Wikipedia

iMessage

iMessageis aninstant messagingservice developed byApple Inc.and launched in 2011. iMessage functions exclusively on Apple platforms – includingiOS,iPadOS,macOS,watchOS,andvisionOS– as part ofApple's approach to inter-device integration,which has been described by media outlets as a means of achievingvendor lock-in.[1][2][3][4]iMessage is accessed and used using theMessagesapp client.

iMessage
A thread of conversation in theMessagesapplication onmacOS Sonoma
DeveloperApple Inc.
TypeInstant messaging
Launch dateOctober 12, 2011;12 years ago(2011-10-12)
Platform(s)iPhone,Apple Watch,iPad,iPod Touch,Mac
Operating system(s)iOS 5and later,iPadOS,OS X Mountain Lionand later,watchOS
StatusActive
Websitesupport.apple.com/explore/messages

Core features of iMessage, available on all supported platforms, include sendingtext messages,images, videos, and documents; getting delivery and read statuses (read receipts); andend-to-end encryptionso only the sender and recipient can read the messages, and no one else, even Apple itself can read them. The service also allows sending location data andstickers.On iOS and iPadOS, third-party developers can extend iMessage capabilities with custom extensions, an example being quick sharing of recently played songs.

Launched on iOS in 2011,[5]iMessage arrived on macOS (then called OS X) in 2012.[6]In 2020, Apple announced an entirely redesigned version of the macOSMessages appwhich adds some of the features previously unavailable on the Mac, including location sharing and message effects.

History

edit

iMessage was announced byScott Forstallat theWWDC 2011keynote on June 6, 2011. A version of theMessagesapp foriOSwith support for iMessage was included in theiOS 5update on October 12, 2011. On February 16, 2012, Apple announced that a new Messages app replacingiChatwould be part ofOS X Mountain Lion.[6]Mountain Lion was released on July 25, 2012.

On October 23, 2012, Apple CEO Tim Cook announced that Apple device users have sent 300 billion messages using iMessage and that Apple delivers an average of 28,000 messages per second.[7]In February 2016,Eddy Cueannounced that the number of iMessages sent per second had grown to 200,000.[8]

In May 2014, a lawsuit was filed against Apple over an issue where, if a user switched from an Apple device to a non-Apple device, messages being delivered to them through iMessage would not reach their destination.[9][10]In November 2014 Apple addressed this problem by providing instructions and an online tool to deregister iMessage.[11][12]A federal court dismissed the suit in Apple's favor.[13]

On March 21, 2016, a group of researchers fromJohns Hopkins Universitypublished a report in which they demonstrated that an attacker in possession of iMessageciphertextscould potentially decrypt photos and videos that had been sent via the service. The researchers published their findings after the vulnerability had beenpatchedby Apple.[14][15]

On June 13, 2016, Apple announced the addition of Apps to iMessage service, accessible via the Messages apps. Apps can create and share content, add stickers, make payments, and more within iMessage conversations without having to switch to standalone apps. One could develop standalone iMessage apps or an extension to existing iOS apps. Publishers can also create standalone stickers apps without writing any code.[16]According to Sensor Tower, a data company that provides "App Store Optimization (ASO)", as of March 2017 the iMessage App Store features nearly 5,000 Message-enabled apps.[17]

At the WWDC 2020 keynote on June 22, 2020, Apple previewedthe next versionof itsmacOSoperating system, planned for release in late 2020. Big Sur shipped with a redesigned version of Messages, with features previously available only on iOS devices, such as message effects,memoji,stickers and location sharing.

On February 21, 2024, Apple announced that they were going to upgrade the iMessage protocol with a newpost-quantum cryptographic (PQC) protocolcalled "PQ3."[18][19][20] Apple stated that, although quantum computers don't exist yet, they wanted to mitigate risks from future quantum computers as well as so-called "Harvest now, decrypt later"attack scenarios. Apple stated that they believe their PQ3 implementation provides protections that" surpass those in all other widely deployed messaging apps. " Furthermore, because, according to Apple, there is no standard on security properties for messaging security levels that allow for easy comparison, Apple decided to create their own definitions consisting of 4 levels between 0 and 3. On this scale, Apple considers its PQ3 protocol to reach what Apple calls" Level 3 security ". The main differentiator of PQ3, compared to other PQC protocols, is that PQ3 utilizes ongoing keying.[18]Apple rolled out PQ3 with the public release ofiOS 17.4,iPadOS 17.4,macOS 14.4andwatchOS 10.4,stating that “iMessage conversations between devices that support PQ3 are automatically ramping up to the post-quantum encryption protocol” and that PQ3 "will fully replace the existing protocol within all supported conversations [in 2024]."[18]

Digital Markets Act (European Union)

edit
Main article:Digital Markets Act

In 2022, iMessage was included on a list of potential "gatekeeper services" to be regulated by new legislation in the European Union.[21]This would have required iMessage to be interoperable with other messaging services that either serve a certain number of users or generates significant revenue.[22]In September 2023, theFinancial Timesreported based on two sources with direct knowledge on the matter, that Apple appealed the inclusion of iMessage on the grounds that the iMessage userbase in Europe was not large enough to warrant labeling iMessage as a gatekeeper service.[23][24][25]In December 2023, several media outlets reported that the appeal was successful.[26][27]Bloombergspeculated that this "tentative" decision was reached because while iMessage's userbase is large enough to qualify, the service is not popular enough with businesses, specifically.[28]

This rumored tentative decision was later formalized on February 13, 2024, when theEuropean Commissionannounced that they had decided that, together withBing,EdgeandMicrosoft Advertising,iMessage does not qualify as gatekeeper services.[29]The European Commission did not go into detail on their decision beyond stating that it was the result of "a thorough assessment of all arguments, taking into account input by relevant stakeholders, and after hearing the Digital Markets Advisory Committee."[29]Despite the lack of detail provided by the European Commission on their decision, multiple outlets speculated that the decision was indeed based on iMessage not meeting the threshold necessary to be classified as a gatekeeper service as was reported in the prior year.[30][31][32][33]

This ultimately meant that Apple didn't have to make iMessage interoperable with other messaging services, nor did Apple have to conform to the otherDMAregulations insofar it pertained to iMessage.

Features

edit

iMessage allows users to send texts, documents, photos, videos, contact information, and group messages over the Internet to otheriOS,iPadOS,macOS,watchOS,orvisionOSusers. iMessage is an alternative to theSMSandMMSmessaging for most users with devices running iOS 5 or later. The "Send as SMS" setting under Messages will cause the message to be sent via SMS if the sender does not have an active Internet connection. If the receiver has no Internet connection, the message should be stored on a server until a connection is restored.[citation needed]

iMessage is accessible through theMessagesapp on aniPhone,iPadoriPod Touchrunning iOS 5 or later, aMacrunning OS X Mountain Lion or later or anApple Vision Prorunning visionOS 1 or later. Owners of these devices can register one or moreemail addresseswith Apple. Additionally, iPhone owners can register their phone numbers with Apple, provided their carrier is supported. When a message is sent to a mobile number, Messages will check with Apple if the mobile number is set up for iMessage. If it is not, the message will seamlessly transition from iMessage to SMS.[34]

In Messages, the user's sent communication is aligned to the right, with replies from other people on the left. A user can see if the other iMessage user is typing a message. A pale grayellipsisappears in the text bubble of the other user when a reply is started. It is also possible to start a conversation on one iOS device and continue it on another.[34]On iPhones, green buttons and text bubbles indicate SMS-based communication; on all iOS devices, blue buttons and text bubbles indicate iMessage communication.

All iMessages are encrypted and can be tracked using delivery receipts.[35]If the recipient enables Read Receipts, the sender will be able to see when the recipient has read the message. iMessage also allows users to set up chats with more than two people—a "group chat".

With the launch ofiOS 10,users can send messages accompanied by a range of "bubble" or "screen" effects.[36][37][38]By holding down the send button with force, the range of effects is surfaced for users to select from.

With the launches ofiOS 14andmacOS 11 Big Sur,users gain a myriad of features such as the ability to pin individual conversations, mention other users, set an image for group conversations, and send inline replies. Additionally, more of the features from the Messages app oniOSandiPadOSwere ported over to theirmacOScounterpart.[39]

With the launch ofiOS 15.2,Apple added automated blurring of photos containing explicit images that are sent to underage users. The feature relies on scanning the photos on the device and can optionally be set to alert the underage user's parents if explicit material is received. The feature was originally launched only for the US with a later expansion to the UK, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. The feature remains regionally restricted for the rest of the world.[40][41]

With the launch ofiOS 16,Apple added the ability for users to edit and unsend sent iMessages. Users can unsend an iMessage for up to 2 minutes after it being sent, and can edit it for up to 15 minutes. Users also have the ability to recover deleted messages for up to 30 days.[42]

Technology

edit

The iMessage protocol is based on theApple Push Notification service(APNs)—a proprietary,binary protocol.[43]It sets up a Keep-Alive connection with the Apple servers. Every connection has its own unique code, which acts as an identifier for the route that should be used to send a message to a specific device. The connection is encrypted with TLS using a client-side certificate, that is requested by the device on the activation of iMessage.

Each message recipient's public keys are retrieved from Apple Identity Service (IDS), "Apple's directory of iMessage public keys, Apple Push Notification service (APNs) addresses, and phone numbers and email addresses that are used to look up the keys and device addresses."[44]Each message is individually encrypted for each recipient device in a conversation. Message attachments are encrypted and uploaded toiCloudto be retrieved separately by the recipient. Messages are stored on Apple servers for up to 30 days.[45]

Platforms

edit

iMessage is only officially available on Apple operating systems, such asiOS,iPadOS,macOS,watchOSandvisionOS.Unlike some other messaging apps, it does not supportAndroidorMicrosoft Windows,and does not have any web access interface.

On May 3, 2016, an independent open-source project named "PieMessage" was announced by app developer Eric Chee,[46]consisting of code for OS X that communicates with iMessage and connects to anAndroidclient, allowing the Android client to send and receive messages.[47][48]

On December 5, 2023, an independent app calledBeeper Mini,which used reverse engineering of the iMessage protocol, was released for Android.[49]It quickly reached the top five free communications apps on Google Play and became the fastest-growing paid Android app in history, gaining more than 100,000 downloads in the first 48 hours. A few days after the launch, it was briefly shut down by Apple, but resumed operations again.[50][51]Amy KlobucharandMike Lee,who lead the Senate's antitrust committee, wrote a letter to theDepartment of Justiceexpressing concern that Apple was not allowing competition.[52][53]The developers of Beeper Mini restored the service again, which was soon shut down again by Apple. Ultimately, the creators of Beeper Mini gave up on bypassing Apple's attempts to shut down the service, so they stopped trying to reverse engineer iMessage.[54]

Reception

edit

On November 12, 2012, Chetan Sharma, a technology and strategy consulting firm, published the US Mobile Data Market Update Q3 2012, noting the decline oftext messagingin the United States, and suggested the decline may be attributed to Americans using alternative free messaging services such as iMessage.[55]

In 2017,Googleannounced they would compete with iMessage with their own messaging service,Messages(formerly Android Messages).[56]

Security and privacy

edit

On November 4, 2014, theElectronic Frontier Foundation(EFF) listed iMessage on its "Secure Messaging Scorecard", giving it a score of 5 out of 7 points. It received points for having communications encrypted in transit, having communications encrypted with keys the provider doesn't have access to (end-to-end encryption), having past communications secure if the keys are stolen (forward secrecy), having their security designs well-documented, and having a recent independentsecurity audit.It missed points because users can not verify contacts' identities and because the source code is not open to independent review.[57]In September 2015,Matthew Greennoted that, because iMessage does not displaykey fingerprintsfor out-of-band verification, users are unable to verify that aman-in-the-middle attackhas not occurred. The post also noted that iMessage uses RSA key exchange. This means that, as opposed to what EFF's scorecard claims, iMessage does not featureforward secrecy.[58]

On August 7, 2019, researchers fromProject Zeropresented 6 "interaction-less" exploits in iMessage that could be used to take over control of a user's device.[59]These six exploits have been fixed in iOS 12.4, released on July 22, 2019, however there are still some undisclosed exploits which will be patched in a future update.[60]Project Pegasus revelationsin July 2021 found the software used iMessage exploits.

In 2021, anFBIdocument obtained byProperty of the People, Inc.,a501(c)(3)nonprofit organization, through anFOIArequest, reveals, thatWhatsAppand iMessage are vulnerable to law-enforcementreal-timesearches.[61][62][63]Reuters also reported that Apple had plans to encryptiCloudbackups of iMessage data, but dropped those plans after the FBI complained.[64]

Eric Migicovsky,founder of third-party iMessage client Beeper Mini, has criticized Apple for preventing iMessage access on Android phones. Migicovsky argues that it is hypocritical of Apple to claim iMessage is private and secure while simultaneously allowing only SMS messages when communicating with users on non-Apple devices (such asAndroid), even when alternatives exist.[65]Apple has implied that third-party applications like Beeper Mini are less secure because "techniques posed significant risks to user security and privacy, including the potential for metadata exposure and enabling unwanted messages, spam, and phishing attacks."[66]All four of the security and privacy risks suggested by Apple's statement also apply to SMS, which iMessage uses for fallback when communicating with non-iMessage users.[67][68][69]Apple has long-resisted bringing iMessage to non-Apple devices, with CEO Tim Cook previously offering the solution of "buy your mom an iPhone" when questioned at Code Conference about a better way to message with family that uses Android.MassachusettsSenatorElizabeth Warrencommented on the conflict between Beeper Mini and Apple,tweeting:"Green bubble texts are less secure. So why would Apple block a new app allowing Android users to chat with iPhone users on iMessage?Big Techexecutives are protecting profits by squashing competitors. Chatting between different platforms should be easy and secure. "[70][71]

Anti-SMS/MMS user sentiment

edit

According to a survey fromPiper Sandlerfrom Autumn 2023, 87% of teenagers in the United States have iPhones.[72]Claims have been made that the app's use of different colors for messages using iMessage's protocol vs SMS fallback has contributed to social exclusion among some teens.[73][74]

On November 16, 2023, Apple announcedRich Communication Services(RCS) support coming to iOS the following year,[75]to work as a fallback when iMessage is not available and the other user is also using RCS,[76]although they followed up by confirming that the RCS messages will remain green.[77]After the news broke, Google revealed that they will be working alongside Apple to implement RCS onto iOS and iMessage.[78][79]

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^Kellen (April 9, 2021)."Apple Admits Why It Keeps iMessage Off Android".www.droid-life.com.Archivedfrom the original on December 3, 2023.RetrievedDecember 3,2023.
  2. ^"Apple confirms iMessage locks users into iOS, and putting it on Android would hurt Apple".ZDNET.Archivedfrom the original on July 16, 2024.RetrievedDecember 3,2023.
  3. ^Higgins, Tim (January 8, 2022)."Why Apple's iMessage Is Winning: Teens Dread the Green Text Bubble".Wall Street Journal.ISSN0099-9660.Archivedfrom the original on October 20, 2022.RetrievedDecember 3,2023.
  4. ^"Apple iMessage Is a Lock-In Abomination".PCMAG.Archivedfrom the original on July 16, 2024.RetrievedDecember 3,2023.
  5. ^"iOS 5 - See new features included in iOS 5".Apple. Archived fromthe originalon March 8, 2012.RetrievedOctober 10,2011.
  6. ^ab"OS X Mountain Lion - See everything the new OS X can do".Archived fromthe originalon June 15, 2012.
  7. ^Epstein, Zach (October 23, 2012)."Apple Kicks Off iPad Mini Event: 3 Million New iPods Sold, iOS 6 Now On 200 Million Devices".Boy Genius Report.Archivedfrom the original on January 20, 2013.RetrievedFebruary 17,2013.
  8. ^Leswing, Kif (February 12, 2016)."Apple says people send as many as 200,000 iMessages per second".Business Insider.Archivedfrom the original on July 16, 2024.RetrievedDecember 20,2016.
  9. ^Edwards, Jim (May 16, 2014)."Apple Lawsuit iPhones Don't Deliver Texts To Android".Business Insider.Archivedfrom the original on June 14, 2014.RetrievedJune 14,2014.
  10. ^Rosenblatt, Joel (May 16, 2014)."Apple Sued Over Vanishing Texts After IPhones Swapped Out".Bloomberg L.P.Archivedfrom the original on January 16, 2015.RetrievedMarch 7,2017.
  11. ^"If you can't receive text messages from an iPhone - Apple Support".Support.apple.com. September 5, 2017.Archivedfrom the original on February 2, 2015.RetrievedOctober 14,2018.
  12. ^"Deregister and Turn Off iMessage - Apple Support".Selfsolve.apple.com. January 1, 1970.Archivedfrom the original on December 7, 2014.RetrievedOctober 14,2018.
  13. ^Slotnick, Stacy (August 12, 2015)."Apple Avoids Class Action Lawsuit Over iMessages".UrbanGeekz.Archivedfrom the original on December 15, 2017.RetrievedDecember 20,2016.
  14. ^Garman et al. 2016
  15. ^Nakashima, Ellen (March 21, 2016)."Johns Hopkins researchers poke a hole in Apple's encryption".The Washington Post.Nash Holdings LLC.Archivedfrom the original on March 21, 2016.RetrievedMarch 21,2016.
  16. ^"iMessage - Apple Developer".developer.apple.com.Archivedfrom the original on October 7, 2016.RetrievedSeptember 23,2016.
  17. ^Perez, Sarah (March 16, 2017)."Six months in, iMessage App Store growth slows as developers lose interest".TechCrunch.Archivedfrom the original on July 16, 2024.RetrievedMarch 17,2017.
  18. ^abcApple Security Engineering and Architecture (SEAR) (February 21, 2024)."iMessage with PQ3: The new state of the art in quantum-secure messaging at scale".Apple Security Research.Apple Inc.Archivedfrom the original on July 16, 2024.RetrievedFebruary 22,2024.With compromise-resilient encryption and extensive defenses against even highly sophisticated quantum attacks, PQ3 is the first messaging protocol to reach what we call Level 3 security — providing protocol protections that surpass those in all other widely deployed messaging apps.
  19. ^Rossignoi, Joe (February 21, 2024)."Apple Announces 'Groundbreaking' New Security Protocol for iMessage".MacRumors.Archivedfrom the original on February 23, 2024.RetrievedFebruary 22,2024.
  20. ^Potuck, Michael (February 21, 2024)."Apple launching quantum computer protection for iMessage with iOS 17.4, here's what that means".9to5Mac.Archivedfrom the original on July 16, 2024.RetrievedFebruary 22,2024.
  21. ^"Apple Set to Challenge Latest EU Crackdown on Big Tech Dominance".Bloomberg.com.November 10, 2023.Archivedfrom the original on July 16, 2024.RetrievedDecember 8,2023.
  22. ^Mayo, Benjamin (November 10, 2023)."Apple to appeal EU ruling that forces company to make changes to the 'gatekeeper' App Store and iMessage".9to5Mac.Archivedfrom the original on December 3, 2023.RetrievedDecember 8,2023.
  23. ^Espinoza, Javier (September 4, 2023)."Apple and Microsoft fight Brussels over 'gatekeeper' label for iMessage and Bing".Financial Times.Archived fromthe originalon September 17, 2023.RetrievedFebruary 22,2024.
  24. ^"Apple Will Reportedly Appeal EU's Gatekeeping Claims".Gizmodo.November 10, 2023.Archivedfrom the original on December 8, 2023.RetrievedDecember 8,2023.
  25. ^Mayo, Benjamin (September 10, 2023)."Report: Apple claims iMessage not big enough to fall under purview of EU 'gatekeeper' competition law".9to5Mac.Archivedfrom the original on December 8, 2023.RetrievedDecember 8,2023.
  26. ^"MSN".www.msn.com.Archivedfrom the original on October 29, 2019.RetrievedDecember 8,2023.
  27. ^Smith, Chris (December 7, 2023)."Surprise: There's no such thing as blue vs. green bubbles in Europe".BGR.RetrievedDecember 8,2023.
  28. ^"Apple Set to Avoid EU Crackdown Over iMessage Service".Bloomberg.com.December 6, 2023.Archivedfrom the original on December 7, 2023.RetrievedDecember 12,2023.
  29. ^abDirectorate-General for Competition, Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology (February 13, 2024)."Commission closes market investigations on Microsoft's and Apple's services under the Digital Markets Act".European Commission.Archivedfrom the original on February 24, 2024.RetrievedFebruary 22,2024.Following a thorough assessment of all arguments, taking into account input by relevant stakeholders, and after hearing the Digital Markets Advisory Committee, the Commission found that iMessage, Bing, Edge, and Microsoft Advertising do not qualify as gatekeeper services.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  30. ^Chee, Foo Yun; Meijer, Bart H.; Coulter, Martin (February 13, 2024)."Apple, Microsoft win exemptions for iMessage, Bing from EU rules".Reuters.Archivedfrom the original on February 13, 2024.RetrievedFebruary 22,2024.
  31. ^Stolton, Samuel (February 13, 2024)."Apple iMessage, Microsoft Bing Dodge EU's Big Tech Crackdown".Bloomberg News.Archived fromthe originalon February 13, 2024.RetrievedFebruary 22,2024.
  32. ^Lovejoy, Ben (February 13, 2024)."iMessage antitrust threat removed, as EU says it's not a dominant service".9to5Mac.Archivedfrom the original on February 13, 2024.RetrievedFebruary 22,2024.
  33. ^Hardwick, Tim (February 13, 2024)."Apple's iMessage Avoids EU's Digital Markets Act Regulation".MacRumors.Archivedfrom the original on February 23, 2024.RetrievedFebruary 22,2024.
  34. ^abSiegler, MG (June 6, 2011)."Apple Has Finally Stuck A Dagger Into SMS. I Love It".TechCrunch.Archivedfrom the original on November 26, 2020.RetrievedFebruary 17,2013.
  35. ^"New Version of iOS Includes Notification Center, iMessage, Newsstand, Twitter Integration Among 200 New Features"(Press release). Apple Inc. June 6, 2011.Archivedfrom the original on July 3, 2017.RetrievedOctober 1,2013.
  36. ^Padhiyar, Jignesh (January 3, 2019)."How to Send iMessage with Screen Effect on iPhone and iPad".iGeekBlog.Archived fromthe originalon August 9, 2020.RetrievedSeptember 21,2017.
  37. ^Navodiya, Nurdin (August 8, 2019)."How to use and send iMessage with Effects (Bubble and Screen)".iTechCliq.Archivedfrom the original on November 30, 2020.RetrievedAugust 3,2019.
  38. ^Gupta, Mukesh (April 3, 2023)."How to use Bubble and Screen Effects with iMessage in iOS 16.3".iTechPerry.Archivedfrom the original on March 31, 2023.RetrievedApril 3,2023.
  39. ^"macOS Big Sur Preview - Features".Apple.Archivedfrom the original on June 22, 2020.RetrievedJune 22,2020.
  40. ^Clark, Mitchell (December 13, 2021)."Apple releases iOS 15.2 with App Privacy Report, Digital Legacy, and more".TheVerge.Archivedfrom the original on April 21, 2022.RetrievedApril 21,2022.
  41. ^Porter, Jon (April 21, 2022)."Apple's nudity-blurring Messages feature gets international release".The Verge.Archivedfrom the original on April 21, 2022.RetrievedApril 21,2022.
  42. ^"iOS 16".Apple.Archivedfrom the original on September 12, 2022.RetrievedSeptember 15,2022.
  43. ^Kumparak, Greg (February 27, 2014)."Apple Explains Exactly How Secure iMessage Really Is".TechCrunch.Archivedfrom the original on October 30, 2020.RetrievedOctober 6,2016.
  44. ^"Apple Identity Service (IDS)".Archivedfrom the original on September 8, 2022.RetrievedSeptember 8,2022.
  45. ^"How iMessage sends and receives messages securely".May 13, 2022.Archivedfrom the original on September 8, 2022.RetrievedSeptember 8,2022.
  46. ^"PieMessage open-source project brings iMessage to Android using your Mac as a server".9to5Mac. May 3, 2016.Archivedfrom the original on June 17, 2018.RetrievedOctober 14,2018.
  47. ^Miller, Paul (May 4, 2016)."PieMessage project brings iMessage to Android".The Verge.Archivedfrom the original on July 16, 2024.RetrievedAugust 31,2017.
  48. ^PieMessageonGitHub
  49. ^Purdy, Kevin (December 5, 2023)."Beeper Mini for Android sends and receives iMessages, no Mac server required".Ars Technica.Archivedfrom the original on December 7, 2023.RetrievedDecember 10,2023.
  50. ^Welch, Chris (December 8, 2023)."Apple has seemingly found a way to block Android's new iMessage app".The Verge.Archivedfrom the original on December 9, 2023.RetrievedDecember 10,2023.
  51. ^Kellen (December 11, 2023)."Beeper Mini Returns, But For How Long?".Droid Life.Archivedfrom the original on July 16, 2024.RetrievedDecember 12,2023.
  52. ^Mendez, Andrew (December 18, 2023)."Lawmakers push DOJ to probe Apple for shuttering iMessage-like apps".Archivedfrom the original on July 16, 2024.RetrievedDecember 21,2023.
  53. ^Mickle, Tripp; Isaac, Mike (December 22, 2023)."Apple's Newest Headache: An App That Upended Its Control Over Messaging".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on December 22, 2023.RetrievedDecember 22,2023.
  54. ^Li, Abner (December 13, 2023)."iMessage for Android via Beeper Mini and Cloud are down again".9To5Google.Archivedfrom the original on December 15, 2023.RetrievedJanuary 20,2024.
  55. ^Choney, Suzanne."Text messaging is on decline in US, says report".NBC News.Archived fromthe originalon November 14, 2012.RetrievedFebruary 17,2013.
  56. ^"GVA's Garrity on Alphabet Making a Push Into Android Messaging".Bloomberg.com.Archivedfrom the original on October 14, 2018.RetrievedMarch 14,2017.
  57. ^"Secure Messaging Scorecard".Electronic Frontier Foundation. November 4, 2014.Archivedfrom the original on May 20, 2019.RetrievedApril 21,2024.
  58. ^Green, Matthew(September 8, 2015)."Let's talk about iMessage (again)".A Few Thoughts on Cryptographic Engineering(Blog).Archivedfrom the original on August 23, 2016.RetrievedMarch 22,2016.
  59. ^Newman, Lily Hay (August 7, 2019)."Hackers Can Break Into an iPhone Just by Sending a Text".Wired.ISSN1059-1028.Archivedfrom the original on December 14, 2020.RetrievedAugust 9,2019.
  60. ^"About the security content of iOS 12.4".Apple Support.Archivedfrom the original on December 21, 2020.RetrievedAugust 9,2019.
  61. ^"January 2021 FBI Infographic re Lawful Access to Secure Messaging Apps Data".Property of the People.November 19, 2021. Archived fromthe originalon August 27, 2022.RetrievedOctober 9,2022.
  62. ^Ben Zion Gad (November 30, 2021)."Can the FBI monitor your WhatsApp conversations?".The Jerusalem Post.Archivedfrom the original on November 19, 2023.RetrievedOctober 9,2022.
  63. ^Kroll, Andy (November 29, 2021)."FBI Document Says the Feds Can Get Your WhatsApp Data -- in Real Time".Rolling Stone.Archivedfrom the original on November 14, 2023.RetrievedOctober 9,2022.
  64. ^Menn, Joseph (January 21, 2020)."Exclusive: Apple dropped plan for encrypting backups after FBI complained - sources".Reuters.Archivedfrom the original on December 9, 2023.RetrievedDecember 9,2023.
  65. ^Perez, Sarah (December 8, 2023)."Apple cuts off Beeper Mini's access after launch of service that brought iMessage to Android".TechCrunch.Archivedfrom the original on December 10, 2023.RetrievedDecember 10,2023.
  66. ^Pierce, David (December 10, 2023)."Apple responds to the Beeper iMessage saga: 'We took steps to protect our users'".The Verge.Archivedfrom the original on July 16, 2024.RetrievedDecember 10,2023.
  67. ^Geller, Eric (May 17, 2016)."Study shows phone metadata is much more sensitive than top spies admit".The Daily Dot.Archivedfrom the original on July 16, 2024.RetrievedDecember 11,2023.
  68. ^Merryweather, Lauren (June 29, 2021)."Three in five people have received a scam delivery text in the past year - Which? News".Which?.Archivedfrom the original on December 11, 2023.RetrievedDecember 11,2023.
  69. ^"How to Recognize and Report Spam Text Messages".Consumer Advice.February 19, 2020.Archivedfrom the original on December 11, 2023.RetrievedDecember 11,2023.
  70. ^Davis, Wes (December 10, 2023)."Senator Elizabeth Warren weighs in on Beeper's fight with Apple".The Verge.Archivedfrom the original on December 10, 2023.RetrievedDecember 10,2023.
  71. ^Perez, Sarah (December 10, 2023)."Senator Warren calls out Apple for shutting down Beeper's 'iMessage to Android' solution".TechCrunch.Archivedfrom the original on July 16, 2024.RetrievedDecember 10,2023.
  72. ^"Taking Stock With Teens®".Archivedfrom the original on July 16, 2024.RetrievedNovember 19,2023.
  73. ^Gedeon, Kimberly (October 8, 2022)."Green bubble trouble — how Apple geniously employs dark psychology with iMessage".LaptopMag.Archivedfrom the original on July 16, 2024.RetrievedNovember 11,2023.
  74. ^Higgins, Tim (January 8, 2022)."Why Apple's iMessage Is Winning: Teens Dread the Green Text Bubble".Wall Street Journal.ISSN0099-9660.Archivedfrom the original on October 20, 2022.RetrievedNovember 11,2023.
  75. ^Espósito, Filipe."RCS is coming to iOS, but will it change anything for most iPhone users?".Archivedfrom the original on July 16, 2024.RetrievedNovember 19,2023.
  76. ^Roth, Emma (November 16, 2023)."Apple says iPhones will support RCS in 2024".The Verge.Archivedfrom the original on July 16, 2024.RetrievedDecember 8,2023.
  77. ^Miller, Chance (November 17, 2023)."RCS messages will use green bubbles, Apple confirms".Archivedfrom the original on November 18, 2023.RetrievedNovember 19,2023.
  78. ^Li, Abner."Google will work with Apple on implementing RCS on iPhone".Archivedfrom the original on July 16, 2024.RetrievedNovember 19,2023.
  79. ^Sattelberg, Will (November 16, 2023)."Apple is adding RCS support to the iPhone next year".Archivedfrom the original on July 16, 2024.RetrievedNovember 19,2023.

Further reading

edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IMessage&oldid=1250326615"