Wikipedia

Hidden Figures

This article is about the film. For the book on which it is based, seeHidden Figures(book).

Hidden Figuresis a 2016 Americanbiographical dramafilm directed byTheodore Melfiand written by Melfi andAllison Schroeder.It is loosely based on the 2016non-fictionbook of the same namebyMargot Lee Shetterlyabout three female African-Americanmathematicians:Katherine Goble Johnson(Taraji P. Henson),Dorothy Vaughan(Octavia Spencer), andMary Jackson(Janelle Monáe), who worked atNASAduring theSpace Race.Other stars includeKevin Costner,Kirsten Dunst,Jim Parsons,Mahershala Ali,Aldis Hodge,andGlen Powell.

Hidden Figures
Theatrical release poster
Directed byTheodore Melfi
Screenplay by
Based onHidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Who Helped Win the Space Race
byMargot Lee Shetterly
Produced by
Starring
CinematographyMandy Walker
Edited byPeter Teschner
Music by
Production
companies
Distributed by20th Century Fox
Release dates
  • December 10, 2016(2016-12-10)(SVA Theatre)
  • December 25, 2016(2016-12-25)(United States)
Running time
127 minutes[1]
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$25 million[2]
Box office$236.2 million[3]

Principal photography began in March 2016 inAtlanta, Georgiaand wrapped up in May 2016. Other filming locations included several other locations inGeorgia,includingEast Point,Canton,Monroe,Columbus,andMadison.

Hidden Figureshad a limited release on December 25, 2016, by20th Century Fox,before going wide in on January 6, 2017. The film received positive reviews, with praise for the performances (particularly Henson, Spencer and Monáe), the writing, direction, cinematography, emotional tone, and historical accuracy, although some argued it featured awhite savior narrative.The film was a commercial success, grossing $236 million worldwide against its $25 million production budget.Deadline Hollywoodnoted it as one of the most profitable releases of 2016, and estimated that it made a net profit of $95.5 million.[4]

The film was chosen by theNational Board of Reviewas one of the top ten films of 2016[5]and received various awards and nominations, including three nominations at the89th Academy Awards,includingBest Picture.It also won theScreen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture.

Plot

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Katherine Gobleworks at theWest AreaofLangley Research CenterinHampton, Virginia,in 1961, alongside her colleaguesMary JacksonandDorothy Vaughan,as lowly "computers",performing mathematical calculations without being told what they are for. All of them areAfrican-Americanwomen; the unit issegregated by raceandsex.White supervisor Vivian Mitchell assigns Katherine to assist Al Harrison'sSpace Task Group,given her skills inanalytic geometry.She becomes the first Black woman on the team; head engineer Paul Stafford is especially dismissive.

Mary is assigned to the space capsuleheat shieldteam, where she immediately identifies a design flaw. Encouraged by her team leader Karl Zielinski, aPolish-JewishHolocaust survivor,Mary applies for a NASA engineer position. She is told by Mitchell that, regardless of her mathematics and physical science degree, the position requires additional courses. Mary files a petition for permission to attend all-whiteHampton High School,despite her husband's opposition. Pleading her case in court, she wins over the local judge by appealing to his sense of history, allowing her to attend night classes.

Katherine meets African-AmericanNational GuardLt. Col. Jim Johnson, who voices skepticism about women's mathematical abilities. He later apologizes and begins spending time with Katherine and her three daughters. TheMercury 7astronauts visit Langley, and astronautJohn Glenngoes out of his way to greet the West Area women. Katherine impresses Harrison by solving a complexmathematical equationfrom redacted documents, as theSoviet Union's successful launch ofYuri Gagarinincreases pressure to send American astronauts into space.

Harrison confronts Katherine about her "breaks," unaware that she is forced to walk half a mile (800 meters) to use the nearest restroom designated to "colored" people. She angrily explains the discrimination she faces at work, which leads Harrison to destroy the "colored" restroom signs and abolish restroom segregation. He allows Katherine to be included in high-level meetings to calculate the space capsule's re-entry point. Stafford makes Katherine remove her name from reports, insisting that "computers"cannot author them, and her work is credited solely to Stafford.

Informed by Mitchell that there are no plans to assign a "permanent supervisor for the colored group," Dorothy learns NASA has installed anIBM 7090electronic computer that threatens to replace human computers. When a librarian scolds her for visiting the whites-only section, Dorothy sneaks out a book aboutFortranand teaches herself and her West Area co-workers programming. She visits the computer room, successfully starts the machine, and is promoted to supervise the Programming Department; she agrees to do so if thirty of her co-workers are transferred as well. Mitchell finally addresses her as "Mrs. Vaughan".

Making final arrangements forJohn Glenn's launch,the department no longer needs human computers; Katherine is reassigned to the West Area and marries Jim. On the day of the launch, discrepancies are found in the IBM 7090 calculations, and Katherine is asked to check the capsule's landing coordinates. She delivers the results to the control room, and Harrison allows her inside. After a successful launch and orbit, a warning indicates the capsule's heat shield may be loose. Mission Control decides to land Glenn after three orbits instead of seven, and Katherine supports Harrison's suggestion to leave the retro-rocket attached to help keep the heat shield in place.Friendship 7lands successfully.

Though the mathematicians are ultimately replaced by electronic computers, a textualepiloguereveals Mary obtained her engineering degree and became NASA's first female African American engineer; Dorothy continued as NASA's first African American supervisor; and Katherine, accepted by Stafford as a report coauthor, went on to calculate the trajectories for theApollo 11andSpace Shuttlemissions. In 2015, she was awarded thePresidential Medal of Freedom.In 2016, NASA dedicated theLangley Research Center's Katherine Johnson Computational Building in her honor.

Cast

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Production

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Development and casting

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In 2015, producerDonna Gigliottiacquired Margot Lee Shetterly's nonfiction bookHidden Figures,about a group of Black female mathematicians that helped NASA win theSpace Race.[6]Allison Schroederwrote the script, which was developed by Gigliotti through Levantine Films. Schroeder grew up byCape Canaveraland her grandparents worked at NASA, where she also interned as a teenager, and as a result saw the project as a perfect fit for herself.[7]Levantine Films produced the film withPeter Chernin'sChernin Entertainment.Fox 2000 Picturesacquired the film rights, and Theodore Melfi signed on to direct.[6]After coming aboard, Melfi revised Schroeder's script, and in particular focused on balancing the home lives of the three protagonists with their careers at NASA.[7]After the film's development was announced, actresses considered to play the lead roles includedOprah Winfrey,Viola Davis,Octavia Spencer,andTaraji P. Henson.[6]

Chernin andJenno Toppingproduced, along with Gigliotti and Melfi.[8]Fox cast Henson to play the lead role of mathematicianKatherine Goble Johnson.Spencer was selected to playDorothy Vaughan,one of the three lead mathematicians at NASA.[9]Kevin Costnerwas cast in the film to play the fictional head of the space program.[10]SingerJanelle Monáesigned on to play the third lead mathematician, Mary Jackson.[11]Kirsten Dunst,Glen Powell,andMahershala Aliwere cast in the film: Powell to play astronaut John Glenn,[12]and Ali as Johnson's love interest.[13][14]

Filming

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Principal photographybegan in March 2016 on the campus ofMorehouse CollegeinAtlanta,Georgia.[15]Scenes were also shot on location in Historic DowntownCanton, Georgia.[16]Filming also took place atLockheed Martin AeronauticsatDobbins Air Reserve Base.[17]Jim Parsonswas cast in the film to play the head engineer of the Space Task Group at NASA, Paul Stafford.[12]Pharrell Williams(a native ofVirginia Beach,nearLangley Research Center[18]) came on board as a producer on the film. He also wrote original songs and handled the music department and soundtrack of the film, withHans ZimmerandBenjamin Wallfisch.[19]Morehouse Collegemathematics professorRudy L. Hornewas brought in to be the on-set mathematician.

Music

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Main articles:Hidden Figures(soundtrack)andHidden Figures(score)

Historical accuracy

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The film, set at NASALangley Research Centerin 1961, depicts segregated facilities such as the West Area Computing unit, where an all-Black group of female mathematicians were originally required to use separate dining and bathroom facilities. However, in reality, Dorothy Vaughan was promoted to supervisor of West Computing much earlier, in 1949, becoming the first Black supervisor at theNational Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA)and one of its few female supervisors. In 1958, when NACA became NASA, segregated facilities, including the West Computing office, were abolished.[20]Vaughan and many of the former West computers transferred to the new Analysis and Computation Division (ACD), a racially and gender-integrated group.[21]

It was Mary Jackson, not Katherine Johnson, who had difficulty finding a colored bathroom — in a 1953 incident she experienced while on temporary assignment in the East Area, a region of Langley unfamiliar to her and where few Blacks worked.[22]Katherine Johnson, for her part, was initially unaware that the bathrooms at Langley were segregated (in both its East and West areas during the NACA era), and used the "whites-only" bathrooms (many were not explicitly labeled as such) for years before anyone complained. She ignored the complaint, and the issue was dropped.[23][24]

In an interview withWHRO-TV,Johnson denied the feelings of segregation. "I didn't feel the segregation at NASA, because everybody there was doing research. You had a mission and you worked on it, and it was important to you to do your job... and play bridge at lunch. I didn't feel any segregation. I knew it was there, but I didn't feel it."[25]

Mary Jackson did not have to get a court order to attend night classes at the whites-only high school. She asked the city of Hampton for an exception, and it was granted. The school turned out to be run down and dilapidated, a hidden cost of running two parallel school systems.[26]She completed her engineering courses and earned a promotion to engineer in 1958.[27]

Katherine Johnson worked mostly in Langley'sWestArea, not the East Area — working mainly in Building 1244 starting in mid-1953, and remaining in 1244 even after joining the Space Task Group, through at least the early 1960s andJohn Glenn'shistoric flight.[28][29][30]

The scene where a coffeepot labeled "colored" appears in Katherine Johnson's workplace did not happen in real life, andthe book on which the film is basedmentions no such incident.

Katherine Johnson carpooled with Eunice Smith, a nine-year West Area computer veteran at the time Johnson joined NACA. Smith was her neighbor and friend from her sorority and church choir.[31]The three Goble children were teenagers at the time of Katherine's marriage to Jim Johnson.[32]

Katherine Johnson was assigned to the Flight Research Division in 1953, a move that soon became permanent. When the Space Task Group was created in 1958, engineers from the Flight Research Division formed the core of the group, and Johnson was included. She coauthored a research report published by NASA in 1960, the first time a woman in the Flight Research Division had received credit as an author of a research report.[33]Johnson gained access to editorial meetings as of 1958 simply through persistence, not because one particular meeting was critical.[34][35]

The Space Task Group was led byRobert Gilruth,not the fictional character Al Harrison, who was created to simplify a more complex management structure. The scene where Harrison smashes the Colored Ladies Room sign never happened, as in real life Johnson refused to walk the extra distance to use the colored bathroom and, in her words, "just went to the white one."[36]Harrison also lets her into Mission Control to witness the launch. Neither scene happened in real life, and screenwriterTheodore Melfisaid he saw no problem with adding the scenes, saying, "There needs to be white people who do the right thing, there needs to be Black people who do the right thing, and someone does the right thing. And so who cares who does the right thing, as long as the right thing is achieved?"[36]

Dexter Thomas ofVice Newscriticized Melfi's additions as creating thewhite savior trope:"In this case, it means that a white person doesn't have to think about the possibility that, were they around back in the 1960s South, they might have been one of the bad ones."[37]The Atlantic's Megan Garber said that the film's "narrative trajectory" involved "thematic elements of the white savior".[38]Melfi said he found "hurtful" the "accusations of a 'white savior' storyline", saying:

It was very upsetting to me because I am at a place where I've lived my life colorless and I grew up in Brooklyn. I walked to school with people of all shapes, sizes, and colors, and that's how I've lived my life. So it's very upsetting that we still have to have this conversation. I get upset when I hear 'Black film,' and so does Taraji P. Henson... It's just a film. And if we keep labeling something 'a Black film,' or 'a white film'— basically it's modern day segregation. We're all humans. Any human can tell any human's story. I don't want to have this conversation about Black film or white film anymore. I wanna have conversations about film.

The Huffington Post'sZeba Blaysaid of Melfi's frustration:

His frustration is also a perfect example of how, when it comes to open dialogue about depictions of people of color on screen, it behooves white people (especially those who position themselves as 'allies') to listen... the inclusion of the bathroom scene doesn't make Melfi a bad filmmaker, or a bad person, or a racist. But his suggestion that a feel-good scene like that was needed for the marketability and overall appeal of the film speaks to the fact that Hollywood at large still has a long way to go in telling Black stories, no matter how many strides have been made.[39]

The fictional characters Vivian Mitchell and Paul Stafford are composites of several team members and reflect common social views and attitudes of the time. Karl Zielinski is based on Mary Jackson's mentor,Kazimierz "Kaz" Czarnecki.[40]

John Glenn, who was about a decade older than depicted at the time of launch, did ask specifically for Johnson[41]to verify the IBM calculations, although she had several days before the launch date to complete the process.[42]

Author Margot Lee Shetterly has agreed that there are differences between her book and the movie, but found that to be understandable.

For better or for worse, there is history, there is the book and then there's the movie. Timelines had to be conflated and [there were] composite characters, and for most people [who have seen the movie] have already taken that as the literal fact.... You might get the indication in the movie that these were the only people doing those jobs, when in reality we know they worked in teams, and those teams had other teams. There were sections, branches, divisions, and they all went up to a director. There were so many people required to make this happen.... It would be great for people to understand that there were so many more people. Even though Katherine Johnson, in this role, was a hero, there were so many others that were required to do other kinds of tests and checks to make [Glenn's] mission come to fruition. But I understand you can't make a movie with 300 characters. It is simply not possible.[43]

John Glenn's flight was not terminated early as stated in the movie's closing subtitles. TheMA-6 missionwas planned for three orbits and landed at the expected time. The press kit published before launch states that "The Mercury Operations Director may elect a one, two or three orbit mission."[44]The post-mission report also shows that retrofire was scheduled to occur on the third orbit.[45]Scott Carpenter's subsequent flight in May was also scheduled and flew for three orbits, andWally Schirra's planned six-orbit flight in October required extensive modifications to the Mercury capsule's life-support system to allow him to fly a nine-hour mission.[46]The phrase "go for at least seven orbits" that is in the mission transcript refers to the fact that the Atlas booster had placed Glenn's capsule into an orbit that would be stable for at least seven orbits, not that he had permission to stay up that long.

The Mercury Control Center was located atCape Canaveralin Florida, not at the Langley Research Center in Virginia. The orbit plots displayed in the front of the room incorrectly show a six-orbit mission, which did not happen until Wally Schirra'sMA-8 missionin October 1962. The movie also incorrectly shows NASA flight controllers monitoring live telemetry from the SovietVostoklaunch, which the Soviet Union would not have been sharing with NASA in 1961.

Katherine Johnson's Technical Note D-233, co-written with T.H. Skopinski, can be found on the NASA Technical Reports Server.[47]

The movie depicts theIBM 7090as the first computer at Langley, but there were actually earlier[48]: 138 computers there, andDorothy Vaughanhad previously[48]: 205–206 been programming for theIBM 704inFORTRAN.

Actual IBM 7090 console
IBM 7094 operator's console shown in the movie, with additional index register displays in a distinctive extra box on top. Note "Multiple Tag Mode" light in the top center.

The movie refers to an IBM 7090, but the console shown is for anIBM 7094,which came later.

Release

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US PresidentBarack Obamagreeting Kevin Costner, Octavia Spencer, and Taraji P. Henson on December 15, 2016

The film began alimited releaseon December 25, 2016, before a wide release on January 6, 2017.[49][50]

Charity screenings

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AfterHidden Figureswas released on December 25, 2016, certain charities, institutions and independent businesses who regard the film as relevant to the cause of improving youth awareness in education and careers in thescience, technology, engineering, and mathematics(STEM) fields, organized free screenings of the film in order to spread the message of the film's subject matter.[51]A collaborative effort between Western New York STEM Hub,AT&Tand theGirl Scouts of the USAallowed more than 200 Buffalo Public School students, Girl Scouts and teachers to see the film. WBFO's Senior Reporter Eileen Buckley stated the event was designed to help encourage a new generation of women to considerSTEM careers.Research indicates that by 2020, there will be 2.4 million unfilled STEM jobs.[52]Aspiring astronautNaia Butler-Craigwrote of the film: "I can't imagine what that would have been like: 16-year-old, impressionable, curious and space-obsessed Naia finding out that Black women had something to do with getting Americans on the moon."[53]

Also, the film's principal actors (Henson, Spencer, Monáe and Parsons), director (Melfi), producer/musical creator (Williams), and other non-profit outside groups have offered free screenings toHidden Figuresat several cinema locations around the world. Some of the screenings were open to all-comers, while others were arranged to benefit girls, women and the underprivileged. The campaign began as individual activism by Spencer, and made a total of more than 1,500 seats forHidden Figuresavailable, free of charge, to poor individuals and families. The result was seven more screenings for people who otherwise might not have been able to afford to see the film - in Atlanta (sponsored by Monáe), in Washington, D.C. (sponsored by Henson), in Chicago (also Henson), in Houston (by Parsons), in Hazelwood, Missouri (by Melfi and actress/co-producer Kimberly Quinn), and in Norfolk and Virginia Beach, Virginia (both sponsored by Williams).[54]

In February 2017,AMC Theatresand 21st Century Fox announced that free screenings ofHidden Figureswould take place in celebration ofBlack History Monthin up to 14 select U.S. cities (including Atlanta, Chicago, Dallas, Los Angeles and Miami). The statement described the February charity screenings as building broader awareness of the film's true story of Black women mathematicians who worked at NASA during the Space Race.[55]21st Century Fox and AMC Theatres also invited schools, community groups and non-profit organizations to apply for additional special screenings to be held in their towns. "As we celebrateBlack History Monthand look ahead toWomen's History Monthin March, this story of empowerment and perseverance is more relevant than ever, "said Liba Rubenstein, 21st Century Fox's Senior Vice President of Social Impact," We at 21CF were inspired by the grassroots movement to bring this film to audiences that wouldn't otherwise be able to see it - audiences that might include future innovators and barrier-breakers - and we wanted to support and extend that movement ".[56]

Philanthropic non-profit outside groups and other local efforts by individuals have offered free screenings ofHidden Figuresby usingcrowdfundingplatforms on the Internet, that allow people to raise money for free film screening events.[57][58]Dozens of otherGoFundMefree screening campaigns have appeared since the film's general release, all by people wanting to raise money to pay for students to see the film.[57]

In 2019, The Walt Disney Company partnered with the U.S. Department of State on the third annual "Hidden No More" exchange program, which was inspired by the film and brings to the United States 50 women from around the world who have excelled in STEM careers such as spacecraft engineering, data solutions and data privacy, and STEM-related education.[59]The exchange program began in 2017 after local US embassies screened the film to their local communities. The support for the screenings was so positive that 48 countries decided to each nominate one women in STEM to represent their country on a three-weekIVLPexchange program in the United States.[60]

Merchandising

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Following the 2017Lego Ideas Contest,Denmark-based toy makerThe Lego Groupannounced plans to manufacture a fan-designedWomen of NASAfigurine set of five female scientists, engineers and astronauts, as based onreal women who have worked for NASA.Theminifiguresplanned for inclusion in the set were Katherine Johnson, computer scientistMargaret Hamilton;astronaut, physicist and educatorSally Ride;astronomerNancy Grace Roman;and astronaut and physicianMae Jemison(who is also African American). The finished set did not include Johnson. TheWomen of NASAset was released November 1, 2017.[61][62][63]

The Miracles' 1961 chart hit, "Mighty Good Lovin'",written by lead singerSmokey Robinson,is played in the film during the house party dance scene, and was also heard in the closing credits.[64][65]

Home media

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Hidden Figureswas released on Digital HD on March 28, 2017, and Blu-ray, 4K Ultra HD, and DVD on April 11, 2017.[66]The film debuted at No. 3 on the home video sales chart.[67]

Reception

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Box office

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Hidden Figuresgrossed $169.6 million in the United States and Canada, and $66.3 million in other territories, for a worldwide gross of $236 million, against a production budget of $25 million.[3]Domestically,Hidden Figureswas the highest-grossing Best Picture nominee at the 89th Academy Awards.[68]Deadline Hollywoodcalculated the net profit of the film to be $95.55 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film, making it one of the top twenty most profitable release of 2016.[4]

During its limited release in 25 theaters from December 25, 2016, to January 5, 2017, the film grossed $3 million.[3]In North America,Hidden Figureshad its expansion alongside the opening ofUnderworld: Blood Warsand the wide expansions ofLionandA Monster Calls.It was expected to gross around $20 million from 2,471 theaters in its opening weekend, with the studio projecting a more conservative $15–17 million debut.[69]It made $1.2 million from Thursday night previews and $7.6 million on its first day. Initially, projections had the film grossing $21.8 million in its opening weekend, finishing second behindRogue One: A Star Wars Story($22 million). However the next day, final figures revealed the film tallied a weekend total of $22.8 million, beatingRogue One's $21.9 million.[70]In its second weekend, the film grossed $20.5 million (for a four-dayMLK Weekendtotal of $27.5 million), again topping the box office.[71]

Critical response

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Octavia Spencer's performance as Dorothy Vaughan garnered critical acclaim, earning her a nomination for theAcademy Award for Best Supporting Actress.

On review aggregatorRotten Tomatoes,the film has an approval rating of 93% based on 325 reviews, with an average rating of 7.6/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "In heartwarming, crowd-pleasing fashion,Hidden Figurescelebrates overlooked—and crucial—contributions from a pivotal moment in American history. "[72]OnMetacritic,the film has a weighted average score of 74 out of 100, based on 47 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[73]Audiences polled byCinemaScoregave the film an average grade of "A+" on an A+ to F scale,[74]one of fewer than 90 films in the history of the service to receive such a score.[70]

Simon Thompson ofIGNgave the film a rating of nine out of ten, writing, "Hidden Figuresfills in an all too forgotten, or simply too widely unknown, blank in US history in a classy, engaging, entertaining and hugely fulfilling way. Superb performances across the board and a fascinating story alone makeHidden Figuresa solid, an accomplished and deftly executed movie that entertains, engages and earns your time, money and attention. "[75]Ty BurrofThe Boston Globewrote, "the film's made with more heart than art and more skill than subtlety, and it works primarily because of the women that it portrays and the actresses who portray them. Best of all, you come out of the movie knowing who Katherine Johnson and Dorothy Vaughn and Mary Jackson are, and so do your daughters and sons."[76]

Clayton Davis of Awards Circuit gave the film three and a half stars, saying "Precisely marketed as terrific adult entertainment for the Christmas season,Hidden Figuresis a faithful and truly beautiful portrait of our country's consistent gloss over the racial tensions that have divided and continue to plague the fabric of our existence. Lavishly engaging from start to finish,Hidden Figuresmay be able to catch the most inopportune movie-goer off guard and cause them to fall for its undeniable and classic storytelling. The film is not to be missed. "[77]

Other reviews criticized the film for its fictional embellishments and conventional, feel-good style. Tim Grierson, writing for Screen International, states that "Hidden Figures is almost patronisingly earnest in its depiction of sexism and racism. An air of do-gooder self-satisfaction hovers over the proceedings",[78]while Jesse Hassenger atThe A.V. Clubcomments that "lack of surprise is in this movie's bones."[79]Eric Kohn of IndieWire argues that the film "trivializes history; as a hagiographic tribute to its brilliant protagonists, it doesn't dig into the essence of their struggles"[80]and similarly, Paul Byrnes concludes that "When a film purports to be selling history, we're entitled to ask where the history went, even if it offers a good time instead."[81]

Accolades

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Main article:List of accolades received byHidden Figures

Among its many achievements,Octavia Spencerwas particularly lauded for her portrayal ofDorothy Vaughanand was nominated for theAcademy Award for Best Supporting Actress,Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion PictureandScreen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role.The film's ensemble cast won theScreen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture.The film itself garnered a nomination for theAcademy Award for Best Pictureand several nominations its screenplay (including for theOscarandBAFTA),soundtrackandscore.

Overall, the film received three nominations for the89th Academy Awardsin2017,winning none:

See also

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References

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  1. ^"Hidden Figures".British Board of Film Classification.RetrievedDecember 10,2016.
  2. ^Goldrich, Robert."Fall 2016 Director's Profile: Ted Melfi".Shoot.RetrievedDecember 22,2016.
  3. ^abc"Hidden Figures (2016)".Box Office Mojo.RetrievedJanuary 6,2018.
  4. ^abMike Fleming Jr (March 22, 2017)."No. 15 'Hidden Figures' Box Office Profits – 2016 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament".Deadline Hollywood.RetrievedMarch 23,2017.
  5. ^"National Board of Review Announces 2016 Award Winners".National Board of Review.November 29, 2016.RetrievedNovember 29,2016.
  6. ^abcFleming, Mike Jr. (July 9, 2015)."Ted Melfi & Fox 2000 In Talks For 'Hidden Figures'; How A Group Of Math-Savvy Black Women Helped NASA Win Space Race".Deadline Hollywood.RetrievedMarch 26,2016.
  7. ^abMcKittrick, Christopher (February 1, 2017)."Hidden Figures:" A Mathematical Juggling Act "".creativescreenwriting.com.RetrievedFebruary 1,2017.
  8. ^McNary, Dave (February 10, 2016)."Taraji P. Henson to Play Math Genius in New Film 'Hidden Figures'".Variety.RetrievedMarch 27,2016.
  9. ^Kroll, Justin (February 17, 2016)."Octavia Spencer to Play Mathematician Opposite Taraji P. Henson in 'Hidden Figures' (EXCLUSIVE)".Variety.RetrievedMarch 27,2016.
  10. ^Kroll, Justin (March 1, 2016)."Kevin Costner Joins Taraji P. Henson, Octavia Spencer in 'Hidden Figures' (EXCLUSIVE)".Variety.RetrievedMarch 27,2016.
  11. ^Sneider, Jeff (March 7, 2016)."Janelle Monae Joins Taraji P. Henson, Octavia Spencer in Fox 2000's 'Hidden Figures' (Exclusive)".TheWrap.RetrievedMarch 27,2016.
  12. ^abBusch, Anita (April 1, 2016)."Jim Parsons Joins Ted Melfi's 'Hidden Figures' For Fox 2000".Deadline Hollywood.RetrievedApril 2,2016.
  13. ^Fleming, Mike Jr. (March 11, 2016)."Kirsten Dunst Joins Ted Melfi-Directed 'Hidden Figures' At Fox 2000".Deadline Hollywood.Archived fromthe originalon March 25, 2016.RetrievedMarch 27,2016.
  14. ^Busch, Anita (March 15, 2016)."Ted Melfi's 'Hidden Figures' Adds Glen Powell & Mahershala Ali".Deadline Hollywood.RetrievedMarch 27,2016.
  15. ^"On the Set for 3/11/16: Taraji P. Henson & Octavia Spencer Team Up for 'Hidden Figures' While Jordan Peele, Allison Williams & Catherine Keener Wrap 'Get Out'".SSN Insider.March 11, 2016. Archived fromthe originalon March 12, 2017.RetrievedMarch 26,2016.
  16. ^"Hidden Figures".Explore Canton, GA.RetrievedSeptember 15,2023.
  17. ^Walljasper, Matt (March 24, 2016)."What's Filming in Atlanta Now? Baby Driver, Hidden Figures, and a grim warning of things to come".Atlanta Magazine.RetrievedMarch 26,2016.
  18. ^Itzkoff, Dave (January 21, 2017)."Pharrell Williams, Making Noise for 'Hidden Figures' Everywhere".New York Times.RetrievedJune 26,2019.The project had another layer of resonance for Mr. Williams, who was raised in Virginia Beach, not far from the NASA Langley Research Center in Hampton, whereHidden Figurestakes place. Growing up, he said, he had a kind of mystical reverence for the NASA facilities: "We knew the bigger questions were being answered there".
  19. ^Galuppo, Mia (April 5, 2016)."Pharrell Williams to Produce, Write Music for Fox 2000's 'Hidden Figures'".The Hollywood Reporter.RetrievedApril 8,2016.
  20. ^Loff, Sarah (November 22, 2016)."Dorothy Vaughan Biography".NASA.Archived fromthe originalon June 25, 2020.RetrievedSeptember 24,2019.
  21. ^"Dorothy Vaughan Biography | NASA".Nasa.gov. November 22, 2016. Archived fromthe originalon June 25, 2020.RetrievedJanuary 30,2017.
  22. ^Shetterly 2016,p.107-8
  23. ^Khan, Amina (February 26, 2017)."Q&A: Our interview with Katherine G. Johnson, the real-life mathematician who inspired 'Hidden Figures'".LA Times.Los Angeles.RetrievedMarch 1,2017.
  24. ^Shetterly 2016,pp.129
  25. ^"What Matters - Katherine Johnson: NASA Pioneer and" Computer "".YouTube.WHRO Public Media. February 25, 2011.RetrievedApril 16,2022.
  26. ^Shetterly 2016,pp.144–5
  27. ^"Mary Jackson Biography | NASA".Nasa.gov. December 2, 2016. Archived fromthe originalon December 17, 2016.RetrievedJanuary 30,2017.
  28. ^Shetterly 2016,pp.122, 126–131, 189–191, 210–211, 219-223
  29. ^"[1960s] Official Numbers and Former Designations of Langley Research Center Buildings"(PDF).Langley Maps.Nasa.gov. February 3, 2016. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on October 18, 2011.
  30. ^Denise Lineberry (March 3, 2010)."A Look Back with Langley's NACA Alumni: NACA's 95th Anniversary".Researcher News.Nasa.gov. Archived fromthe originalon May 29, 2013.RetrievedOctober 2,2022.
  31. ^Shetterly 2016,pp.120–1
  32. ^Shetterly 2016,pp.185, 192
  33. ^Shetterly, Margot Lee (December 1, 2016)."Katherine Johnson Biography".NASA.RetrievedMarch 2,2017.authored or coauthored 26 research reports.
  34. ^Shetterly 2016,pp.179, 181–2
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