Gilda Susan Radner(June 28, 1946 – May 20, 1989) was an American actress and comedian. She was one of the sevenoriginal cast membersof the "Not Ready for Prime Time Players" on theNBCsketch comedyseriesSaturday Night Livefrom its inception in1975until her departure in1980.In her routines onSNL,she specialized in parodies of television stereotypes, such as advice specialists and news anchors. In 1978, Radner won anEmmy Awardfor her performances on the show. She also portrayed those characters in her highly successful one-woman show onBroadwayin 1979. Radner'sSNLwork established her as an iconic figure in the history of American comedy.
Gilda Radner | |
|---|---|
 Radner asRoseanne Roseannadannain 1980 | |
| Born | Gilda Susan Radner June 28, 1946 |
| Died | May 20, 1989(aged 42) Los Angeles,California,U.S. |
| Education | University of Michigan |
| Occupations |
|
| Years active | 1972–1989 |
| Spouses | |
| Relatives | Steve Ballmer(second cousin) |
She died ofovarian cancerin 1989. Her autobiography dealt frankly with her life, work, and personal struggles, including her struggles with the illness. Her widower,Gene Wilder,carried out her wish that information about her illness would be used to help other cancer victims, founding—and inspiring the founding of—organizations that emphasize early diagnosis, attention to hereditary factors and support for cancer patients.
Posthumously, Radner won aGrammy Awardin 1990, was inducted into theMichigan Women's Hall of Famein 1992, and received a star on theHollywood Walk of Famein 2003.
Early life
editRadner was born inDetroit, Michigan,toJewishparents, Henrietta (née Dworkin), a legal secretary, and Herman Radner, a businessman.[1][2]In Radner's autobiography she stated, “I was named after my grandmother whose name began withG,but 'Gilda' came directly fromthe moviewith Glenn Ford and Rita Hayworth.”[3]Through her mother, Radner was a second cousin of business executiveSteve Ballmer.[4]She grew up in Detroit with a nanny, Elizabeth Clementine Gillies, whom she called "Dibby" (and upon whom she based her famous characterEmily Litella),[5]and an older brother, Michael. She attended the exclusiveUniversity Liggett Schoolin Detroit.
Toward the end of her life, Radner wrote in her autobiography,It's Always Something,that during her childhood and young adulthood she had battled numerous eating disorders: "I coped with stress by having every possible eating disorder from the time I was nine years old. I have weighed as much as 160 pounds and as little as 93. When I was a kid, I overate constantly. My weight distressed my mother and she took me to a doctor who put me onDexedrinediet pills when I was ten years old. "[6]
Radner was close to her father, who operated Detroit's Seville Hotel, where many nightclub performers and actors stayed while performing in the city.[7]He took her on trips to New York to seeBroadwayshows.[8]As Radner wrote inIt's Always Something,when she was 12, her father developed abrain tumor.The first symptoms came on suddenly: he told people that his glasses were too tight.[9]Within days, he was bedridden and unable to communicate, and remained in that condition until his death two years later.[9]
In 1964, Radner graduated from Liggett and enrolled at theUniversity of MichiganatAnn Arbor,[10]where she planned to get a degree in education.[11]
Career
editIn her senior year at the University of Michigan, Radner dropped out[12]to follow her boyfriend, Canadian sculptorJeffrey Rubinoff,toToronto.There, she made her professional acting debut in the 1972 production ofGodspell,with future starsEugene Levy,Andrea Martin,Victor Garber,Martin Short,andPaul Shaffer.Afterward, Radner joinedThe Second Citycomedy troupe in Toronto. She appeared in a small part as a Buddhist group member in the 1973 film,The Last Detail,starringJack Nicholsonand future film luminariesRandy Quaid,Carol Kane,andMichael Moriarty.
From 1974 to 1975, Radner was a featured player on theNational Lampoon Radio Hour,a comedy program syndicated to some 600 U.S. radio stations. Fellow cast members includedJohn Belushi,Chevy Chase,[13]Richard Belzer,Bill Murray,Brian Doyle-Murray,andRhonda Coullet.[citation needed]
Saturday Night Live
editRadner gained wide recognition in 1975, as one of the original "Not Ready for Prime Time Players",the freshman cast of the first season ofSaturday Night Live.She was the first performer to be cast in the show,[8]co-wrote much of the material that she performed, and collaborated withAlan Zweibel(of the show's writing staff) on the development of sketches that featured her recurring characters.[14]Between 1975 and 1980, she created many characters, such as the obnoxious personal advice expertRoseanne Roseannadanna(modeled after a New York reporter,Rose Ann Scamardella), and "Baba Wawa", a parody ofBarbara Walters.After Radner's death, Walters noted in an interview that Radner had been the "first person to make fun of news anchors, now it's done all the time."[15]
"Of the three female [SNL] cast members, Gilda Radner made the deepest impact. There is hardly a female sketch comic today who does not claim Radner as an inspiration for her comedy career. "
Yael Kohen,
author,We Killed: The Rise of Women in American Comedy[16][17]
Another of Radner's invented characters wasEmily Litella,an elderly, hearing-impaired editorialist who made irate, misinformed comments in interview sketches onSNL’s recurringWeekend Updatesegment.[8]Radner also parodied celebrities such asLucille Ball,Patti Smith,andOlga KorbutinSNLsketches. In 1978, she won anEmmy Awardfor her work onSNL.InRolling Stone's February 2015 appraisal of all 141SNLcast members to date, Radner was ranked ninth in importance. "[Radner was] the most beloved of the original cast," they wrote. "In the years between Mary Tyler Moore andSeinfeld'sElaine, Radner was the prototype for the brainy city girl with a bundle of neuroses. "[18]
Radner battledbulimiawhile on the show. She had a relationship with fellowSNLandNational LampooncastmateBill Murray,which reportedly ended badly, though few details of their relationship or its end were made public. In her autobiography, Radner mentioned Murray only once, and in passing: "All the guys [in theNational Lampoongroup of writers and performers] liked to have me around because I would laugh at them till I peed in my pants and tears rolled out of my eyes. We worked together for a couple of years creatingThe National Lampoon Show,writingThe National Lampoon Radio Hour,and even working on stuff for the magazine. Bill Murray joined the show and Richard Belzer... "[19]
Alan Zweibel,who co-created the Roseanne Roseannadanna character and co-wrote Roseanne's dialogue, recalled that Radner, one of only three originalSNLcast members who stayed away from cocaine, chastised him for abusing it.[14]
In 1979, the new president and CEO of NBC,Fred Silverman,offered Radner her own primetime variety show, but she turned down the offer.[12]That same year, she was a host of theMusic for UNICEF Concertat theUnited Nations General Assembly.[20]Radner also gave the commencement address, in character as Roseanne Roseannadanna, to the 1979 graduating class at theColumbia School of Journalism.[21]
Radner reportedly expressed mixed emotions about being recognized and approached in public by fans and other strangers.SNLhistorians Doug Hill and Jeff Weingrad said she variously became "angry when she was approached, and upset when she wasn't".[22]
Work in theater, a record album and her first movie
editIn 1979, Radner appeared onBroadwayin a successful one-woman show,Gilda Radner – Live from New York.[23]The show featured material that was racier than NBC censors would allow onSaturday Night Live,such as the song "Let's Talk Dirty to the Animals". The same year, shortly before Radner's final season onSaturday Night Live,her Broadway show was filmed byMike Nicholsand released with the titleGilda Live.It co-starredPaul ShafferandDon Novello,and screened in theaters nationwide in 1980, but was a box-office flop. Asoundtrack albumwas also commercially unsuccessful. During the Broadway production, Radner met her first husband,G. E. Smith,a musician who worked on the show. They were married in a civil ceremony in 1980.[12]
In the fall of 1980, after the departure of all the originalSNLcast members from the show, Radner began appearing, with fellow actorSam Waterston,in theJean KerrplayLunch Hour.They played two people whose spouses are having an affair, and who, in retaliation, begin an affair of their own consisting of lunch-hour trysts.[24]The show ran for more than seven months, playing in various US theaters, including theJohn F. Kennedy Center for the Performing ArtsinWashington, D.C.Newspaper critics, includingTom Shales,praised both the play and Radner's performance.[25]
Radner'sSNLcastmateLaraine Newmansaid in a 2018 interview that she believed Radner's movie career had turned out to be mostly disappointing.[26]This was because, according to Newman, directors and producers did not know how to cast Radner in roles where her talents could best shine. Quoting her interview,
"The specific nature of her talent was she did characters, and she would probably have been better served if she had taken part in writing the things that she did," Newman asserts. "But I don't think it occurred to her. If she and Alan Zweibel had collaborated on a feature, it might have been a whole different thing."[26]
Personal life
edit
After breaking up with Jeffrey Rubinoff, Radner had an on-again-off-again relationship withMartin Shortwhile both were appearing inGodspell. Radner had romantic involvements with severalSaturday Night Livecastmates, includingBill Murray(after a previous romance with his brotherBrian Doyle-Murray) andDan Aykroyd.Radner's friend Judy Levy recounted Radner saying she foundGhostbustershard to watch since the cast included so many of her ex-boyfriends: Aykroyd, Murray, andHarold Ramis.[27]Radner was married to musicianG. E. Smithfrom 1980 to 1982; they met while working onGilda Radner – Live from New York.[28][29]
Radner met actorGene Wilderon the set of theSidney PoitierfilmHanky Panky(released in 1982), when the two worked together making the film. She described their first meeting as "love at first sight".[12]After meeting Wilder, her marriage to Smith deteriorated. Radner made a second film with Wilder,The Woman in Red(released in 1984), and their relationship deepened. The two were married on September 18, 1984, inSaint-Tropez.[12]They made a third film together,Haunted Honeymoon,in 1986[12]and remained married until her death in 1989. She discovered she was pregnant during the filming ofHaunted Honeymoon,but miscarried early in the pregnancy.
Details of Radner's eating disorder were reported in a book aboutSaturday Night Liveby Doug Hill and Jeff Weingrad,[22]which was published and received much media coverage during a period when Radner was consulting various doctors in Los Angeles about symptoms of an illness she was suffering that turned out to be cancer.
Illness
edit
In 1985, while on the set ofHaunted Honeymoonin the United Kingdom, Radner began experiencing severe fatigue, and pain in her upper legs. She sought medical treatment, and for a period of 10 months, various doctors, most of them inLos Angeles,gave her several diagnoses that all turned out to be wrong; meanwhile, she continued to experience pain.[12]
During those 10 months, she also faced hardships such as the publication of Hill and Weingrad's highly publicized book aboutSaturday Night Live,which provided many details about her eating disorder[22][12]as well as the financial failure ofHaunted Honeymoon,which had grossed only $8,000,000 in the United States, entering the box-office-returns ranking at number 8, then slipping to 14 the following week. As Radner wrote inIt's Always Something:
On July 26 [1986],Haunted Honeymoonopened nationwide. It was a bomb. One month of publicity and the movie was only in the theaters for a week – a box-office disaster.[12]
Finally, on October 21, 1986, Radner was diagnosed withstage IVovarian cancer.[12][30]She immediately underwent surgery and had a hysterectomy.[30]On October 26, surgeons removed a grapefruit-size tumor from her abdomen. Radner then beganchemotherapyandradiation therapytreatment, as she wrote inIt's Always Something,and the treatment caused extreme physical and emotional pain.[12]
After her diagnosis, theNational Enquirerran the headline "Gilda Radner In Life-Death Struggle" in its following issue. Without asking for her comment,[12]the editors of the publication asserted that she was dying. Radner wrote inIt's Always Something:
They found an old photo of me looking frightened from a 'Saturday Night Live' sketch and blew that up to make the point. What they did probably sold newspapers, but it had a devastating effect on my family and my friends. It forced Gene [Wilder] to compose a press release to respond. He said that I had been diagnosed with ovarian cancer, had surgery, and my prognosis was good. TheEnquirerdoesn't like good news, so the Gilda Radner story stopped running.[12]
Radner saw herSaturday Night Livecastmates one last time atLaraine Newman's 36th birthday party (in March 1988).[31]According to Bill Murray,[32]when he heard she was about to leave the party, he andDan Aykroydcarried her around the Los Angeles house where the party was held so that she could say goodbye to everyone.
Remission
editAfter Radner was told that she had gone intoremission,she wroteIt's Always Something(a catchphrase of her characterRoseanne Roseannadanna),[12]which included details of her struggle with the illness.Lifedid a March 1988 cover story on her illness, titled "Gilda Radner's Answer to Cancer: Healing the Body with Mind and Heart." In aShowtimebroadcast on March 18, 1988, Radnerguest-starredonIt's Garry Shandling's Show,mentioning on-camera that a cancer diagnosis and treatment explained the long hiatus in her entertainment career.
Radner was scheduled to host an episode ofSaturday Night Livein the spring of 1988,which would have made her the first female former cast member to host the show, but thewriters' strikeforced production to shut down before the end of the season.[33]
Recurrence, death, andSNLresponse
editIn September 1988, after tests showed no signs of cancer, Radner went on amaintenance chemotherapytreatment to prolong her remission, but three months later, in December, she learned the cancer had returned.[30]
On May 17, 1989, she was admitted toCedars-Sinai Medical CenterinLos Angelesto undergo aCT scan.She was given a sedative and lapsed into acomaduring the scan.[34]She did not regain consciousness and died three days later, on May 20, 1989; Wilder was at her side. The cause of death wasovarian cancer.[8]
News of Radner's death broke asSteve Martinwas rehearsing for his guest-host role on that night's season finale ofSaturday Night Live.The show's performers and crew, includingLorne Michaels,Phil Hartman,andMike Myers(who had, in his own words, "fallen in love" with Radner after playing her son in aBC Hydrocommercial on Canadian television and considered her the reason he wanted to be onSNL),[35]were unaware of the severity of Radner's condition.
Martin abandoned his opening monologue, and fighting back tears, instead introduced a video clip of a 1978 sketch in which he and Radner had parodiedFred AstaireandCyd Charissein the well-known dance routineDancing In The DarkfromThe Band Wagon(1953).[36]After the clip, Martin said it reminded him of "how great she was, and of how young I looked. Gilda, we miss you."G. E. Smith,Radner's first husband, who wasSaturday Night Live’s bandleader, wore ablack armbandthroughout the episode.
Radner was interred at Long Ridge Union Cemetery inStamford, Connecticut.
Legacy
edit
Wilder established the Gilda Radner Hereditary Cancer Program atCedars-Sinaito screen high-risk candidates (such as women ofAshkenazi Jewish descent) and to run basic diagnostic tests. He testified before a Congressional committee that Radner's condition had been misdiagnosed and that if doctors had inquired more deeply into her family background they would have learned that her grandmother, aunt, and a cousin had all died of ovarian cancer, and therefore they might have attacked the disease earlier.[37]
Radner's death helped raise awareness of early detection of ovarian cancer and the connection to familial epidemiology.[38]The media attention in the two years after Radner's death led to registry of 450 families with familial ovarian cancer at the Familial Ovarian Cancer Registry, a research database registry atRoswell Park Comprehensive Cancer CenterinBuffalo, New York.The registry was renamed the Gilda Radner Familial Ovarian Cancer Registry (GRFOCR) in 1990 and renamed the Familial Ovarian Cancer Registry in 2013.[39]In 1996, Wilder and Registry founder Steven Piver, one of Radner's medical consultants, publishedGilda's Disease: Sharing Personal Experiences and a Medical Perspective on Ovarian Cancer.[40]
In 1991,Gilda's Club,a network of affiliated clubhouses where people living with cancer, their friends, and families, can meet to learn how to live with cancer, was founded by Joanna Bull, Radner's cancerpsychotherapist,along with Radner's widower,Gene Wilder(also a cancer survivor) and broadcasterJoel Siegel(who would die in 2007 following a long battle with colon cancer). The first club opened in New York City in 1995. The organization took its name from Radner's comment that cancer gave her "membership to an elite club I'd rather not belong to".[41]Radner's story can be read in her book,It's Always Something.[12]
Many Gilda's Clubs have opened across the United States and in Canada. In July 2009, Gilda's Club Worldwide merged withThe Wellness Community,another established cancer support organization, to become the Cancer Support Community (CSC).[42][43][44]As of 2012, more than 20 local affiliates of Gilda's Club were active. Although some local affiliates of Gilda's Club and The Wellness Community have retained their names, many affiliates have adopted the name Cancer Support Community following the merger.[34]
In 1997,Bunny Bunny: Gilda Radner: A Sort of Romantic Comedy,Alan Zweibel's play about his friendship with Radner (based on his memoir with the same name) ran for 73 performances at New York'soff-BroadwayLucille Lortel Theatre.Paula Caleplayed Gilda,Bruno Kirbyplayed Zwiebel, and all the other roles (more than twenty) were played byAlan Tudykin his New York stage debut (a feat for which he won theClarence Derwent Award).[1][45]
In 2002,ABCdedicated a three-hour block of programming to Radner. The evening kicked off with a one-hour special,Gilda Radner's Greatest Moments.Hosted bySaturday Night LivealumnusMolly Shannon,the special featured highlights from her career and appearances by friends and co-starsVictor Garber,Kermit the Frog,Eugene Levy,Steve Martin,Paul Shaffer,Lily TomlinandBarbara Walters.It was followed by a television movie about her life:Gilda Radner: It's Always Something,starringJami Gertzas Radner.
In 2007, Radner was featured inMaking Trouble,a film tribute to female Jewish comedians, produced by theJewish Women's Archive.[46]
Radner made two comic book appearances: DC Comics Young Love #122 in 1976 andMarvel Team-Up#74 from 1978.[citation needed]
ActressElla Huntportrays Radner in the 2024 filmSaturday Night.[47]
Awards and honors
editRadner won anEmmy Awardfor "Outstanding Continuing or Single Performance by a Supporting Actress in Variety or Music" for her performance onSaturday Night Livein 1977. She posthumously won aGrammy Awardfor "Best Spoken Word Or Non-Musical Recording" in 1990. In 1992, Radner was posthumously inducted into theMichigan Women's Hall of Famefor her achievements in arts and entertainment.
Producer/actor James Tumminia spearheaded a campaign to dedicate a posthumous star on theHollywood Walk of Fameto Radner. On June 27, 2003, Radner received her star on theHollywood Walk of Fameat 6801 Hollywood Blvd.Saturday Night LivealumnaMolly Shannon(and the host of the ABC special) served as Master of Ceremonies at the induction ceremony at whichLaraine Newman,Gilda's Club founder Joanna Bull, and Radner's brother, Michael F. Radner, presented the honor.
Parts of WestHouston Streetin New York City, Lombard Street in Toronto, and Chester Avenue in White Plains, New York, have been renamed "Gilda Radner Way". The private road off Kirk Road inWarminster Township, Pennsylvania,leading to the Cancer Support Community Greater Philadelphia (formerly Gilda's Club Delaware Valley) is also thus named.
Filmography
editFilms
edit| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1973 | The Last Detail | Nichiren ShōshūMember | |
| 1979 | Mr. Mike's Mondo Video | Herself | |
| 1980 | Gilda Live | Herself / Various Characters | Also writer |
| 1980 | First Family | Gloria Link | |
| 1982 | Hanky Panky | Kate Hellman | |
| 1982 | It Came from Hollywood | Herself | |
| 1984 | The Woman in Red | Ms. Milner | |
| 1985 | Movers & Shakers | Livia Machado | |
| 1986 | Haunted Honeymoon | Vickie Pearle | |
| 2018 | Love, Gilda | Herself | Documentary, (archive footage) |
Television
edit| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1974 | Jack: A Flash Fantasy | Jill of Hearts | |
| 1974 | The Gift of Winter | Nicely / Malicious / Narrator | Voice |
| 1974–1975 | Dr. Zonk and the Zunkins | — | Voice |
| 1975–1980 | Saturday Night Live | Various characters | 107 episodes; also writer |
| 1978 | The Muppet Show | Herself | 1 episode |
| 1978 | Witch's Night Out | Witch | Voice |
| 1978 | All You Need Is Cash | Mrs. Emily Pules | Television film, cameo |
| 1979 | Bob & Ray, Jane, Laraine & Gilda | Herself | |
| 1980 | Animalympics | Barbara Warbler / Brenda Springer / Coralee Perrier / Tatiana Tushenko / Doree Turnell / The Contessa |
Television film, Voice |
| 1985 | Reading Rainbow | Herself | Voice only; 1 episode |
| 1988 | It's Garry Shandling's Show | Herself | 1 episode, final appearance |
Awards
edit| Year | Award | Category | Title | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1978 | Emmy Award | Outstanding Continuing or Single Performance by a Supporting Actress in Variety or Music | Saturday Night Live | Won |
| 1990 | Grammy Award | Best Spoken Word or Non-musical Recording | It's Always Something | Won |
| 1992 | Michigan Women's Hall of Fame | Entertainer | Won | |
| 2003 | Hollywood Walk of Fame | Television | Won |
See also
editReferences
edit- ^"Fighting for Life".Los Angeles Daily News.July 11, 1989.
- ^"Gilda Radner profile".Film Reference.RetrievedMarch 11,2009.
- ^Radner, Gilda (1989).It's Always Something.New York: Simon and Schuster. p.92.ISBN978-0-671-63868-9.
Note:
Radner's mother's mother's name was Golda. The 1946 Rita Hayworth movieGildawas released a few months before Radner was born. - ^"Business – Microsoft's Heir Apparent – Steve Ballmer".Seattle Times Newspaper.Archivedfrom the original on March 4, 2016.RetrievedSeptember 10,2016.
- ^"Michaels and Radner talk SNL".90 Minutes Live.CBC Television.February 2, 1978.RetrievedJanuary 24,2009.
- ^Radner, Gilda (1989).It's Always Something.New York: Simon and Schuster. p.97.ISBN978-0-671-63868-9.
- ^Saltman, David (1992).Gilda: An Intimate Portrait.Chicago: Contemporary Books.
- ^abcdHevesi, Dennis (May 21, 1989)."Gilda Radner, 42, Comic Original Of 'Saturday Night Live' Zaniness".The New York Times.
- ^abRadner, Gilda (1989).It's Always Something.New York: Simon and Schuster. p.99.ISBN978-0-671-63868-9.
- ^Davis, Jennifer (June 2018)."The Story Behind 'Love, Gilda'".Michigan Alumnus. Archived fromthe originalon October 2, 2019.RetrievedOctober 4,2019.
- ^"Gilda Radner"(PDF).michiganwomenshalloffame.org.Michigan Women's Hall of Fame.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on January 18, 2018.RetrievedOctober 4,2019.
- ^abcdefghijklmnoRadner, Gilda (1989).It's Always Something.New York: Simon & Schuster.ISBN9780671638689.
- ^"The National Lampoon Radio Hour".NPR.org.RetrievedMarch 13,2017.
- ^abZweibel, Alan (1994).Bunny Bunny: Gilda Radner.New York: Villard.ISBN9780679430858.
- ^Barbara Walters being interviewed about Gilda RadneronYouTube
- ^Kohen, Yael (2012).We Killed: The Rise of Women in American Comedy.Macmillan. pp. 107–108.
- ^"Funny Women".The New York Times.November 30, 2012.
- ^"SNLcast members ".Rolling Stone.No. 1229. February 26, 2015. p. 32.
- ^Radner, Gilda (1989).It's Always Something.New York: Simon and Schuster. pp.100–101.ISBN9780671638689.
- ^Rockwell, John (January 10, 1979)."Pop: Stars Join to Tape Benefit for UNICEF".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.RetrievedFebruary 23,2019.
- ^"Roseanne Roseannadanna vs. Columbia School of Journalism".Journalist Fight Club.April 3, 2008.
- ^abcHill, Doug and Jeff Weingrad.Saturday Night: A Backstage History of Saturday Night Live.New York: Beech Tree Books. 1986.
- ^Gilda Radnerat theInternet Broadway Database
- ^Hischak, Thomas S. (2001).American Theatre: A Chronicle of Comedy and Drama, 1969–2000.Oxford University Press.ISBN978-0-19-512347-0.
- ^Shales, Tom (October 3, 1980)."Good as Gilda".The Washington Post.ISSN0190-8286.RetrievedJanuary 30,2018.
- ^abFox, Michael (September 20, 2018)."'Love, Gilda' reveals the pain and persistence behind the laughter ".The Jewish News of Northern California.RetrievedMarch 9,2020.
- ^D'Apolito, Lisa (Director) (2018).Love, Gilda.
- ^gene-wilder-gilda-radner-romance[permanent dead link]
- ^"Bio".May 13, 2010.
- ^abcSong, Jenny (Spring 2009)."America's Funny Girl".CRMagazine.org.Archived fromthe originalon September 10, 2016.RetrievedApril 1,2009.
- ^Daval, Malina (March 5, 2021)."Laraine Newman Reflects on Her Life, Career in Memoir 'May You Live in Interesting Times'".Variety.RetrievedJuly 25,2022.
- ^Shales, Tom (2010).Live From New York: An Uncensored History Of Saturday Night Live.Little, Brown.ISBN978-0-316-73565-0.
- ^Evans, Bradford (March 22, 2012)."The Lost Roles of Gilda Radner".NYMag.com.RetrievedJune 24,2021.
- ^abKarras, Steven (January 6, 2013)."Gilda Radner Remembered".HuffPost.RetrievedNovember 22,2019.
- ^"Mike Myers biography".Talktalk.co.uk.RetrievedJuly 26,2014.
- ^Martin, Steve; Radner, Gilda (1978).Saturday Night Live.Archived fromthe originalon November 29, 2014.RetrievedMarch 20,2015– via Vimeo.
- ^Wilder, Gene. "Why Did Gilda Die?"Peoplemagazine, June 3, 1991.
- ^Squires, Sally. "Fighting Ovarian Cancer: Doctors Don't Know Who Is At Risk and Why",The Washington Post,May 30, 1989.
- ^"About The Familial Ovarian Cancer Registry".Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center.RetrievedMay 17,2021.
- ^Piver, M. Steven; Wilder, Gene (1996).Gilda's Disease: Sharing Personal Experiences and a Medical Perspective on Ovarian Cancer.Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.ISBN9781573920896.OCLC34753362.
- ^"Gilda's Club Twin Cities: Who We Are".Gilda's Club Twin Cities. Archived fromthe originalon March 20, 2015.RetrievedNovember 28,2012.
- ^"Wellness Community & Gilda's Club May Merge".Oncology Times.31(7): 8–10. 2009.doi:10.1097/01.COT.0000350347.90229.05.RetrievedNovember 28,2012.
- ^McClure, Susan (December 14, 2009)."Gilda's Club and The Wellness Community Join Forces".Archived fromthe originalon December 7, 2012.RetrievedNovember 28,2012.
- ^"Merging to Increase Mission Impact".The NonProfit Times.Archived fromthe originalon December 7, 2012.RetrievedNovember 28,2012.
- ^Saraiya, Sonia (July 7, 2014)."Alan Tudyk on never playing the same role twice—except that one time".The A.V. Club.Archivedfrom the original on September 17, 2021.RetrievedJuly 7,2014.
- ^Deming, Mark (2012)."Making Trouble: Three Generations of Funny Jewish Women".Movies & TV Dept.The New York Times.Archived fromthe originalon August 26, 2012.RetrievedApril 14,2012.
- ^Kroll, Justin (January 26, 2024)."'SNL 1975' Movie Finds Its Gilda Radner, Jane Curtin & Laraine Newman ".Deadline.RetrievedJanuary 30,2024.
