Ibas(Classical Syriac:ܗܝܒܐ ܐܘܪܗܝܐ,IhibaorHiba;d. 28 October 457) wasbishop of Edessa(c. 435–457) and was born inSyria.His name is theSyriacequivalent of "Donatus". He is frequently associated with the growth ofNestorianism,although this assertion is contentious and has been opposed.
Ibas | |
---|---|
Title | Bishop |
Personal | |
Born | |
Died | 28 October 457 |
Religion | Christianity |
Senior posting | |
Predecessor | Rabbula |
Successor | Nonnus |
Biography
editPresbyter at Edessa
editHe appears first as a presbyter of the church of Edessa during the episcopate ofRabbula,warmly espousing the theological views which his bishop uncompromisingly opposed. He admired the writings ofTheodore of Mopsuestia,which he translated intoSyriacand diligently disseminated through the East.[1]
The famous theologicalschool of Edessa,of which, according to some accounts, Ibas was head, and to which the Christian youth fromPersiaand adjacent lands came for education, offered many opportunities for propagating Theodore's beliefs. The growing popularity of doctrines which appeared clearlyhereticalalarmed Rabbula, and he endeavored to get Theodore's works anathematized and burnt. However the church of Edessa was generally favorable to Theodore's teaching, and supported Ibas against their bishop.[1]
Ibas attended theFirst Council of Ephesusin 431 as a presbyter, was cognizant of the autocratic conduct ofCyril of Alexandria,[2]and wrote in 433 the letter to a man that became known as "Maris, bishop of Hardaschir (or Adashir) in Persia", a letter which later became one of theThree Chapters.[3]The name might well be a misunderstood appellation formula for the bishop of Seleucia-Ctesiphon,a city known as Adashir during theSassanidperiod, which at that point was a certain Catholicus Dadyeshu (421-56), head of the Nestorians in Persia.[4]"Maris" had been at Edessa previous to the Nestorian controversy, and Ibas wrote to tell him what had occurred since his visit. Though evidently written under great exasperation, it shows Ibas as a man of independent judgment, and free from partisanship. In the letter,Nestoriusis severely censured for refusing the titleTheotokosto theVirgin Mary,and Ibas accuses Cyril ofApollinarianism,and denounces the heresy of his 12 chapters, charging him with maintaining the perfect identity of the manhood and Godhead in Christ, and denying the Catholic doctrine of the union of two Natures in One Person.[5]
Election as bishop and accusations
editWhen Rabbula died in 435 or 436, Ibas was elected his successor. This was distasteful to those who held the strong anti-Nestorian views of their late bishop, and they speedily planned to secure his deposition, by spreading charges against him of openly preaching heretical doctrines. The accusations soon reached the ears ofTheodosius IIandArchbishop Proclus of Constantinople.To Proclus the matter appeared so serious that towards the close of 437 he wrote toJohn I of Antiochas the leading prelate of the East, begging him to persuade Ibas, if innocent, to remove the scandal by condemning publicly certain propositions chiefly drawn from Theodore's writings against the errors of Nestorius. The same demand was made by Proclus of all the Eastern bishops; but Ibas and the other bishops generally refused to condemn Theodore's propositions.[6]
Although blocked so far, the malcontents at Edessa continued to work against their bishop. Their leaders were four presbyters, Samuel, Cyrus, Eulogius and Maras, who acted at the instigation of one of Ibas's own suffragans,Uranius,bishop ofHimeria,a pronouncedEutychian.WhileDomnus II,who had in 442 succeeded his uncle John I of Antioch asPatriarch of Antioch,visitedHierapolis Bambycefor the enthronization of the new bishop Stephen, Ibas' opponents chose that moment for action. Cyrus and Eulogius formally laid before Domnus the accusation against Ibas, signed by about 17 clergy of Edessa, and supported by 30.[7]Ibas, starting his journey for Hierapolis Bambyce to pay his respects to Domnus, learned of the accusation, at once summoned his clergy, pronounced excommunication on Cyrus and Eulogius as calumniators, and threatened the same treatment to all who participated in their proceedings.[1]
Trials at Antioch and Beirut
editIn 445, Ibas was summoned by Domnus to thesynodheld at Antioch in the matter ofAthanasius of Perrha,but he excused himself by letter.[8]Domnus supported Ibas, and he showed no readiness to entertain the charges brought against him. At last, inLent448, the four chief accusers presented their indictment before Domnus and the council of the East in a manner too formal to be neglected. Domnus consequently summoned Ibas to appear before him after Easter to answer the charges. The council was held at Antioch, and was attended by only nine bishops.[9]Ibas in person answered the 18 charges, mostly of a frivolous character and destitute of proof, e.g. that he had appropriated a jewelledchaliceto his own use; that thewineat theEucharistwas inferior in quality and quantity; the malversation of sums given for the ransom of captives;simoniacalordinations and the admission of unfit persons to the ministry and episcopate, especially his nephew Daniel, whom he had made bishop ofHarran.The most serious charges were that he hadanathematizedCyril and charged him with heresy; that he was a Nestorian; and especially that atEaster445, in the presence of his clergy, he had spoken the blasphemous words, "I do not envy Christ His becoming God, for I can become God no less than He." and "This is the day that Jesus Christ became God".[10]The first charge[clarification needed]he acknowledged, the others he indignantly repudiated as base slanders. Only two of the accusers appeared. Samuel and Cyrus had gone to Constantinople, in defiance of the terms on which the excommunication had been lifted, to lay their complaint before the emperor and thePatriarch of Constantinople,deciding that a hearing by Domnus would obviously be biased towards Ibas. Domnus and the council declined to proceed in the absence of the chief witnesses, and the case seemed to be postponed indefinitely.[11]
Eulogius and Maras then hastened to join their companions in Constantinople, where they found a powerful party strongly hostile to the Eastern bishops,Theodoretin particular. Their faction was soon strengthened by the arrival of Uranius, and half a dozen more Edessene clergy. The emperor andFlavian,who had succeeded Proclus as archbishop, listened to their complaints, but declined to hear them officially. The case was remitted to the East, and by an imperial commission, dated 26 October 448, Uranius of Himeria, Eustathius of Beirut and Photius ofTyre,who was elected 9 September 448, on the deposition ofIrenaeus,were deputed to hear it, and Damascius, the tribune and secretary of state, was dispatched as imperial commissioner. The whole proceeding was contrary to the canons that bishops should be subjected to the judgment of other bishops, two belonging to another province, on the strength of an imperial decree. No one, however, protested: imperial power was regarded as absolute. The tribunal also was grossly unfair. One of the three judges, Uranius, was ringleader of the movement against Ibas, while the other two had obtained their sees with his help.[12]
Tyrewas named as the place of trial but the hearing was moved to the episcopal residence inBeirutto avoid disturbances.[13]In response to the indictment, Ibas laid before his judges a memorial signed by many of his clergy, denying that he had ever uttered the alleged blasphemies.[14]Only three witnesses supported the accusation, and brought forward a copy of the controversial letter to "Maris."[15]It was later alleged by Ibas' enemies during theSecond Council of Ephesus[16]and the Council of Chalcedon[17]that Ibas admitted to writing the Letter to Maris and that the minutes of the Council of Beirut were not forged.Justinian's assertion that Ibas had disowned the letter to Maris at Beirut, as having been forged in his name, is disputed byFacundus.[18]Allegations of forgeries of the Council of Beirut's minutes lay bare that Ibas either did admit he wrote the letter and then reneged by having partisans falsify the aforementioned minutes, or that he denied writing the letter, forcing his accusers to falsify the said minutes in the same section.
In any event, the commissioners, avoiding any judicial decision, brought about a friendly arrangement.[1]His enemies agreed to withdraw their accusations on Ibas promising that he would forget the past, regard his accusers as his children, and remit any fresh difficulty for settlement to Domnus; and that, to avoid suspicion of malversation, the church revenues of Edessa should be administered, like those of Antioch, byoeconomi.Ibas gave equal satisfaction on theological points. He engaged to publicly anathematize Nestorius and all who thought with him on his return, and declared the identity of his doctrine with that agreed upon by John and Cyril, and that he accepted the decrees of Ephesus equally with those of Nicaea as due to the inspiration of the Holy Spirit. The concordat was signed, Uranius alone dissenting, 25 February 449.[19]
Deposition at Ephesus
editThe truce was broken within a very few weeks. The Eutychian party was aided by the intrigues of Chrysaphius,Dioscorus of Alexandriaand their partisans to obtain an edict summoning a further GeneralCouncil at Ephesusfor 1 August 449. Although the council was intended to rehabilitate the reputation of Eutyches, it served as a weapon against Ibas as well. Reports diligently spread in Edessa during his absence of Ibas'sheterodoxymade his reception so hostile that he was obliged to leave the town and request theMagister militumfor a guard to protect him. He soon discovered that all appeal to the civil power was in vain. The count Chaereas was governor ofOsrhoene,but had secret instructions fromChrysaphiusand Eutyches to arrest and imprison him and reopen the suit. When Chaereas entered Edessa on 12 April 449, to commence the trial, he was met by a mob of abbots and monks and their partisans, clamoring for the immediate expulsion and condemnation of Ibas and his followers. Two days later the inquiry began with Ibas absent and a mob agitating for his condemnation. All Edessa knew that Chaereas had come merely to announce a sentence of condemnation already passed.[1]
Chaereas, however, was moving too slowly for their hatred, and on Sunday, 17 April, the excitement in church was so violent that the count was compelled to promise that the verdict of the synod of Beirut should be reviewed and a new investigation commenced. This began on the next day; all the old charges were reproduced by the same accusers, amid wild yells of "Ibas to the gallows, to the mines, to the circus, to exile" drowning every attempt at explanation or defence. Crucial in the workings of the crowd were monks from monasteries in the city and its vicinity.[20]Chaereas, as had been predetermined, addressed a report to the imperial government, declaring the charges proved; and on 27 June the emperor, acknowledging the receipt of the document, ordered that a bishop who would command the confidence of the faithful should be substituted for Ibas.[21]Only a legally constituted synod could depose him, but meanwhile his enemies' malice could be gratified by his maltreatment. He was forbidden to enter Edessa, apprehended and treated as the vilest of criminals, dragged about from province to province, changing his quarters 40 times and being in 20 different prisons.[22]
TheSecond Council of Ephesusopened on 3 August. One of its objects was to finally get rid of Ibas, which was the work of the second session, held on 22 August. The three bishops who had conducted the investigation at Tyre and Beirut were asked for an account of their proceedings; they avoided reporting Ibas's acquittal, stating that the investigation that was later made at Edessa would be more useful. The monks of Edessa and the other parties to the indictment were admitted, and asked for their report, which condemned Ibas as expected. The motion of deposition carried without objection, Eustathius of Beirut and Photius of Tyre, who had previously acquitted him on the same evidence, voting with the majority. Ibas was not called to appear, being then in prison at Antioch.[23]It is not clear what befell Ibas on his deposition.
Reinstatement at Chalcedon
editAt the beginning of 451 the bishops who were deposed and banished as a consequence of the Second Council of Ephesus were allowed to return from exile, but the question of their restoration was left for theCouncil of Chalcedon.At the 9th session, 26 October, the case of Ibas came before the assembled bishops. On his demand to be restored in accordance with the verdict of Photius and Eustathius at Beirut and Tyre, the Acts of that synod (as well as a previous synod in Tyre) were read, and the next day thepope's legatesgave their opinion that Ibas, was unlawfully deposed, and should be at once restored. After much discussion this was carried unanimously. The legates led the way, declaring "his letter" to be orthodox, and commanded his restitution. All the prelates agreed in this verdict, on the condition that he should anathematize Nestorius and Eutyches and accept the tome of Leo. Ibas consented without hesitation. "He had anathematized Nestorius already in his writings, and would do so again ten thousand times, together with Eutyches and all who teach the One Nature, and would accept all that the council holds as truth." On this he was unanimously absolved, restored as bishop of Edessa at the subsequent sessions.Nonnus,who had been chosen bishop on Ibas' deposition, having been legitimately ordained, was allowed to retain his episcopal rank, and on Ibas's death, 28 October 457, quietly succeeded him as metropolitan.[24]The acceptance of "his letter," the Council not being specific which letter was being referred to, would lead to later controversy and allegations that theCouncil of Chalcedonhad approved of the contents of theLetter to Maris.
Sixth-century controversy
editA controversy concerning his letter to "Maris" arose in the next century, in the notorious dispute about the "Three Chapters", when the letter was branded as heretical (together with the works of Theodore of Mopsuestia and Theodoret's writings in favour of Nestorius) in the edict of Justinian, and was formally condemned in 553 by the fifth general council, which pronounced an anathema against all who should pretend that it and the other documents impugned had been recognized as orthodox by the Council of Chalcedon.[25]Later, theSyriac Orthodox Churchanathematized Ibas as a Nestorian.[26]
Church builder
editAccording to theChronicle of Edessa,Ibas erected the new church of the Apostles at Edessa, to which a senator gave a silver table of 720 lb. weight, andAnatolius,Magister militum per Orientem,a silver coffer to receive the relics ofThomas the Apostle,who was said, after preaching in Parthia, to have been buried there.[27]
References
edit- ^abcdeVenables 1911.
- ^Venables 1911Ep. ad Mar.; Labbe, Conc. iv. 662.
- ^Venables 1911citesPhilippe Labbe,iv. 661, v. 510
- ^Kidd, Beresford James (2013).Churches of Eastern Christendom(reprint of 1927 first ed.). Routledge. p. 43.ISBN978-0-7103-1081-1.Retrieved9 February2020.
- ^Venables 1911citesPhilippe Labbe,iv. 661, v. 510
- ^Venables 1911cites Labbe, v. 511-514
- ^Venables 1911cites Labbe, iv. 658
- ^Venables 1911cites Labbe, iv. 739
- ^Venables 1911cites Labbe, iv. 643
- ^Venables 1911cites Labbe, iv. 647-654; Liberat. c. 12
- ^Venables 1911cites Labbe, iv. 642 seq.; Theod. Ep. 111
- ^Venables 1911cites Martin,Le Brigandage d'Ephèse,pp. 118-120
- ^Venables 1911cites Labbe, iv. 636
- ^Venables 1911cites Labbe, iv. 667-671
- ^Venables 1911cites Labbe, iv. 659-662
- ^Perry, Samuel Gideon Frederic (1881).The Second Synod of Ephesus: Together with Certain Extracts Relating to It, from Syriac Mss. Preserved in the British Museum.Orient Press.
- ^See Session 10, v. 142: "Theophilus the deacon said: ‘I have something to ask you. The one who brought this declaration (I don’t know the name of the deacon who brought it) after he was expelled from there, did he not testify before all the clergy that I had altered the wording in order to please the bishop?"
- ^Venables 1911cites lib. v. c. 2, lib. vii. c. 5
- ^Venables 1911cites Labbe, iv. 630-648)
- ^Fafinski, Mateusz (4 April 2024)."A Restless City: Edessa and Urban Actors in the Syriac Acts of the Second Council of Ephesus".Al-Masāq:1–25.doi:10.1080/09503110.2024.2331915.ISSN0950-3110.
- ^Venables 1911cites Perry,The Second Synod of Ephesus
- ^Venables 1911cites Labbe, iv. 634; Liberat.c. 12; Facund. lib. vi. c.i
- ^Venables 1911cites Labbe, iv. 626, 634
- ^Venables 1911cites Labbe, iv. 891, 917
- ^Venables 1911citesEvagriusH. E. iv. 38
- ^Venables 1911citesAssemani,t. i. p. 202
- ^Venables 1911cites Socr. H. E. iv. 18
- Attribution
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain:Venables, E.(1911). "Ibas, bp. of Edessa".InWace, Henry;Piercy, William C. (eds.).Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century(3rd ed.). London: John Murray.
Bibliography
edit- Meyendorff, John(1989).Imperial unity and Christian divisions: The Church 450–680 A.D.The Church in history. Vol. 2. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press.ISBN978-0-88-141056-3.
- Claudia Rammelt, Ibas von Edessa, Rekonstruktion einer Biographie und dogmatischen Position zwischen den Fronten, De Gruyter, 2008