump's daughter Ivanka and son-in-lawJared Kushnerbecame hisassistantandsenior advisor,respectively.[200][201]
Conflicts of interest
Before being inaugurated, Trump moved his businesses into arevocable trust,[202][203]rather than ablind trustor equivalent arrangement "to cleanly sever himself from his business interests".[204]Trump continued to profit from his businesses and to know how his administration's policies affected his businesses.[203][205]Though he said he would eschew "new foreign deals", the Trump Organization pursued expansions of its operations in Dubai, Scotland, and the Dominican Republic.[203][205]
Trump was sued for violating theDomesticandForeign Emoluments Clausesof theU.S. Constitution,marking the first time that the clauses had been substantively litigated.[206]One case was dismissed in lower court.[207]Two were dismissed by the U.S. Supreme Court as moot after the end of Trump's term.[208] During Trump's term in office, he visited a Trump Organization property on 428 days, one visit for every 3.4 days of his presidency.[209]
Domestic policy
Economy
Trump took office at the height of the longesteconomic expansionin American history,[210]which began in 2009 and continued until February 2020, when theCOVID-19 recessionbegan.[211]
In December 2017, Trump signed theTax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017passed by Congress without Democratic votes.[relevant?]It reduced tax rates for businesses and individuals, with business tax cuts to be permanent and individual tax cuts set to expire after 2025,[importance?]and set the penalty associated with theAffordable Care Act's individual mandate to $0.[212][213]The Trump administration claimed that the act would not decrease government revenue, but 2018 revenues were 7.6 percent lower than projected.[214]
Despite a campaign promise to eliminate the national debt in eight years, Trump approved large increases in government spending and the 2017 tax cut. As a result, the federal budget deficit increased by almost 50 percent, to nearly $1 trillion in 2019.[215]Under Trump, theU.S. national debtincreased by 39 percent, reaching $27.75trillion by the end of his term, and the U.S.debt-to-GDP ratiohit a post-World War II high.[216]Trump also failed to deliver the $1 trillion infrastructure spending plan on which he had campaigned.[217]
Trump is the only modern U.S. president to leave office with a smaller workforce than when he took office, by 3 million people.[210][218]
Climate change, environment, and energy
Trump rejects thescientific consensus on climate change.[219][220][221][222]He reduced the budget for renewable energy research by 40 percent and reversed Obama-era policies directed at curbing climate change.[223]Hewithdrew from the Paris Agreement,making the U.S. the only nation to not ratify it.[224]
Trump aimed to boost the production and exports offossil fuels.[225][226]Natural gas expanded under Trump, but coal continued to decline.[227][228]Trump rolled back more than 100 federal environmental regulations, including those that curbedgreenhouse gas emissions,air and water pollution, and the use of toxic substances. He weakened protections for animals and environmental standards for federal infrastructure projects, and expanded permitted areas for drilling and resource extraction, such as allowingdrilling in the Arctic Refuge.[229]
Deregulation
In 2017, Trump signedExecutive Order 13771,which directed that, for every new regulation, federal agencies "identify" two existing regulations for elimination, though it did not require elimination.[230]He dismantled many federal regulations on health,[231][232]labor,[233][232]and the environment,[234][232]among others, including a bill that made it easier for severely mentally ill persons to buy guns.[235]During his first six weeks in office, he delayed, suspended, or reversed ninety federal regulations,[236]often "after requests by the regulated industries".[237]TheInstitute for Policy Integrityfound that 78 percent of Trump's proposals were blocked by courts or did not prevail over litigation.[238]
Health care
During his campaign, Trump vowed to repeal and replace theAffordable Care Act.[239]In office, he scaled back the Act's implementation through executive orders.[240][241]Trump expressed a desire to "let Obamacare fail"; his administration halved theenrollment periodand drastically reduced funding for enrollment promotion.[242][243]In June 2018, the Trump administrationjoined 18 Republican-led states in arguing before the Supreme Courtthat the elimination of the financial penalties associated with the individual mandate had rendered the Act unconstitutional.[244][245]Their pleading would have eliminatedhealth insurance coveragefor up to 23 million Americans, but was unsuccessful.[244]During the 2016 campaign, Trump promised to protect funding for Medicare and other social safety-net programs, but in January 2020, he expressed willingness to consider cuts to them.[246]
In response to theopioid epidemic,Trump signed legislation in 2018 to increase funding for drug treatments but was widely criticized for failing to make a concrete strategy. U.S. opioid overdose deaths declined slightly in 2018 but surged to a record 50,052 in 2019.[247]
Social issues
Trump barred organizations that provide abortions or abortion referrals from receiving federal funds.[248]He said he supported "traditional marriage" but considered thenationwide legalityofsame-sex marriage"settled".[249]His administration rolled back key components of the Obama administration's workplace protections againstdiscrimination of LGBT people.[250]Trump's attempted rollback of anti-discrimination protections fortransgenderpatients in August 2020 was halted by a federal judge after a Supreme Court ruling extended employees' civil rights protections togender identityand sexual orientation.[251]
Trump has said he isopposedtogun control,although his views have shifted over time.[252]After severalmass shootingsduring his term, he said he would propose legislation related to guns, but he abandoned that effort in November 2019.[253]His administration took ananti-marijuana position,revokingObama-era policiesthat provided protections for states that legalized marijuana.[254]
Trump is a long-time advocate of capital punishment.[255][256]Under his administration, thefederal government executed13 prisoners, more than in the previous 56 years combined and after a 17-year moratorium.[257]In 2016, Trump said he supported the use of interrogation torture methods such aswaterboarding.[258][259]
In June 2020, during theGeorge Floyd protests,federal law-enforcement officials controversially usedless lethalweapons to remove a largely peaceful crowd of lawful protesters fromLafayette Square,outside theWhite House.[260][261]Trump then posed with a Bible fora photo-opat the nearbySt. John's Episcopal Church,[260][262][263]with religious leaders condemning both the treatment of protesters and the photo opportunity itself.[264]Many retired military leaders and defense officials condemned Trump's proposal to use the U.S. military against anti-police-brutality protesters.[265]
Pardons and commutations
Trump granted 237 requests for clemency, fewer than all presidents since 1900 with the exception ofGeorge H. W. BushandGeorge W. Bush.[266]Only 25 of them had been vetted by the Justice Department'sOffice of the Pardon Attorney;the others were granted to people with personal or political connections to him, his family, and his allies, or recommended by celebrities.[267][268]In his last full day in office, Trump granted 73 pardons and commuted 70 sentences.[269]Several Trump allies were not eligible for pardons under Justice Department rules, and in other cases the department had opposed clemency.[267]The pardons of three military service members convicted of or charged with violent crimes were opposed by military leaders.[270]
Immigration
Trump's proposed immigration policies were a topic of bitter debate during the campaign. He promised to builda wallon theMexico–U.S. borderto restrict illegal movement and vowed that Mexico would pay for it.[271]He pledged to deport millions ofillegal immigrants residing in the U.S.,[272]and criticizedbirthright citizenshipfor incentivizing "anchor babies".[273]As president, he frequently described illegal immigration as an "invasion" and conflated immigrants with the criminal gangMS-13.[274]
Trump attempted to drastically escalate immigration enforcement, including implementing harsher immigration enforcement policies against asylum seekers from Central America than any modern U.S. president.[275][276]
From 2018 onward, Trumpdeployed nearly 6,000 troops to the U.S.–Mexico border[277]to stop most Central American migrants from seeking asylum. In 2020, his administration widened thepublic charge ruleto further restrict immigrants who might use government benefits from getting permanent residency.[278]Trump reduced the number ofrefugees admittedto record lows. When Trump took office, the annual limit was 110,000; Trump set a limit of 18,000 in the 2020 fiscal year and 15,000 in the 2021 fiscal year.[279][280]Additional restrictions implemented by the Trump administration caused significant bottlenecks in processing refugee applications, resulting in fewer refugees accepted than the allowed limits.[281]
Travel ban
Following the2015 San Bernardino attack,Trump proposed to banMuslimforeigners from entering the U.S. until stronger vetting systems could be implemented.[282]He later reframed the proposed ban to apply to countries with a "proven history of terrorism".[283]
On January 27, 2017, Trump signedExecutive Order 13769,which suspended admission of refugees for 120 days and denied entry to citizens of Iraq, Iran, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen for 90 days, citing security concerns. The order took effect immediately and without warning, causing chaos at airports.[284][285]Protests began at airportsthe next day,[284][285]andlegal challengesresulted innationwide preliminary injunctions.[286]A March 6revised order,which excluded Iraq and gave other exemptions, again was blocked by federal judges in three states.[287][288]In adecision in June 2017,theSupreme Courtruled that the ban could be enforced on visitors who lack a "credible claim of abona fiderelationship with a person or entity in the United States ".[289]
The temporary order was replaced byPresidential Proclamation 9645on September 24, 2017, which restricted travel from the originally targeted countries except Iraq and Sudan, and further banned travelers from North Korea and Chad, along with certain Venezuelan officials.[290]After lower courts partially blocked the new restrictions, the Supreme Court allowed the September version to go into full effect on December 4, 2017,[291]and ultimately upheld the travel ban in a ruling in June 2019.[292]
Family separation at the border
The Trump administration separated more than 5,400 children of migrant families from their parents at the U.S.–Mexico border, a sharp increase in the number of family separations at the border starting from the summer of 2017.[293][294]In April 2018, the Trump administration announced a "zero tolerance"policy whereby adults suspected ofillegal entrywere to be detained and criminally prosecuted while their children were taken away as unaccompanied alien minors.[295][296]The policy was unprecedented in previous administrations and sparked public outrage.[297][298]Trump falsely asserted that his administration was merely following the law, blaming Democrats, despite the separations being his administration's policy.[299][300][301]
Although Trump originally argued that the separations could not be stopped by an executive order, he acceded to intense public objection and signed an executive order in June 2018, mandating that migrant families be detained together unless "there is a concern" of a risk to the child.[302][303]On June 26, 2018, JudgeDana Sabrawconcluded that the Trump administration had "no system in place to keep track of" the separated children, nor any effective measures for family communication and reunification;[304]Sabraw ordered for the families to be reunited and family separations stopped except in limited circumstances.[305]After the order, the Trump administration separated more than a thousand migrant children from their families; theACLUcontended that the Trump administration had abused its discretion and asked Sabraw to more narrowly define the circumstances warranting separation.[294]
Trump wall and government shutdown
One of Trump's central campaign promises was to build a 1,000-mile (1,600 km) border wall to Mexico and have Mexico pay for it.[306]By the end of his term, the U.S. had built "40 miles [64 km] of new primary wall and 33 miles [53 km] of secondary wall" in locations where there had been no barriers and 365 miles (587 km) of primary or secondary border fencing replacing dilapidated or outdated barriers.[307]
In 2018, Trump refused to sign anyappropriations billfrom Congress unless it allocated $5.6 billion for the border wall,[308]resulting in the federal government partially shutting down for 35 days from December 2018 to January 2019, thelongest U.S. government shutdown in history.[309][310]Around 800,000 government employees werefurloughedor worked without pay.[311]Trump and Congress ended the shutdown by approving temporary funding that provided delayed payments to government workers but no funds for the wall.[309]The shutdown resulted in an estimated permanent loss of $3 billion to the economy, according to theCongressional Budget Office.[312]About half of those polled blamed Trump for the shutdown, and Trump's approval ratings dropped.[313]
To prevent another imminent shutdown in February 2019, Congress passed and Trump signed a funding bill that included $1.375 billion for 55 miles (89 km) of bollard border fencing.[314]Trump also declared anational emergency on the southern border,intending to divert $6.1 billion of funds Congress had allocated to other purposes.[314]Trumpvetoedajoint resolutionto overturn the declaration, and the Senate voted against aveto override.[315]Legal challenges to the diversion of $2.5 billion originally meant for theDepartment of Defense's drug interdiction efforts[316][317]and $3.6 billion originally meant for military construction[318][319]were unsuccessful.
Foreign policy
Trump described himself as a "nationalist"[320]and his foreign policy as "America First".[321]He praised and supportedpopulist,neo-nationalist,and authoritarian governments.[322]Hallmarks of foreign relations during Trump's tenure included unpredictability, uncertainty, and inconsistency.[321][323]Tensions between the U.S. and its European allies were strained under Trump.[324]He criticizedNATO alliesand privately suggested on multiple occasions that the U.S. shouldwithdraw from NATO.[325][326]
Trade
Trump withdrew the U.S. from theTrans-Pacific Partnership(TPP) negotiations,[327]imposed tariffs on steel and aluminum imports,[328]and launched atrade war with Chinaby sharply increasing tariffs on 818 categories (worth $50 billion) of Chinese goods imported into the U.S.[329]While Trump said that import tariffs are paid by China into theU.S. Treasury,they are paid by American companies that import goods from China.[330]Although he pledged during the campaign to significantly reduce the U.S.'s largetrade deficits,the trade deficit skyrocketed under Trump.[331]Following a 2017–2018 renegotiation, theUnited States-Mexico-Canada Agreement(USMCA) became effective in July 2020 as the successor to NAFTA.[332]
Russia
The Trump administration weakened the toughest sanctions imposed by the U.S. against Russian entities after Russia's2014 annexation of Crimea.[333][334]Trump withdrew the U.S. from theIntermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty,citing alleged Russian non-compliance,[335]and supported a potential return of Russia to theG7.[336]
Trump repeatedly praised and rarely criticized Russian presidentVladimir Putin[337][338]but opposed some actions of the Russian government.[339][340]After he met Putin at theHelsinki Summitin 2018, Trump drew bipartisan criticism for accepting Putin's denial ofRussian interference in the 2016 presidential election,rather than accepting the findings of U.S. intelligence agencies.[341][342][343]Trump did not discuss allegedRussian bountiesoffered toTalibanfighters for attacking American soldiers in Afghanistan with Putin, saying both that he doubted the intelligence and that he was not briefed on it.[344]
China
Trump repeatedly accused China of taking unfair advantage of the U.S.[345]Helaunched a trade war against Chinathat was widely characterized as a failure,[346][347][348]sanctionedHuaweifor alleged ties to Iran,[349]significantly increased visa restrictions on Chinese students and scholars,[350]and classified China as acurrency manipulator.[351]Trump also juxtaposed verbal attacks on China with praise ofChinese Communist PartyleaderXi Jinping,[352]which was attributed to trade war negotiations.[353]After initially praising China forits handling of COVID-19,[354]he began a campaign of criticism starting in March 2020.[355]
Trump said he resisted punishing China forits human rights abusesagainst ethnic minorities in theXinjiangregion for fear of jeopardizing trade negotiations.[356]In July 2020,the Trump administration imposed sanctionsand visa restrictions against senior Chinese officials, in response to expanded massdetention campsholding more than a million of the country'sUyghurminority.[357]
North Korea
In 2017, whenNorth Korea's nuclear weaponswere increasingly seen as a serious threat,[358]Trump escalated his rhetoric, warning that North Korean aggression would be met with "fire and fury like the world has never seen".[359][360]In 2017, Trump declared that he wanted North Korea's "complete denuclearization", and engaged inname-callingwith leaderKim Jong Un.[359][361]After this period of tension, Trump and Kim exchanged at least 27 letters in which the two men described a warm personal friendship.[362][363]In March 2019, Trump lifted some U.S.sanctions against North Koreaagainst the advice of his Treasury Department.[364]
Trump, the first sitting U.S. president to meet a North Korean leader, met Kim three times:in Singaporein 2018,in Hanoiin 2019, andin the Korean Demilitarized Zonein 2019.[365]However, nodenuclearizationagreement was reached,[366]and talks in October 2019 broke down after one day.[367]While conducting no nuclear tests since 2017, North Korea continued to build up its arsenal of nuclear weapons and ballistic missiles.[368][369]
Afghanistan
U.S. troop numbers in Afghanistan increased from 8,500 in January 2017 to 14,000 a year later,[370]reversing Trump's pre-election position critical of further involvement in Afghanistan.[371]In February 2020, the Trump administration signed apeace agreement with the Taliban,which called for thewithdrawal of foreign troopsin 14 months "contingent on a guarantee from the Taliban that Afghan soil will not be used by terrorists with aims to attack the United States or its allies" and for the U.S. to seek the release of 5,000Talibanimprisoned by the Afghan government.[372][373][374]By the end of Trump's term, 5,000 Taliban had been released, and, despite the Taliban continuing attacks on Afghan forces and integratingAl-Qaedamembers into its leadership, U.S. troops had been reduced to 2,500.[374]
Israel
Trump supported many of the policies of Israeli Prime MinisterBenjamin Netanyahu.[375]Under Trump, the U.S.recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel[376]andIsraeli sovereigntyover theGolan Heights,[377]leading to international condemnation including from theUN General Assembly,European Union,andArab League.[378][379]In 2020, the White House hosted the signing of agreements, namedAbraham Accords,between Israel and theUnited Arab EmiratesandBahrainto normalize their foreign relations.[380]
Saudi Arabia
Trump actively supported theSaudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemenagainst theHouthisand in 2017 signed a $110 billion agreement to sell arms toSaudi Arabia.[381]In 2018, the U.S. provided limited intelligence and logistical support for the intervention.[382][383]Following the2019 attack on Saudi oil facilities,which the U.S. and Saudi Arabia blamed onIran,Trump approved the deployment of 3,000 additional U.S. troops, including fighter squadrons, twoPatriot batteries,and aTerminal High Altitude Area Defensesystem, to Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.[384]
Syria
Trump orderedmissile strikes in April 2017andApril 2018against the Assad regime in Syria, in retaliation for theKhan ShaykhunandDouma chemical attacks,respectively.[385][386]In December 2018, Trump declared "we have won against ISIS", contradicting Department of Defense assessments, and ordered the withdrawal of all troops from Syria.[387][388]The next day, Mattis resigned in protest, calling Trump's decision an abandonment of the U.S.'sKurdish allieswho played a key role in fighting ISIS.[389]In October 2019, after Trump spoke to Turkish presidentRecep Tayyip Erdoğan,U.S. troops in northern Syriawere withdrawn from the area and Turkeyinvaded northern Syria,attacking anddisplacingAmerican-alliedKurds.[390]Later that month, the U.S. House of Representatives, in a rare bipartisan vote of 354–60, condemned Trump's withdrawal of U.S. troops from Syria, for "abandoning U.S. allies, undermining the struggle against ISIS, and spurring a humanitarian catastrophe".[391][392]
Iran
In May 2018, Trumpwithdrew the U.S.from theJoint Comprehensive Plan of Action,the 2015 agreement that lifted most economic sanctions against Iran in return for restrictions onIran's nuclear program.[393][394]In August 2020, the Trump administration unsuccessfully attempted to use a section of the nuclear deal to have the UN reimpose sanctions against Iran.[395]Analysts determined that, after the U.S. withdrawal, Iran moved closer to developing a nuclear weapon.[396]
On January 1, 2020, Trump ordereda U.S. airstrikethat killed Iranian generalQasem Soleimani,who had planned nearly every significant Iranian andIranian-backedoperation over the preceding two decades.[397][398]One week later, Iran retaliated withballistic missile strikes against two U.S. airbasesin Iraq. Dozens of soldiers sustained traumatic brain injuries. Trump downplayed their injuries, and they were initially deniedPurple Heartsand the benefits accorded to its recipients.[399][396]
Personnel
The Trump administration had a high turnover of personnel, particularly among White House staff. By the end of Trump's first year in office, 34 percent of his original staff had resigned, been fired, or been reassigned.[400]As of early July 2018[update],61 percent of Trump's senior aides had left[401]and 141 staffers had left in the previous year.[402]Both figures set a record for recent presidents—more change in the first 13 months than his four immediate predecessors saw in their first two years.[403]Notable early departures included National Security AdvisorMichael Flynn(after just 25 days), and Press SecretarySean Spicer.[403]Close personal aides to Trump including Bannon,Hope Hicks,John McEntee,andKeith Schillerquit or were forced out.[404]Some later returned in different posts.[405]Trump publicly disparaged several of his former top officials, calling them incompetent, stupid, or crazy.[406]
Trump had fourWhite House chiefs of staff,marginalizing or pushing out several.[407]Reince Priebuswas replaced after seven months by retired Marine generalJohn F. Kelly.[408]Kelly resigned in December 2018 after a tumultuous tenure in which his influence waned, and Trump subsequently disparaged him.[409]Kelly was succeeded byMick Mulvaneyas acting chief of staff; he was replaced in March 2020 byMark Meadows.[407]
On May 9, 2017, Trumpdismissed FBI director James Comey.While initially attributing this action to Comey's conduct in the investigation aboutHillary Clinton's emails,Trump said a few days later that he was concerned with Comey's role in the ongoing Trump-Russia investigations, and that he had intended to fire Comey earlier.[410]At a private conversation in February, Trump said he hoped Comey would drop the investigation into Flynn.[411]In March and April, Trump asked Comey to "lift the cloud impairing his ability to act" by saying publicly that the FBI was not investigating him.[411][412]
Trump lost three of his 15 original cabinet members within his first year.[413]Health and Human Services secretaryTom Pricewas forced to resign in September 2017 due to excessive use of private charter jets and military aircraft.[413][404]Environmental Protection Agency administratorScott Pruittresigned in 2018 and Secretary of the InteriorRyan Zinkein January 2019 amid multiple investigations into their conduct.[414][415]
Trump was slow to appoint second-tier officials in the executive branch, saying many of the positions are unnecessary. In October 2017, there were still hundreds of sub-cabinet positions without a nominee.[416]By January 8, 2019, of 706 key positions, 433 had been filled (61 percent) and Trump had no nominee for 264 (37 percent).[417]
Judiciary
Trump appointed 226Article III judges,including 54 to thecourts of appealsandthreeto theSupreme Court:Neil Gorsuch,Brett Kavanaugh,andAmy Coney Barrett.[418]His Supreme Court nominees were noted as having politically shifted the Court to the right.[419][420][421]In the 2016 campaign, he pledged thatRoe v. Wadewould be overturned "automatically" if he were elected and provided the opportunity to appoint two or three anti-abortion justices. He later took credit whenRoewas overturned inDobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization;all three of his Supreme Court nominees voted with the majority.[422][423][424]
Trump disparaged courts and judges he disagreed with, often in personal terms, and questioned the judiciary's constitutional authority. His attacks on the courts drew rebukes from observers, including sitting federal judges, concerned about the effect of his statements on thejudicial independenceand public confidence in the judiciary.[425][426][427]
COVID-19 pandemic
Initial response
The first confirmed case ofCOVID-19in the U.S. was reported on January 20, 2020.[428]The outbreak was officially declared a public health emergency byHealth and Human Services (HHS) SecretaryAlex Azaron January 31, 2020.[429] Trump initially ignored persistent public health warnings and calls for action from health officials within his administration and Secretary Azar.[430][431]Throughout January and February he focused on economic and political considerations of the outbreak.[432]In February 2020 Trump publicly asserted that the outbreak in the U.S. was less deadly thaninfluenza,was "very much under control", and would soon be over.[433]On March 19, 2020, Trump privately toldBob Woodwardthat he was deliberately "playing it down, because I don't want to create a panic".[434][435]
By mid-March, most global financial markets hadseverely contractedin response to the pandemic.[436]On March 6, Trump signed theCoronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act,which provided $8.3 billion in emergency funding for federal agencies.[437]On March 11, theWorld Health Organization(WHO) recognized COVID-19 as apandemic,[438]and Trump announced partial travel restrictions for most of Europe, effective March 13.[439]That same day, he gave his first serious assessment of the virus in a nationwide Oval Office address, calling the outbreak "horrible" but "a temporary moment" and saying there was no financial crisis.[440]On March 13, he declared anational emergency,freeing up federal resources.[441]Trump claimed that "anybody that wants a test can get a test", despite test availability being severely limited.[442]
On April 22, Trump signed an executive order restricting some forms of immigration.[443]In late spring and early summer, with infections and deaths continuing to rise, he adopted a strategy of blaming the states rather than accepting that his initial assessments of the pandemic were overly optimistic or his failure to provide presidential leadership.[444]
White House Coronavirus Task Force
Trump established theWhite House Coronavirus Task Forceon January 29, 2020.[445]Beginning in mid-March, Trump held a daily task force press conference, joined by medical experts and other administration officials,[446]sometimes disagreeing with them by promoting unproven treatments.[447]Trump was the main speaker at the briefings, where he praised his own response to the pandemic, frequently criticized rival presidential candidate Joe Biden, and denounced the press.[446][448]On March 16, he acknowledged for the first time that the pandemic was not under control and that months of disruption to daily lives and a recession might occur.[449]His repeated use of "Chinese virus" and "China virus" to describe COVID-19 drew criticism from health experts.[450][451][452]
By early April, as the pandemic worsened and amid criticism of his administration's response, Trump refused to admit any mistakes in his handling of the outbreak, instead blaming the media, Democratic state governors, the previous administration, China, and the WHO.[453]The daily coronavirus task force briefings ended in late April, after a briefing at which Trump suggested the dangerous idea of injecting a disinfectant to treat COVID-19;[454]the comment was widely condemned by medical professionals.[455][456]
In early May, Trump proposed the phase-out of the coronavirus task force and its replacement with another group centered on reopening the economy. Amid a backlash, Trump said the task force would "indefinitely" continue.[457]By the end of May, the coronavirus task force's meetings were sharply reduced.[458]
World Health Organization
Prior to the pandemic, Trump criticized the WHO and other international bodies, which he asserted were taking advantage of U.S. aid.[459]His administration's proposed 2021 federal budget, released in February, proposed reducing WHO funding by more than half.[459]In May and April, Trump accused the WHO of "severely mismanaging" COVID-19, alleged without evidence that the organization was under Chinese control and had enabled the Chinese government's concealment of the pandemic's origins,[459][460][461]and announced that he was withdrawing funding for the organization.[459]These were seen as attempts to distract from his own mishandling of the pandemic.[459][462][463]In July 2020, Trump announced the formal withdrawal of the U.S. from the WHO, effective July 2021.[460][461]The decision was widely condemned by health and government officials as "short-sighted", "senseless", and "dangerous".[460][461]
Pressure to abandon pandemic mitigation measures
In April 2020, Republican-connected groups organizedanti-lockdown protestsagainst the measures state governments were taking to combat the pandemic;[464][465]Trump encouraged the protests on Twitter,[466]even though the targeted states did not meet the Trump administration's guidelines for reopening.[467]In April 2020, he first supported, then later criticized,GeorgiaGovernorBrian Kemp's plan to reopen some nonessential businesses.[468]Throughout the spring he increasingly pushed for ending the restrictions to reverse the damage to the country's economy.[469] Trump often refused tomaskat public events, contrary to his administration's April 2020 guidance to wear masks in public[470]and despite nearly unanimous medical consensus that masks are important to preventing spread of the virus.[471]By June, Trump had said masks were a "double-edged sword"; ridiculed Biden for wearing masks; continually emphasized that mask-wearing was optional; and suggested that wearing a mask was a political statement against him personally.[471]Trump's contradiction of medical recommendations weakened national efforts to mitigate the pandemic.[470][471]
In June and July, Trump said several times that the U.S. would have fewer cases of coronavirus if it did less testing, that having a large number of reported cases "makes us look bad".[472][473]The CDC guideline at the time was that any person exposed to the virus should be "quickly identified and tested" even if they are not showing symptoms, because asymptomatic people can still spread the virus.[474][475]In August 2020 the CDC quietly lowered its recommendation for testing, advising that people who have been exposed to the virus, but are not showing symptoms, "do not necessarily need a test". The change in guidelines was made by HHS political appointees under Trump administration pressure, against the wishes of CDC scientists.[476][477]The day after thispolitical interferencewas reported, the testing guideline was changed back to its original recommendation.[477]
Despite record numbers of COVID-19 cases in the U.S. from mid-June onward and an increasing percentage of positive test results, Trump largely continued to downplay the pandemic, including his false claim in early July 2020 that 99 percent of COVID-19 cases are "totally harmless".[478][479]He began insisting that all states should resume in-person education in the fall despite a July spike in reported cases.[480]
Political pressure on health agencies
Trump repeatedly pressured federal health agencies to take actions he favored,[476]such as approving unproven treatments[481][482]or speeding up vaccine approvals.[482]Trump administration political appointees at HHS sought to control CDC communications to the public that undermined Trump's claims that the pandemic was under control. CDC resisted many of the changes, but increasingly allowed HHS personnel to review articles and suggest changes before publication.[483][484]Trump alleged without evidence that FDA scientists were part of a "deep state"opposing him and delaying approval of vaccines and treatments to hurt him politically.[485]
Outbreak at the White House
On October 2, 2020, Trump tweeted that he had tested positive forCOVID-19,part of a White House outbreak.[486]Later that dayTrump was hospitalizedatWalter Reed National Military Medical Center,reportedly due to fever and labored breathing. He was treated with antiviral and experimental antibody drugs and a steroid. He returned to the White House on October 5, still infectious and unwell.[487][488]During and after his treatment he continued to downplay the virus.[487]In 2021, it was revealed that his condition had been far more serious; he had dangerously low blood oxygen levels, a high fever, and lung infiltrates, indicating a severe case.[488]
Effects on the 2020 presidential campaign
By July 2020, Trump's handling of the COVID-19 pandemic had become a major issue in the presidential election.[489]Biden sought to make the pandemic the central issue.[490]Polls suggested voters blamed Trump for his pandemic response[489]and disbelieved his rhetoric concerning the virus, with anIpsos/ABC Newspoll indicating 65 percent of respondents disapproved of his pandemic response.[491]In the final months of the campaign, Trump repeatedly said that the U.S. was "rounding the turn" in managing the pandemic, despite increasing cases and deaths.[492]A few days before the November 3 election, the U.S. reported more than 100,000 cases in a single day for the first time.[493]
Investigations
After he assumed office, Trump was the subject of increasing Justice Department and congressional scrutiny, with investigations covering his election campaign, transition, and inauguration, actions taken during his presidency, hisprivate businesses,personal taxes, andcharitable foundation.[494]There were ten federal criminal investigations, eight state and local investigations, and twelve congressional investigations.[495]
In April 2019, theHouse Oversight Committeeissuedsubpoenasseeking financial details from Trump's banks, Deutsche Bank andCapital One,and his accounting firm,Mazars USA.Trump sued the banks, Mazars, and committee chairElijah Cummingsto prevent the disclosures.[496]In May,DC District CourtjudgeAmit Mehtaruled that Mazars must comply with the subpoena,[497]and judgeEdgardo Ramosof theSouthern District Court of New Yorkruled that the banks must also comply.[498][499]Trump's attorneys appealed.[500]In September 2022, the committee and Trump agreed to a settlement about Mazars, and the accounting firm began turning over documents.[501]
Russian election interference
In January 2017, American intelligence agencies—theCIA,theFBI,and theNSA,represented by theDirector of National Intelligence—jointly stated with "high confidence"that the Russian government interfered in the 2016 presidential election to favor the election of Trump.[502][503]In March 2017, FBI DirectorJames Comeytold Congress, "[T]he FBI, as part of our counterintelligence mission, is investigating the Russian government's efforts to interfere in the 2016 presidential election. That includes investigating the nature of any links between individuals associated with the Trump campaign and the Russian government, and whether there was any coordination between the campaign and Russia's efforts."[504]
Many suspicious[505]links between Trump associates and Russian officials and spieswere discovered and the relationships between Russians and "team Trump", including Manafort, Flynn, and Stone, were widely reported by the press.[506][507][508][509]Members of Trump's campaign and his White House staff, particularly Flynn, were in contact with Russian officials both before and after the election.[510][511]On December 29, 2016, Flynn talked with Russian AmbassadorSergey Kislyakabout sanctions that were imposed that same day; Flynn later resigned in the midst of controversy over whether he misled Pence.[512]Trump told Kislyak andSergei Lavrovin May 2017 he was unconcerned about Russian interference in U.S. elections.[513]
Trump and his allies promoteda conspiracy theorythat Ukraine, rather than Russia, interfered in the 2016 election—which was also promoted by Russia toframeUkraine.[514]
FBI Crossfire Hurricane and 2017 counterintelligence investigations
In July 2016, the FBI launched an investigation, codenamedCrossfire Hurricane,into possible links between Russia and the Trump campaign.[515]After Trump fired FBI director James Comey in May 2017, the FBI opened a counterintelligence investigation into Trump's personal andbusiness dealings with Russia.[516]Crossfire Hurricane was transferred to the Mueller investigation,[517]but Deputy Attorney GeneralRod Rosensteinended the investigation into Trump's direct ties to Russia while giving the bureau the false impression that theRobert Mueller's special counsel investigation would pursue the matter.[518][519]
Mueller investigation
In May 2017, Rosenstein appointed former FBI director Muellerspecial counselfor theDepartment of Justice(DOJ), ordering him to "examine 'any links and/or coordination between the Russian government' and the Trump campaign". He privately told Mueller to restrict the investigation to criminal matters "in connection with Russia's 2016 election interference".[518]The special counsel also investigated whether Trump'sdismissal of James Comeyas FBI director constituted obstruction of justice[520]and the Trump campaign's possible ties to Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates,Turkey,Qatar,Israel, and China.[521]Trump sought to fire Mueller and shut down the investigation multiple times but backed down after his staff objected or after changing his mind.[522]
In March 2019, Mueller gavehis final reportto Attorney GeneralWilliam Barr,[523]which Barr purported to summarizein a letter to Congress.A federal court, and Mueller himself, said Barr mischaracterized the investigation's conclusions and, in so doing, confused the public.[524][525][526]Trump repeatedly claimed that the investigation exonerated him; the Mueller report expressly stated that it did not.[527]
A redacted version of the report, publicly released in April 2019, found that Russia interfered in 2016 to favor Trump.[528]Despite "numerous links between the Russian government and the Trump campaign", the report found that the prevailing evidence "did not establish" that Trump campaign members conspired or coordinated with Russian interference.[529][530]The report revealed sweeping Russian interference[530]and detailed how Trump and his campaign welcomed and encouraged it, believing it would benefit them electorally.[531][532][533][534]
The report also detailed multiple acts of potential obstruction of justice by Trump but "did not draw ultimate conclusions about the President's conduct".[535][536]Investigators decided they could not "apply an approach that could potentially result in a judgment that the President committed crimes" as anOffice of Legal Counselopinion stated that a sitting president could not be indicted,[537]and investigators would not accuse him of a crime when he cannot clear his name in court.[538]The report concluded that Congress, having the authority to take action against a president for wrongdoing, "may apply the obstruction laws".[537]The House of Representatives subsequently launched animpeachment inquiryfollowing theTrump–Ukraine scandal,but did not pursue an article of impeachment related to the Mueller investigation.[539][540]
Several Trump associates pleaded guilty or were convicted in connection with Mueller's investigation and related cases, including Manafort[541]and Flynn.[542][543]Trump's former attorneyMichael Cohenpleaded guilty to lying to Congress about Trump's 2016 attempts to reach a deal with Russia to builda Trump Tower in Moscow.Cohen said he had made the false statements on behalf of Trump.[544]In February 2020, Stone was sentenced to 40 months in prison for lying to Congress and witness tampering. The sentencing judge said Stone "was prosecuted for covering up for the president".[545]
First impeachment
In August 2019, awhistleblowerfiled a complaint with theInspector General of the Intelligence Communityabout a July 25 phone call between Trump and President of UkraineVolodymyr Zelenskyy,during which Trump had pressured Zelenskyy to investigate CrowdStrike and Democratic presidential candidate Biden and his sonHunter.[546]The whistleblower said that the White House had attempted to cover up the incident and that the call was part of a wider campaign by the Trump administration and Trump attorneyRudy Giulianithat may have included withholding financial aid from Ukraine in July 2019 and canceling Pence's May 2019 Ukraine trip.[547]
House SpeakerNancy Pelosiinitiateda formal impeachment inquiryon September 24.[548]Trump then confirmed that he withheld military aid from Ukraine, offering contradictory reasons for the decision.[549][550]On September 25, the Trump administration released a memorandum of the phone call which confirmed that, after Zelenskyy mentioned purchasing American anti-tank missiles, Trump asked him to discuss investigating Biden and his son with Giuliani and Barr.[546][551]The testimony of multiple administration officials and former officials confirmed that this was part of a broader effort to further Trump's personal interests by giving him an advantage in the upcoming presidential election.[552]In October,William B. Taylor Jr.,thechargé d'affaires for Ukraine,testified before congressional committees that soon after arriving in Ukraine in June 2019, he found that Zelenskyy was being subjected to pressure directed by Trump and led by Giuliani. According to Taylor and others, the goal was to coerce Zelenskyy into making a public commitment to investigate the company that employed Hunter Biden, as well as rumors about Ukrainian involvement in the 2016 U.S. presidential election.[553]He said it was made clear that until Zelenskyy made such an announcement, the administration would not release scheduled military aid for Ukraine and not invite Zelenskyy to the White House.[554]
On December 13, theHouse Judiciary Committeevoted along party lines to pass two articles of impeachment: one forabuse of powerand one forobstruction of Congress.[555]After debate, the House of RepresentativesimpeachedTrump on both articles on December 18.[556]
Impeachment trial in the Senate
During the trial in January 2020, the House impeachment managers cited evidence to support charges of abuse of power and obstruction of Congress and asserted that Trump's actions were exactly what the founding fathers had in mind when they created the impeachment process.[557]
Trump's lawyers did not deny the facts as presented in the charges but said Trump had not broken any laws or obstructed Congress.[558]They argued that the impeachment was "constitutionally and legally invalid" because Trump was not charged with a crime and that abuse of power is not an impeachable offense.[558]
On January 31, the Senate voted against allowing subpoenas for witnesses or documents.[559]The impeachment trial was the first in U.S. history without witness testimony.[560]
Trump was acquitted of both charges by the Republican majority. SenatorMitt Romneywas the only Republican who voted to convict Trump on one charge, the abuse of power.[561]Following his acquittal, Trump fired impeachment witnesses and other political appointees and career officials he deemed insufficiently loyal.[562]
2020 presidential campaign
Breaking with precedent, Trump filed to run for a second term within a few hours of assuming the presidency.[563]He held his first reelection rally less than a month after taking office[564]and officially became theRepublican nomineein August 2020.[565]
In his first two years in office, Trump's reelection committee reported raising $67.5 million and began 2019 with $19.3 million in cash.[566]By July 2020, the Trump campaign and the Republican Party had raised $1.1 billion and spent $800 million, losing their cash advantage over Biden.[567]The cash shortage forced the campaign to scale back advertising spending.[568]
Trump campaign advertisements focused on crime, claiming that cities would descend into lawlessness if Biden won.[569]Trump repeatedly misrepresented Biden's positions[570][571]and shifted to appeals to racism.[572]
2020 presidential election
Starting in the spring of 2020, Trump began to sow doubts about the election, claiming without evidence that the election would be rigged and that the expected widespread use of mail balloting would produce massive election fraud.[573][574]When, in August, the House of Representatives voted for a $25 billion grant to the U.S. Postal Service for the expected surge in mail voting, Trump blocked funding, saying he wanted to prevent any increase in voting by mail.[575]He repeatedly refused to say whether he would accept the results if he lost and commit to apeaceful transition of power.[576][577]
Biden won the election on November 3, receiving 81.3 million votes (51.3 percent) to Trump's 74.2 million (46.8 percent)[578][579]and 306Electoral Collegevotes to Trump's 232.[580]
False claims of voting fraud, attempt to prevent presidential transition
At 2 a.m. the morning after the election, with the results still unclear, Trump declared victory.[581]After Biden was projected the winner days later, Trump stated that "this election is far from over" and baselessly alleged election fraud.[582]Trump and his allies filed manylegal challenges to the results,which were rejected by at least 86 judges in both thestateandfederal courts,including by federal judges appointed by Trump himself, finding no factual or legal basis.[583][584]Trump's allegations were also refuted by state election officials.[585]AfterCybersecurity and Infrastructure Security AgencydirectorChris Krebscontradicted Trump's fraud allegations, Trump dismissed him on November 17.[586]On December 11, the U.S. Supreme Court declined to heara case from the Texas attorney generalthat asked the court to overturn the election results in four states won by Biden.[587]
Trump withdrew from public activities in the weeks following the election.[588]He initially blocked government officials from cooperating inBiden's presidential transition.[589][590]After three weeks, the administrator of theGeneral Services Administrationdeclared Biden the "apparent winner" of the election, allowing the disbursement of transition resources to his team.[591]Trump still did not formally concede while claiming he recommended the GSA begin transition protocols.[592][593]
The Electoral College formalized Biden's victory on December 14.[580]From November to January, Trump repeatedly sought help tooverturn the results,personally pressuring Republican local and state office-holders,[594]Republican state and federal legislators,[595]the Justice Department,[596]and Vice President Pence,[597]urging various actions such asreplacing presidential electors,or a request for Georgia officials to "find" votes and announce a "recalculated" result.[595]On February 10, 2021, Georgia prosecutors opened a criminal investigation into Trump's efforts to subvert the election in Georgia.[598]
Trump did not attend Biden's inauguration.[599]
Concern about a possible coup attempt or military action
In December 2020,Newsweekreportedthe Pentagonwas on red alert, and ranking officers had discussed what to do if Trump declaredmartial law.The Pentagon responded with quotes from defense leaders that the military has no role in the outcome of elections.[600]
When Trump moved supporters into positions of power at the Pentagon after the November 2020 election, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of StaffMark Milleyand CIA directorGina Haspelbecame concerned about a possiblecoupattempt or military action against China or Iran.[601][602]Milley insisted that he should be consulted about any military orders from Trump, including the use of nuclear weapons.[603][604]In 2024, Milley called Trump the "most dangerous person ever".[605]
January 6 Capitol attack
On January 6, 2021, whilecongressional certification of the presidential election resultswas taking place in the U.S. Capitol, Trump held a noon rally atthe Ellipse,Washington, D.C.. He called for the election result to be overturned and urged his supporters to "take back our country" by marching to the Capitol to "fight like hell".[606][607]Many supporters did, joining a crowd already there. The mob broke into the building, disrupting certification and causing the evacuation of Congress.[608]During the violence, Trump posted messages onTwitterwithout asking the rioters to disperse. At 6p.m., Trump tweeted that the rioters should "go home with love & in peace", calling them "great patriots" and repeating that the election was stolen.[609]After the mob was removed, Congress reconvened and confirmed Biden's win in the early hours of the following morning.[610]According to the Department of Justice, more than 140 police officers were injured, and five people died.[611][612]
In March 2023, Trump collaborated with incarcerated rioters on asong to benefit the prisoners,and, in June, he said that, if elected, he would pardon many of them.[613]
Second impeachment
On January 11, 2021, an article of impeachment charging Trump withincitement of insurrectionagainst the U.S. government was introduced to the House.[614]The House voted 232–197 to impeach Trump on January 13, making him the first U.S. president to be impeached twice.[615]Ten Republicans voted for the impeachment—the most members of a party ever to vote to impeach a president of their own party.[616]
On February 13, following afive-day Senate trial,Trump was acquitted when the Senate vote fell ten votes short of the two-thirds majority required to convict; seven Republicans joined every Democrat in voting to convict, the most bipartisan support in any Senate impeachment trial of a president or former president.[617][618]Most Republicans voted to acquit Trump, although some held him responsible but felt the Senate did not have jurisdiction over former presidents (Trump had left office on January 20; the Senate voted 56–44 that the trial was constitutional).[619]
Post-presidency (2021–present)
At the end of his term, Trump went to live at his Mar-a-Lago club and established an office as provided for by theFormer Presidents Act.[59][620][621]Trump isentitled to livethere legally as a club employee.[622][623]
Trump's false claimsconcerning the 2020 election were commonly referred to as the "big lie"in the press and by his critics. In May 2021, Trump and his supporters attempted to co-opt the term, using it to refer to the election itself.[624][625]The Republican Party used Trump's false election narrative to justify theimposition of new voting restrictionsin its favor.[625][626]As late as July 2022, Trump was still pressuring state legislators to overturn the 2020 election.[627]
Unlike other former presidents, Trump continued to dominate his party; he has been described as a modernparty boss.He continued fundraising, raising more than twice as much as the Republican Party itself, and profited from fundraisers many Republican candidates held at Mar-a-Lago. Much of his focus was on how elections are run and on ousting election officials who had resisted his attempts to overturn the 2020 election results. In the2022 midterm electionshe endorsed over 200 candidates for various offices,most of whom supportedhis false claim that the 2020 presidential election was stolen from him.[628][629][630]
Business activities
In February 2021, Trump registered a new company,Trump Media & Technology Group(TMTG), for providing "social networking services" to U.S. customers.[631][632]In March 2024, TMTG merged withspecial-purpose acquisition companyDigital World Acquisitionand became apublic company.[633]In February 2022, TMTG launchedTruth Social,a social media platform.[634]As of March 2023[update],Trump Media, which had taken $8 million from Russia-connected entities, was being investigated by federal prosecutors for possible money laundering.[635][636]
Investigations, criminal indictments and convictions, civil lawsuits
Trump isthe only U.S. president or former presidentto be convicted of a crime and the first major-party candidate to run for president after a felony conviction.[637]He faces numerous criminal charges and civil cases.[638][639]
FBI investigations
When Trump left the White House in January 2021, he took government materials with him to Mar-a-Lago. By May 2021, theNational Archives and Records Administration(NARA) realized that important documents had not been turned over to them and asked his office to locate them. In January 2022, they retrieved 15 boxes of White House records from Mar-a-Lago. NARA later informed the Department of Justice that some of the retrieved documents were classified material.[640]The Justice Department began an investigation[641]and sent Trump a subpoena for additional material.[640]Justice Department officials visited Mar-a-Lago and received some classified documents from Trump's lawyers,[640]one of whom signed a statement affirming that all material marked as classified had been returned.[642]
On August 8, 2022, FBI agents searched Mar-a-Lago to recover government documents and material Trump had taken with him when he left office in violation of thePresidential Records Act,[643][644]reportedly including some related to nuclear weapons.[645]The search warrant indicates an investigation of potential violations of the Espionage Act and obstruction of justice laws.[646]The items taken in the search included 11 sets of classified documents, four of them tagged as "top secret" and one as "top secret/SCI", the highest level of classification.[643][644]
On November 18, 2022, U.S. attorney generalMerrick Garlandappointed federal prosecutorJack Smithas aspecial counselto oversee the federal criminal investigations into Trump retaining government property at Mar-a-Lago andexamining Trump's role in the events leading up to the Capitol attack.[647][648]
Criminal referral by the House January 6 Committee
On December 19, 2022, theUnited States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attackrecommended criminal charges against Trump forobstructing an official proceeding,conspiracy to defraud the United States, and inciting or assisting an insurrection.[649]
Federal and state criminal indictments
In December 2022, following a jury trial, the Trump Organization wasconvicted on 17 countsof criminal tax fraud, conspiracy, and falsifying business records in connection with a tax-fraud scheme stretching over 15 years. In January 2023, the organization was fined the maximum $1.6 million, and its chief financial officerAllen Weisselbergwas sentenced to jail and probation after a plea deal. Trump was not personally charged in the case.[650][651]
In June 2023, following aspecial counsel investigation,afederal grand juryin Miami indicted Trump on 31 counts of "willfully retaining national defense information" under theEspionage Act,one count ofmaking false statements,and one count each of conspiracy to obstruct justice, withholding government documents, corruptly concealing records, concealing a document in a federal investigation and scheming to conceal their efforts.[652]He pleaded not guilty.[653]A superseding indictment the following month added three charges.[654]The judge assigned to the case,Aileen Cannon,was appointed to the bench by Trump and had previously issued rulings favorable to him in apast civil case,some of which were overturned by an appellate court.[655]She moved slowly on the case, indefinitely postponed the trial in May 2024, and dismissed it on July 15, ruling that the special counsel's appointment was unconstitutional.[656]On August 26, Special Counsel Smith appealed the dismissal.[657]
On August 1, 2023, a Washington, D.C., federal grand jury indicted Trump for his efforts to overturn the 2020 election results. He was charged with conspiring todefraud the U.S.,obstruct the certification of the Electoral College vote, anddeprive voters of the civil rightto have their votes counted, andobstructing an official proceeding.[658]Trump pleaded not guilty.[659]
Later in August, aFulton County, Georgia,grand jury indicted Trump on 13 charges, including racketeering, for his efforts to subvert the election outcome in Georgia; multiple Trump campaign officials were also indicted.[660][661]Trump surrendered,was processedat Fulton County Jail, and was released on bail pending trial.[662]He pleaded not guilty.[663]On March 13, 2024, the judge dismissed three of the 13 charges against Trump.[664]
Criminal conviction in the 2016 campaign fraud case
During the 2016 presidential election campaign,American Media, Inc.(AMI), publisher of theNational Enquirer,[665]and a company set up by Cohen paidPlayboymodelKaren McDougaland adult film actressStormy Danielsfor keeping silent about their alleged affairs with Trump between 2006 and 2007.[666]Cohen pleaded guilty in 2018 to breaking campaign finance laws, saying he had arranged both payments at Trump's direction to influence the presidential election.[667]Trump denied the affairs and said he was not aware of Cohen's payment to Daniels, but he reimbursed him in 2017.[668][669]Federal prosecutors asserted that Trump had been involved in discussions regarding non-disclosure payments as early as 2014.[670]Court documents showed that the FBI believed Trump was directly involved in the payment to Daniels, based on calls he had with Cohen in October 2016.[671][672]Federal prosecutors closed the investigation in 2019,[673]but in 2021, theNew York State Attorney General's OfficeandManhattan District Attorney's Officeopened a criminal investigations into Trump's business activities.[674]The Manhattan DA's Office subpoenaed the Trump Organization and AMI for records related to the payments[675]and Trump and the Trump Organization for eight years of tax returns.[676]
In March 2023, a New York grand jury indicted Trump on 34 felony counts offalsifying business recordsto book the hush money payments to Daniels as business expenses, in an attempt to influence the 2016 election.[677][678][679]The trial began in April 2024, and in May a jury convicted Trump on all 34 counts.[680]Sentencing is set for November 26, 2024.[681]
Civil judgments against Trump
In September 2022, the attorney general of New York filed a civil fraud case against Trump, his three oldest children, and the Trump Organization.[682]During the investigation leading up to the lawsuit, Trump was fined $110,000 for failing to turn over records subpoenaed by the attorney general.[683]In an August 2022deposition,Trump invoked hisFifth Amendment right against self-incriminationmore than 400 times.[684]The presiding judge ruled in September 2023 that Trump, his adult sons and the Trump Organization repeatedly committed fraud and ordered their New York business certificates canceled and their business entities sent into receivership for dissolution.[685]In February 2024, the court found Trump liable, ordered him to pay a penalty of more than $350 million plus interest, for a total exceeding $450 million, and barred him from serving as an officer or director of any New York corporation or legal entity for three years. Trump said he would appeal the verdict. The judge also ordered the company to be overseen by the monitor appointed by the court in 2023 and an independent director of compliance, and that any "restructuring and potential dissolution" would be the decision of the monitor.[686]
In May 2023, a New York jury in a federal lawsuit brought by journalistE. Jean Carrollin 2022 ( "Carroll II" ) found Trump liable for sexual abuse and defamation and ordered him to pay her $5 million.[687]Trump asked for a new trial or a reduction of the award, arguing that the jury had not found him liable for rape. He also separately countersued Carroll for defamation. The judge for the two lawsuits ruled against Trump,[688][689]writing that Carroll's accusation of "rape" is "substantially true".[690]Trump appealed both decisions.[688][691]In January 2024, the jury in the defamation case brought by Carroll in 2019 ( "Carroll I" ) ordered Trump to pay Carroll $83.3 million in damages. In March, Trump posted a $91.6 million bond and appealed.[692]
2024 presidential campaign
On November 15, 2022, Trump announced his candidacy for the2024 presidential electionand set up a fundraising account.[693][694]In March 2023, the campaign began diverting 10 percent of the donations to Trump'sleadership PAC.Trump's campaign had paid $100 million towards his legal bills by March 2024.[695][696]
In December 2023, the Colorado Supreme Court ruled Trump disqualified for the Colorado Republican primary for his role in inciting the January 6, 2021, attack on Congress. In March 2024, the U.S. Supreme Courtrestored his name to the ballotin a unanimous decision, ruling that Colorado lacks the authority to enforceSection 3 of the 14th Amendment,which bars insurrectionists from holding federal office.[697]
During the campaign, Trump made increasingly violent and authoritarian statements.[698][699][700][701]He also said that he would weaponize the FBI and the Justice Department against his political opponents,[702][703]and used harsher, more dehumanizing anti-immigrant rhetoric than during his presidency.[704][705][706][707]He mentioned "rigged election" and "election interference" earlier and more frequently than in the 2016 and 2020 campaigns and refused to commit to accepting the 2024 election results;[708][709]analysts forThe New York Timesdescribed this as an intensification of Trump's "heads I win; tails you cheated" rhetorical strategy.[709]
On July 13, 2024, Trump's ear was grazed by a bullet[710]in an assassination attemptat a campaign rally inButler Township, Pennsylvania.[711][712]The campaign declined to disclose medical records.[713]Two days later, the2024 Republican National Conventionnominated Trump as their presidential candidate, with SenatorJD Vanceas his running mate.[714]
Public image
Scholarly assessment and public approval surveys
In theC-SPAN"Presidential Historians Survey 2021",[715]historians ranked Trump as the fourth-worst president. He rated lowest in the leadership characteristics categories for moral authority and administrative skills.[716][717]TheSiena College Research Institute's 2022 surveyranked Trump43rd out of 45 presidents. He was ranked near the bottom in all categories except for luck, willingness to take risks, and party leadership, and he ranked last in several categories.[718]In 2018 and 2024, surveys of members of theAmerican Political Science Associationranked Trump the worst president in American history.[719][720]
Trump was the only president never to reach a 50 percent approval rating in the Gallup poll, which dates to 1938. His approval ratings showed a record-high partisan gap: 88 percent among Republicans and 7 percent among Democrats.[721]Until September 2020, the ratings were unusually stable, reaching a high of 49 percent and a low of 35 percent.[722]Trump finished his term with an approval rating between 29 and 34 percent—the lowest of any president since modern polling began—and a record-low average of 41 percent throughout his presidency.[721][723]
InGallup's annual pollasking Americans to name the man they admire the most, Trump placed second to Obama in 2017 and 2018, tied with Obama for first in 2019, and placed first in 2020.[724][725]SinceGallupstarted conducting the poll in 1948, Trump is the first elected president not to be named most admired in his first year in office.[726]
A Gallup poll in 134 countries comparing the approval ratings of U.S. leadership between 2016 and 2017 found that Trump led Obama in job approval in only 29 countries, most of them non-democracies;[727]approval of U.S. leadership plummeted among allies and G7 countries. Overall ratings were similar to those in the last two years of theGeorge W. Bush presidency.[728]By mid-2020, only 16 percent of international respondents to a 13-nationPew Researchpoll expressed confidence in Trump, lower than China'sXi Jinpingand Russia'sVladimir Putin.[729]
False or misleading statements
As a candidate and as president, Trump frequently made false statements in public remarks[733][154]to an extent unprecedented inAmerican politics.[733][734][735]His falsehoods became a distinctive part of his political identity.[734]
Trump's false and misleading statements were documented byfact-checkers,including atThe Washington Post,which tallied 30,573 false or misleading statements made by Trump over his four-year term.[730]Trump's falsehoods increased in frequency over time, rising from about six false or misleading claims per day in his first year as president to 39 per day in his final year.[736]
Some of Trump's falsehoods were inconsequential, such as his repeated claim of the "biggest inaugural crowd ever".[737][738]Others had more far-reaching effects, such as his promotion of antimalarial drugs as an unproven treatment for COVID-19,[739][740]causing a U.S. shortage of these drugs andpanic-buyingin Africa and South Asia.[741][742]Other misinformation, such as misattributing a rise in crime inEngland and Walesto the "spread of radical Islamic terror", served Trump's domestic political purposes.[743]Trump habitually does not apologize for his falsehoods.[744]
Until 2018, the media rarely referred to Trump's falsehoods as lies, including when he repeated demonstrably false statements.[745][746][747]
In 2020, Trump was a significant source of disinformation on mail-in voting and the COVID-19 pandemic.[748][749]His attacks on mail-in ballots and other election practices weakened public faith in the integrity of the 2020 presidential election,[750][751]while his disinformation about the pandemic delayed and weakened the national response to it.[431][748]
Promotion of conspiracy theories
Before and throughout his presidency, Trump promoted numerous conspiracy theories, includingObama birtherism,theClinton body count conspiracy theory,the conspiracy theory movementQAnon,theGlobal warming hoaxtheory,Trump Tower wiretapping allegations,aJohn F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theoryinvolvingRafael Cruz,alleged foul-play in the death of JusticeAntonin Scalia,alleged Ukrainian interference in U.S. elections,thatOsama bin Laden was aliveand Obama and Biden had members ofNavy SEAL Team 6killed,[752][753][754][755][756]and linking talk show hostJoe Scarboroughto the death of a staffer.[757]In at least two instances, Trump clarified to press that he believed the conspiracy theory in question.[754]
During and since the 2020 presidential election, Trump promoted various conspiracy theories for his defeat including dead people voting,[758]voting machines changing or deleting Trump votes, fraudulent mail-in voting, throwing out Trump votes, and "finding" suitcases full of Biden votes.[759][760]
Incitement of violence
Research suggests Trump's rhetoric may have caused an increased incidence of hate crimes.[761][762]During his 2016 campaign, he urged or praised physical attacks against protesters or reporters.[763][764]Numerous defendants investigated or prosecuted for violent acts and hate crimes, including participants of the January 6, 2021, storming of the U.S. Capitol, cited Trump's rhetoric in arguing that they were not culpable or should receive leniency.[765][766]A nationwide review by ABC News in May 2020 identified at least 54 criminal cases from August 2015 to April 2020 in which Trump was invoked in direct connection with violence or threats of violence mostly by white men and primarily against minorities.[767]
Social media
Trump's social media presence attracted worldwide attention after he joined Twitter in 2009. He tweeted frequently during his 2016 campaign and as president until Twitter banned him after the January 6 attack, in the final days of his term.[768]Trump often used Twitter to communicate directly with the public and sideline the press.[769]In June 2017, the White House press secretary said that Trump's tweets were official presidential statements.[770]
After years of criticism for allowing Trump to post misinformation and falsehoods, Twitter began to tag some of his tweets with fact-checks in May 2020.[771]In response, Trump tweeted that social media platforms "totally silence" conservatives and that he would "strongly regulate, or close them down".[772]In the days after the storming of the Capitol, Trump was banned fromFacebook,Instagram,Twitter and other platforms.[773]The loss of his social media presence diminished his ability to shape events[774][775]and prompted a dramatic decrease in the volume of misinformation shared on Twitter.[776]Trump's early attempts to re-establish a social media presence were unsuccessful.[777]In February 2022, he launched social media platformTruth Socialwhere he only attracted a fraction of his Twitter following.[778]Elon Musk,afteracquiring Twitter,reinstated Trump's Twitter account in November 2022.[779][780]Meta Platforms' two-year ban lapsed in January 2023, allowing Trump to return to Facebook and Instagram,[781]although in 2024 Trump continued to call the company an "enemy of the people."[782]
Relationship with the press
Trump sought media attention throughout his career, sustaining a "love-hate" relationship with the press.[783]In the 2016 campaign, Trump benefited from a record amount of free media coverage, elevating his standing in the Republican primaries.[151]The New York TimeswriterAmy Chozickwrote in 2018 that Trump's media dominance enthralled the public and created "must-see TV."[784]
As a candidate and as president, Trump frequently accused the press of bias, calling it the "fake news media" and "theenemy of the people".[785][786]In 2018, journalistLesley Stahlsaid that Trump had privately told her that he intentionally discredited the media "so when you write negative stories about me no one will believe you".[787]
As president, Trump mused about revoking the press credentials of journalists he viewed as critical.[788]His administration moved to revoke the press passes of two White House reporters, which were restored by the courts.[789]The Trump White House held about a hundred formal press briefings in 2017, declining by half during 2018 and to two in 2019.[789]
Trump also deployed the legal system to intimidate the press.[790]In early 2020, the Trump campaign suedThe New York Times,The Washington Post,and CNN for defamation in opinion pieces about Russian election interference.[791][792]All the suits were dismissed.[793][794][795]
Racial views
Many of Trump's comments and actions have been considered racist.[796][797][798]In national polling, about half of respondents said that Trump is racist; a greater proportion believed that he emboldened racists.[799][800]Several studies and surveys found that racist attitudes fueled Trump's political ascent and were more important than economic factors in determining the allegiance of Trump voters.[801][802]Racist andIslamophobicattitudes are a powerful indicator of support for Trump.[803]
In 1975, he settled a 1973 Department of Justice lawsuit that allegedhousing discriminationagainst black renters.[50]He has also been accused of racism for insisting a group of black and Latino teenagers were guilty of raping a white woman in the 1989Central Park jogger case,even after they were exonerated by DNA evidence in 2002. As of 2019, he maintained this position.[804]
In 2011, when he was reportedly considering a presidential run, he became the leading proponent of the racist"birther" conspiracy theory,alleging that Barack Obama, the first black U.S. president, was not born in the U.S.[805][806]In April, he claimed credit for pressuring the White House to publish the "long-form" birth certificate, which he considered fraudulent, and later said this made him "very popular".[807][808]In September 2016, amid pressure, he acknowledged that Obama was born in the U.S.[809]In 2017, he reportedly expressed birther views privately.[810]
According to an analysis inPolitical Science Quarterly,Trump made "explicitly racist appeals to whites" during his 2016 presidential campaign.[811]In particular, his campaign launch speech drew widespread criticism for claiming Mexican immigrants were "bringing drugs, they're bringing crime, they're rapists".[812][813]His later comments about a Mexican-American judge presiding over a civil suit regardingTrump Universitywere also criticized as racist.[814]
Trump's comments on the 2017Unite the Right rally,condemning "this egregious display of hatred, bigotry and violence on many sides" and stating that there were "very fine people on both sides", were widely criticized as implying amoral equivalencebetween thewhite supremacistdemonstrators and the counter-protesters.[815][816][817][818]
In a January 2018 discussion of immigration legislation, Trump reportedly referred to El Salvador, Haiti, Honduras, and African nations as "shithole countries".[819]His remarks were condemned as racist.[820][821]
In July 2019, Trump tweeted that four Democratic congresswomen—all from minorities, three of whom are native-born Americans—should "go back"to the countries they" came from ".[822]Two days later the House of Representatives voted 240–187, mostly along party lines, to condemn his "racist comments".[823]White nationalistpublications and social media praised his remarks, which continued over the following days.[824]Trump continued to make similar remarks during his 2020 campaign.[825]
Misogyny and allegations of sexual misconduct
Trump has a history of insulting and belittling women when speaking to the media and on social media.[826][827]He made lewd comments, disparaged women's physical appearances, and referred to them using derogatory epithets.[827][828][829][830]At least 26 women publicly accused Trump of rape, kissing, and groping without consent; looking under women's skirts; and walking in on naked teenage pageant contestants.[831][832][833]Trump has denied the allegations.[833]
In October 2016, two days before thesecond presidential debate,a 2005 "hot mic"recording surfaced in whichTrump braggedabout kissing and groping women without their consent, saying that "when you're a star, they let you do it. You can do anything.... Grab 'em by thepussy."[834]The incident's widespread media exposure led to Trump's first public apology during the campaign[835]and caused outrage across the political spectrum.[836]
Popular culture
Trump has been the subject of comedy and caricature on television, in films, and in comics. He was named in hundreds ofhip hopsongs from 1989 until 2015; most of these cast Trump in a positive light, but they turned largely negative after he began running for office.[837]
Notes
- ^Presidential elections in the U.S. are decided by theElectoral College.Each state names a number of electors equal to its representation inCongressand (in most states) all electors vote for the winner of their state's popular vote.
References
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- ^Kranish & Fisher 2017,p.38.
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- ^"Donald John Trump's Selective Service Draft Card and Selective Service Classification Ledger".National Archives.March 14, 2019.RetrievedSeptember 23,2019.– viaFreedom of Information Act (FOIA)
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