Illinois(/ˌɪlɪˈnɔɪ/IL-in-OY) is astatein theMidwesternregion of theUnited States.It bordersLake Michiganto its northeast, theMississippi Riverto its west, and theWabashandOhio riversto its south.[b]Of the fifty U.S. states, Illinois has thefifth-largest gross domestic product (GDP),thesixth-largest population,and the25th-most land area.Its capital isSpringfield.
Illinois | |
|---|---|
| Nickname(s): Land of Lincoln, Prairie State, The Inland Empire State | |
| Motto(s): State Sovereignty, National Union | |
| Anthem:"Illinois" | |
 Map of the United States with Illinois highlighted | |
| Country | United States |
| Before statehood | Illinois Territory |
| Admitted to the Union | December 3, 1818 (21st) |
| Capital | Springfield |
| Largest city | Chicago |
| Largest county or equivalent | Cook |
| Largest metroandurbanareas | Chicagoland |
| Government | |
| •Governor | J. B. Pritzker(D) |
| •Lieutenant Governor | Juliana Stratton(D) |
| Legislature | General Assembly |
| •Upper house | Illinois Senate |
| •Lower house | Illinois House of Representatives |
| Judiciary | Supreme Court of Illinois |
| U.S. senators | Dick Durbin(D) Tammy Duckworth(D) |
| U.S. House delegation | 14 Democrats 3 Republicans (list) |
| Area | |
| • Total | 57,915 sq mi (149,997 km2) |
| • Land | 55,593 sq mi (143,969 km2) |
| • Water | 2,320 sq mi (5,981 km2) 3.99% |
| • Rank | 25th |
| Dimensions | |
| • Length | 390 mi (628 km) |
| • Width | 210 mi (338 km) |
| Elevation | 600 ft (180 m) |
| Highest elevation | 1,235 ft (376.4 m) |
| Lowest elevation | 280 ft (85 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| • Total | 12,812,508[3] |
| • Rank | 6th |
| • Density | 232/sq mi (89.4/km2) |
| • Rank | 12th |
| •Median household income | $65,030[4] |
| • Income rank | 17th |
| Demonyms | Illinoisan |
| Language | |
| •Official language | English[5] |
| •Spoken language | English (80.8%) Spanish (14.9%) Other (5.1%) |
| Time zone | UTC−06:00(CST) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC−05:00(CDT) |
| USPS abbreviation | IL |
| ISO 3166 code | US-IL |
| Traditional abbreviation | Ill. |
| Latitude | 36° 58′ N to 42° 30′ N |
| Longitude | 87° 30′ W to 91° 31′ W |
| Website | illinois |
Present-day Illinois was inhabited by Indigenous cultures for thousands of years. The French were the first Europeans to arrive, settling near the Mississippi andIllinois Riverin the 17th century as part of the sprawling colony ofNew France.FollowingU.S. independence in 1783,American settlers began arriving fromKentuckyvia the Ohio River. Illinois was part of the United States' oldest territory, theNorthwest Territory,and in 1818 it achievedstatehood.TheErie Canalbrought increased commercial activity in the Great Lakes, and the invention of the self-scouringsteel plowby IllinoisanJohn Deereturned the state's richprairieinto some of the world's most productive and valuable farmland, attractingimmigrantfarmers fromGermanyandSweden.In the mid-19th century, theIllinois and Michigan Canaland a sprawling railroad network facilitated trade, commerce, and settlement, making the state a transportation hub for the nation.[6]By 1900, the growth of industrial jobs in the northern cities andcoalmining in the central and southern areas attracted immigrants fromEasternandSouthern Europe.Illinois became one of America's most industrialized states and remains a major manufacturing center.[7]TheGreat Migrationfrom the South established a large Black community, particularly inChicago,which became a leading cultural, economic, and population center; itsmetropolitan area,informally referred to asChicagoland,holds about 65% of the state's 12.8 million residents.
TwoWorld Heritage Sitesare in Illinois, the ancientCahokia Mounds,and part of theWright architecturesite. Major centers of learning include theUniversity of Chicago,University of Illinois,andNorthwestern University.A wide variety ofprotected areasseek to conserve Illinois' natural and cultural resources. ThreeU.S. presidentshave been elected while residents of Illinois:Abraham Lincoln,Ulysses S. Grant,andBarack Obama;additionally,Ronald Reaganwas born and raised in the state. Illinois honors Lincoln with its official state sloganLand of Lincoln.[8][9]The state is the site of theAbraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museumin Springfield and the future home of theBarack Obama Presidential Centerin Chicago.
Illinois has a highly diverseeconomy,with theglobal cityofChicagoin the northeast, major industrial andagriculturalhubs in the north and center, andnatural resourcessuch as coal, timber, and petroleum in the south. Owing to its central location and favorable geography, the state is a majortransportation hub:thePort of Chicagohas access to theAtlantic Oceanthrough theGreat LakesandSaint Lawrence Seawayand to theGulf of Mexicofrom theMississippi Rivervia theIllinois Waterway.Chicago has been the nation'srailroadhub since the 1860s,[10]and itsO'Hare International Airporthas been among the world's busiest airports for decades. Illinois has long been considered amicrocosmof the United States and abellwetherin American culture, exemplified by the phraseWill it play in Peoria?.[11]
Etymology
"Illinois" is the modern spelling for the earlyFrenchCatholicmissionariesand explorers' name for theIllinoisNative Americans,a name that was spelled in many different ways in the early records.[12]
American scholars previously thought the nameIllinoismeant 'man' or 'men' in theMiami-Illinois language,with the originaliliniwektransformed via French into Illinois.[13][14]This etymology is not supported by the Illinois language,[citation needed]as the word for "man" isireniwa,and plural of "man" isireniwaki.The nameIlliniwekhas also been said to mean 'tribe of superior men',[15]which is afalse etymology.The nameIllinoisderives from the Miami-Illinois verbirenwe·wa'he speaks the regular way'. This was taken into theOjibwe language,perhaps in theOttawa dialect,and modified intoilinwe·(pluralized asilinwe·k). The French borrowed these forms, spelling the/we/ending as-ois,atransliterationof that sound in the French of that time. The current spelling form,Illinois,began to appear in the early 1670s, when French colonists had settled in the western area. The Illinois's name for themselves, as attested in all three of the French missionary-period dictionaries of Illinois, wasInoka,of unknown meaning and unrelated to the other terms.[16][17]
History
Pre-European
American Indiansof successive cultures lived along the waterways of the Illinois area for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans. TheKoster Sitehas been excavated and demonstrates 7,000 years of continuous habitation.Cahokia,the largest regionalchiefdomandUrban Centerof thePre-ColumbianMississippian culture,was located near present-dayCollinsville, Illinois.They built an urban complex of more than 100platformandburial mounds,a 50-acre (20 ha)plazalarger than 35 football fields,[18]and a woodhenge of sacred cedar, all in a planned design expressing the culture's cosmology.Monks Mound,the center of the site, is the largest Pre-Columbian structure north of theValley of Mexico.It is 100 ft (30 m) high, 951 ft (290 m) long, 836 ft (255 m) wide, and covers 13.8 acres (5.6 ha).[19]It contains about 814,000 cu yd (622,000 m3) of earth.[20]It was topped by a structure thought to have measured about 105 ft (32 m) in length and 48 ft (15 m) in width, covered an area 5,000 sq ft (460 m2), and been as much as 50 ft (15 m) high, making its peak 150 ft (46 m) above the level of the plaza. The finely crafted ornaments and tools recovered by archaeologists atCahokiainclude elaborate ceramics, finely sculptured stonework, carefully embossed and engraved copper andmicasheets, and one funeral blanket for an important chief fashioned from 20,000 shell beads. These artifacts indicate that Cahokia was truly an urban center, with clustered housing, markets, and specialists in toolmaking, hide dressing, potting, jewelry making, shell engraving, weaving and salt making.[21]
The civilization vanished in the 15th century for unknown reasons, but historians and archeologists have speculated that the people depleted the area of resources. Many indigenous tribes engaged in constant warfare. According to Suzanne Austin Alchon, "At one site in the centralIllinois Rivervalley, one third of all adults died as a result of violent injuries. "[22]The next major power in the region was theIllinois Confederationor Illini, a political alliance.[23]Around the time of European contact in 1673, the Illinois confederation had an estimated population of over 10,000 people.[24]As the Illini declined during theBeaver Warsera, members of theAlgonquian-speakingPotawatomi,Miami,Sauk,and other tribes including the Fox (Meskwaki),Iowa,Kickapoo,Mascouten,Piankeshaw,Shawnee,Wea,and Winnebago (Ho-Chunk) came into the area from the east and north around the Great Lakes.[25][26]
European exploration and settlement prior to 1800
French explorersJacques MarquetteandLouis Jollietexplored theIllinois Riverin 1673. Marquette soon after founded a mission at theGrand Village of the IllinoisinIllinois Country.In 1680, French explorers underRené-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La SalleandHenri de Tonticonstructed a fort at the site of present-dayPeoria,and in 1682, a fort atopStarved Rockin today's Starved Rock State Park. French EmpireCanadienscame south to settle particularly along the Mississippi River, and Illinois was part of firstNew France,and then ofLa Louisianeuntil 1763, when it passed to the British with their defeat of France in theSeven Years' War.The small French settlements continued, although many French migrated west toSte. GenevieveandSt. Louis, Missouri,to evade British rule.[28]
A few British soldiers were posted in Illinois, but few British or American settlers moved there, as the Crown made it part of the territory reserved for Indians west of the Appalachians, and then part of theBritish Province of Quebec.In 1778,George Rogers ClarkclaimedIllinois CountyforVirginia.In a compromise, Virginia (and other states that made various claims) ceded the area to the new United States in the 1780s and it became part of theNorthwest Territory,administered by the federal government and later organized as states.[28]
19th century
Prior to statehood
TheIllinois-Wabash Companywas an early claimant to much of Illinois. TheIllinois Territorywas created on February 3, 1809, with its capital atKaskaskia,an early French settlement.
During the discussions leading up to Illinois'sadmission to the Union,the proposed northern boundary of the state was moved twice.[29]The original provisions of theNorthwest Ordinancehad specified a boundary that would have been tangent to the southern tip of Lake Michigan. Such a boundary would have left Illinois with no shoreline on Lake Michigan at all. However, as Indiana had successfully been granted a 10 mi (16 km) northern extension of its boundary to provide it with a usable lakefront, the original bill for Illinois statehood, submitted to Congress on January 23, 1818, stipulated a northern border at the same latitude as Indiana's, which is defined as 10 miles north of the southernmost extremity of Lake Michigan. However, the Illinois delegate,Nathaniel Pope,wanted more, and lobbied to have the boundary moved further north. The final bill passed by Congress included an amendment to shift the border to 42° 30' north, which is approximately 51 mi (82 km) north of the Indiana northern border. This shift added 8,500 sq mi (22,000 km2) to the state, including thelead miningregion nearGalena.More importantly, it added nearly 50 miles of Lake Michigan shoreline and the Chicago River. Pope and others envisioned a canal that would connect the Chicago and Illinois rivers and thus connect the Great Lakes to the Mississippi.
The State of Illinois prior to the Civil War
In 1818, Illinois became the 21st U.S. state. The capital remained at Kaskaskia, headquartered in a small building rented by the state. In 1819,Vandaliabecame the capital, and over the next 18 years, three separate buildings were built to serve successively as the capitol building. In 1837, the state legislators representingSangamon County,under the leadership of state representativeAbraham Lincoln,succeeded in having the capital moved toSpringfield,[30]where afifth capitolbuilding was constructed. Asixth capitolbuilding was erected in 1867, which continues to serve as the Illinois capitol today.
Though it was ostensibly a "free state",there was nonethelessslavery in Illinois.The ethnic French had owned black slaves since the 1720s, and American settlers had already brought slaves into the area fromKentucky.Slavery was nominally banned by the Northwest Ordinance, but that was not enforced for those already holding slaves. When Illinois became a state in 1818, the Ordinance no longer applied, and about 900 slaves were held in the state. As the southern part of the state, later known as "Egypt" or "Little Egypt",[31][32]was largely settled by migrants from the South, the section was hostile to free blacks. Settlers were allowed to bring slaves with them for labor, but, in 1822, state residents voted against making slavery legal. Still, most residents opposed allowing free blacks as permanent residents. Some settlers brought in slaves seasonally or as house servants.[33]TheIllinois Constitution of 1848was written with a provision for exclusionary laws to be passed. In 1853,John A. Loganhelped pass a law to prohibit all African Americans, includingfreedmen,from settling in the state.[34]
Thewinter of 1830–1831is called the "Winter of the Deep Snow";[35]a sudden, deep snowfall blanketed the state, making travel impossible for the rest of the winter, and many travelers perished. Several severe winters followed, including the "Winter of the Sudden Freeze". On December 20, 1836, a fast-moving cold front passed through, freezing puddles in minutes and killing many travelers who could not reach shelter. The adverse weather resulted in crop failures in the northern part of the state. The southern part of the state shipped food north, and this may have contributed to its name, "Little Egypt",after the Biblical story ofJoseph in Egyptsupplying grain to his brothers.[36]
In 1832, theBlack Hawk Warwas fought in Illinois and present-dayWisconsinbetween the United States and theSauk,Fox (Meskwaki),andKickapooIndian tribes. It represents the end of Indian resistance to white settlement in the Chicago region.[37]The Indians had been forced to leave their homes and move toIowain 1831; when they attempted to return, they were attacked and eventually defeated byU.S. militia.The survivors were forced back to Iowa.[38]By 1832, when the last Indian lands in Illinois were ceded to the United States, the indigenous population of the state had been reduced by infectious diseases, warfare, andforced westward removalto only one village with fewer than 300 inhabitants.[24]
By 1839, theLatter Day Saintshad founded autopiancity calledNauvoo,formerly called Commerce. Located inHancock Countyalong theMississippi River,Nauvoo flourished and, by 1844, briefly surpassed Chicago for the position of the state's largest city.[39][40]But in that same year, theLatter Day Saint movementfounder,Joseph Smith,was killedin theCarthage Jail,about 30 miles away from Nauvoo. Following asuccession crisis,Brigham Youngled most Latter Day Saints out of Illinois in amass exodusto present-dayUtah;after close to six years of rapid development, Nauvoo quickly declined afterward.
After it was established in 1833,Chicagogained prominence as aGreat Lakesport, and then as anIllinois and Michigan Canalport after 1848, and as a rail hub soon afterward. By 1857, Chicago was Illinois's largest city.[28]With the tremendous growth of mines and factories in the state in the 19th century, Illinois was the ground for the formation oflabor unions in the United States.
In 1847, after lobbying byDorothea L. Dix,Illinois became one of the first states to establish a system of state-supported treatment of mental illness and disabilities, replacing localalmshouses.Dix came into this effort after having met J. O. King, aJacksonville, Illinoisbusinessman, who invited her to Illinois, where he had been working to build an asylum for the insane. With the lobbying expertise of Dix, plans for the Jacksonville State Hospital (now known as theJacksonville Developmental Center) were signed into law on March 1, 1847.[41]
Civil War and after
During theAmerican Civil War,Illinois ranked fourth in soldiers who served (more than 250,000) in theUnion Army,a figure surpassed by only New York,Pennsylvania,andOhio.Beginning with PresidentAbraham Lincoln's first call for troops and continuing throughout the war, Illinois mustered 150 infantry regiments, which were numbered from the 7th to the 156th regiments. Seventeen cavalry regiments were also gathered, as well as two light artillery regiments.[42]The town ofCairo,at the southern tip of the state at the confluence of the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers, served as a strategically important supply base and training center for theUnionarmy. For several months, both GeneralGrantand AdmiralFootehad headquarters in Cairo.
During the Civil War, and more so afterwards, Chicago's population skyrocketed, which increased its prominence. ThePullman StrikeandHaymarket Riot,in particular, greatly influenced the development of the Americanlabor movement.From Sunday, October 8, 1871, until Tuesday, October 10, 1871, theGreat Chicago Fireburned in downtown Chicago, destroying four sq mi (10 km2).[43]
20th century
At the turn of the 20th century, Illinois had a population of nearly 5 million. Many people from other parts of the country were attracted to the state by employment caused by the expanding industrial base. Whites were 98% of the state's population.[44]Bolstered by continuedimmigration from southern and eastern Europe,and by the African-AmericanGreat Migrationfrom the South, Illinois grew and emerged as one of the most important states in the union. By the end of the century, the population had reached 12.4 million.
TheCentury of ProgressWorld's fairwas held at Chicago in 1933. Oil strikes inMarion CountyandCrawford Countyled to a boom in 1937, and by 1939, Illinois ranked fourth in U.S. oil production. Illinois manufactured 6.1 percent of total United States military armaments produced duringWorld War II,ranking seventh among the 48 states.[45]Chicago became an ocean port with the opening of theSaint Lawrence Seawayin 1959. The seaway and theIllinois Waterwayconnected Chicago to both the Mississippi River and theAtlantic Ocean.In 1960,Ray Krocopened the firstMcDonald'sfranchise inDes Plaines,which was demolished in 1984.[46]In 1985 a replica was built on the same site to recreate how the original one looked.[46]Though this replica was demolished in 2017, due to repeated flooding of the building.[47][48]
Illinois had a prominent role in the emergence of thenuclear age.In 1942, as part of theManhattan Project,theUniversity of Chicagoconducted the first sustainednuclear chain reaction.In 1957,Argonne National Laboratory,nearChicago,activated the first experimental nuclear power generating system in the United States. By 1960, the first privately financed nuclear plant in the United States,Dresden 1,was dedicated nearMorris.In 1967,Fermilab,a national nuclear research facility nearBatavia,opened aparticle accelerator,which was the world's largest for over 40 years. With eleven plants currently operating, Illinois leads all states in the amount of electricity generated from nuclear power.[49][50]
In 1961, Illinois became the first state in the nation to adopt the recommendation of theAmerican Law Instituteand pass a comprehensive criminal code revision that repealed the law againstsodomy.The code also abrogatedcommon law crimesand established anage of consentof 18.[51]The state'sfourth constitutionwas adopted in 1970, replacing the 1870 document.[52]
The firstFarm Aidconcert was held inChampaignto benefit American farmers, in 1985. The worstupper Mississippi Riverflood of the century, theGreat Flood of 1993,inundated many towns and thousands of acres of farmland.[28]
21st century
Illinois entered the 21st century under Republican GovernorGeorge Ryan.Near the end of his term in January 2003, following a string of high-profile exonerations, Ryan commuted alldeath sentencesin the state.[53]
The2002 electionbrought DemocratRod Blagojevichto the governor's mansion. It also brought future presidentBarack Obamainto a committee leadership position in the Illinois Senate, where he drafted theHealth Care Justice Act,a forerunner of theAffordable Care Act.[54]Obama's election to the presidency in Blagojevich's second term set off a chain of events culminating inBlagojevich's impeachment,trial, and subsequent criminal conviction and imprisonment, making Blagojevich the second consecutive Illinois governor to be convicted on federal corruption charges.[55]
Blagojevich's replacementPat Quinnwas defeated by RepublicanBruce Raunerin the2014 election.Disagreements between the governor and legislature over budgetary policy led to theIllinois Budget Impasse,a 793-day period stretching from 2015 to 2018 in which the state had no budget and struggled to pay its bills.[56]
On August 28, 2017, Rauner signed a bill into law that prohibited state and local police from arresting anyone solely due to their immigration status or due to federal detainers.[57][58]Some fellow Republicans criticized Rauner for his action, claiming the bill made Illinois asanctuary state.[59]
In the2018 election,Rauner was replaced byJ. B. Pritzker,returning the state government to a Democratictrifecta.[60]In January 2020 the statelegalized marijuana.[61]On March 9, 2020, Pritzker issued a disaster proclamation due to theCOVID-19 pandemic.He ended the state of emergency in May 2023.[62]
Geology
During the early part of thePaleozoic Era,the area that would one day become Illinois was submerged beneath a shallow sea and located near the Equator. Diverse marine life lived at this time, includingtrilobites,brachiopods,andcrinoids.Changing environmental conditions led to the formation of largecoal swampsin theCarboniferous.
Illinois was above sea level for at least part of theMesozoic,but by its end was again submerged by theWestern Interior Seaway.This receded by theEocene Epoch.
During thePleistocene Epoch,vast ice sheets covered much of Illinois, with only theDriftless Arearemaining exposed. Theseglacierscarved the basin ofLake Michiganand left behind traces of ancient glacial lakes andmoraines.[63]
Geography
Illinois is located in theMidwest regionof the United States and is one of the eight states in theGreat Lakes regionof North America (which also includesOntario,Canada).
Boundaries
Illinois's eastern border withIndianaconsists of a north–south line at 87° 31′ 30″ west longitude inLake Michiganat the north, to theWabash Riverin the south abovePost Vincennes.The Wabash River continues as the eastern/southeastern border with Indiana until the Wabash enters theOhio River.This marks the beginning of Illinois's southern border withKentucky,which runs along the northern shoreline of the Ohio River.[64]Most of the western border withMissouriandIowais theMississippi River;Kaskaskia is anexclaveof Illinois, lying west of the Mississippi and reachable only from Missouri. The state's northern border withWisconsinis fixed at 42° 30′ north latitude. The northeastern border of Illinois lies inLake Michigan,within which Illinois shares a water boundary with the state ofMichigan,as well as Wisconsin and Indiana.[25]
Topography
Though Illinois lies entirely in theInterior Plains,it does have some minor variation in its elevation. In extreme northwestern Illinois, theDriftless Area,a region of unglaciated and therefore higher and more rugged topography, occupies a small part of the state.Southern Illinoisincludes the hilly areas around theShawnee National Forest.
Charles Mound,located in the Driftless region, has the state's highest natural elevation above sea level at 1,235 ft (376 m). Other highlands include theShawnee Hillsin the south, and there is varying topography along its rivers; theIllinois Riverbisects the state northeast to southwest. The floodplain on the Mississippi River fromAltonto theKaskaskia Riveris known as theAmerican Bottom.
Divisions
Illinois has three major geographical divisions.Northern Illinoisis dominated byChicago metropolitan area,or Chicagoland, which is the city of Chicago and its suburbs, and the adjoining exurban area into which the metropolis is expanding. As defined by the federal government, the Chicago metro area includes several counties in Illinois,Indiana,andWisconsin,and has a population of over 9.8 million. Chicago itself is a cosmopolitan city, densely populated, industrialized, the transportation hub of the nation, and settled by a wide variety of ethnic groups. The city ofRockford,Illinois's third-largest city and center of the state's fourth largest metropolitan area, sits along Interstates39and90some 75 mi (121 km) northwest of Chicago. TheQuad Citiesregion, located along theMississippi Riverin northern Illinois, had a population of 381,342 in 2011.
The midsection of Illinois is the second major division, calledCentral Illinois.Historicallyprairie,it is now mainly agricultural and known as the Heart of Illinois. It is characterized by small towns and medium–small cities. The western section (west of the Illinois River) was originally part of theMilitary Tract of 1812and forms the conspicuous western bulge of the state. Agriculture, particularlycornandsoybeans,as well as educational institutions and manufacturing centers, figure prominently in Central Illinois. Cities includePeoria;Springfield,the state capital;Quincy;Decatur;Bloomington-Normal;andChampaign-Urbana.[25]
The third division isSouthern Illinois,comprising the area south ofU.S. Route 50,includingLittle Egypt,near the juncture of theMississippi RiverandOhio River.Southern Illinois is the site of the ancient city ofCahokia,as well as the site of the first state capital atKaskaskia,which today is separated from the rest of the state by the Mississippi River.[25][66]This region has a somewhat warmer winter climate, different variety of crops (including some cotton farming in the past), more rugged topography (due to the area remaining unglaciated during theIllinoian Stage,unlike most of the rest of the state), as well as small-scale oil deposits and coal mining. The Illinois suburbs ofSt. Louis,such asEast St. Louis,are located in this region, and collectively, they are known as theMetro-East.The other somewhat significant concentration of population in Southern Illinois is the Carbondale-Marion-Herrin, Illinois Combined Statistical Area centered onCarbondaleandMarion,a two-county area that is home to 123,272 residents.[25]A portion of southeastern Illinois is part of the extendedEvansville, Indiana,Metro Area, locally referred to as the Tri-State with Indiana and Kentucky. Seven Illinois counties are in the area.
In addition to these three, largely latitudinally defined divisions, all of the region outside the Chicago metropolitan area is often called "downstate"Illinois. This term is flexible, but is generally meant to mean everything outside the influence of the Chicago area. Thus, some cities inNorthernIllinois, such asDeKalb,which is west of Chicago, andRockford—which is actually north of Chicago—are sometimes incorrectly considered to be 'downstate'.
Climate
Illinois has a climate that varies widely throughout the year. Because of its nearly 400-mile distance between its northernmost and southernmost extremes, as well as its mid-continental situation, most of Illinois has ahumid continental climate(Köppen climate classificationDfa), with hot, humid summers and cold winters. The southern part of the state, from aboutCarbondalesouthward, has ahumid subtropical climate(KoppenCfa), with more moderate winters. Average yearly precipitation for Illinois varies from just over 48 in (1,219 mm) at the southern tip to around 35 in (889 mm) in the northern portion of the state. Normal annual snowfall exceeds 38 in (965 mm) in the Chicago area, while the southern portion of the state normally receives less than 14 in (356 mm).[67]The all-time high temperature was 117 °F (47 °C), recorded on July 14, 1954, atEast St. Louis,and the all-time low temperature was −38 °F (−39 °C), recorded on January 31, 2019, during theJanuary 2019 North American cold waveat a weather station nearMount Carroll,[68][69]and confirmed on March 5, 2019.[70]This followed the previous record of −36 °F (−38 °C) recorded on January 5, 1999, nearCongerville.[70]Prior to the Mount Carroll record, a temperature of −37 °F (−38 °C) was recorded on January 15, 2009, atRochelle,but at a weather station not subjected to the same quality control as official records.[71][72]
Illinois averages approximately 51 days ofthunderstormactivity a year, which ranks somewhat above average in the number of thunderstorm days for the United States. Illinois is vulnerable to tornadoes, with an average of 35 occurring annually, which puts much of the state at around five tornadoes per 10,000 sq mi (30,000 km2) annually.[73]While tornadoes are no more powerful in Illinois than other states, some ofTornado Alley's deadliest tornadoes on record have occurred in the state. TheTri-State Tornadoof 1925 killed 695 people in three states; 613 of the victims died in Illinois.[74]
| City | January | February | March | April | May | June | July | August | September | October | November | December |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cairo[75] | 43/25 | 48/29 | 59/37 | 70/46 | 78/57 | 86/67 | 90/71 | 88/69 | 81/61 | 71/49 | 57/39 | 46/30 |
| Chicago[76] | 31/16 | 36/21 | 47/31 | 59/42 | 70/52 | 81/61 | 85/65 | 83/65 | 75/57 | 64/45 | 48/34 | 36/22 |
| Edwardsville[77] | 36/19 | 42/24 | 52/34 | 64/45 | 75/55 | 84/64 | 89/69 | 86/66 | 79/58 | 68/46 | 53/35 | 41/25 |
| Moline[78] | 30/12 | 36/18 | 48/29 | 62/39 | 73/50 | 83/60 | 86/64 | 84/62 | 76/53 | 64/42 | 48/30 | 34/18 |
| Peoria[79] | 31/14 | 37/20 | 49/30 | 62/40 | 73/51 | 82/60 | 86/65 | 84/63 | 77/54 | 64/42 | 49/31 | 36/20 |
| Rockford[80] | 27/11 | 33/16 | 46/27 | 59/37 | 71/48 | 80/58 | 83/63 | 81/61 | 74/52 | 62/40 | 46/29 | 32/17 |
| Springfield[81] | 33/17 | 39/22 | 51/32 | 63/42 | 74/53 | 83/62 | 86/66 | 84/64 | 78/55 | 67/44 | 51/34 | 38/23 |
Urban areas
Chicago is the largest city in the state and thethird-most populous cityin the United States, with a population of 2,746,388 in 2020. Furthermore, over 7 million residents of theChicago metropolitan areareside in Illinois. TheU.S. Census Bureaucurrently lists seven other cities with populations of over 100,000 within the state. This includes the Chicagosatellite townsofAurora,Joliet,Naperville,andElgin,as well as the cities ofRockford,the most populous city in the state outside of the Chicago area;Springfield,the state's capital; andPeoria.
The most populated city in the state south of Springfield isBelleville,with 42,000 residents. It is located in theMetro Eastregion ofGreater St. Louis,the second-most populous urban area in Illinois with over 700,000 residents. Other major urban areas include thePeoria metropolitan area,Rockford metropolitan area,Champaign–Urbana metropolitan area(home to theUniversity of Illinois),Springfield metropolitan area,the Illinois portion of theQuad Citiesarea, and theBloomington–Normal metropolitan area.
| Rank | Name | County | Pop. | Rank | Name | County | Pop. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Chicago  Aurora |
1 | Chicago | Cook | 2,746,388 | 11 | Cicero | Cook | 85,268 |  Joliet  Naperville |
| 2 | Aurora | Kane | 180,542 | 12 | Schaumburg | Cook | 78,723 | ||
| 3 | Joliet | Will | 150,362 | 13 | Bloomington | McLean | 78,680 | ||
| 4 | Naperville | DuPage | 149,540 | 14 | Evanston | Cook | 78,110 | ||
| 5 | Rockford | Winnebago | 148,655 | 15 | Arlington Heights | Cook | 77,676 | ||
| 6 | Elgin | Kane,Cook | 114,797 | 16 | Bolingbrook | Will,DuPage | 73,922 | ||
| 7 | Springfield | Sangamon | 114,394 | 17 | Decatur | Macon | 70,522 | ||
| 8 | Peoria | Peoria | 113,150 | 18 | Palatine | Cook | 67,908 | ||
| 9 | Waukegan | Lake | 89,321 | 19 | Skokie | Cook | 67,824 | ||
| 10 | Champaign | Champaign | 88,302 | 20 | Des Plaines | Cook | 60,675 | ||
Demographics
It has been suggested that this section besplitout into another article titledDemographics of Illinois.(Discuss)(September 2024) |
TheUnited States Census Bureaufound that the population of Illinois was 12,812,508 in the2020 United States census,moving from the fifth-largest state to the sixth-largest state (losing out to Pennsylvania). Illinois' population slightly declined in 2020 from the2010 United States censusby just over 18,000 residents and the overall population was quite higher than recent census estimates.[83]
Illinois is the most populous state in theMidwest region.Chicago, thethird-most populous city in the United States,is the center of theChicago metropolitan areaor Chicagoland, as this area is nicknamed. Although the Chicago metropolitan area comprises only 9% of the land area of the state, it contains 65% of the state's residents, with 21.4% of Illinois' population living in the city of Chicago itself as of 2020.[84]The losses of population anticipated from the 2020 census results do not arise from the Chicago metro area; rather the declines are from the Downstate counties.[85]As of the 2020 census, the state's geographic meancenter of populationis located at 41° 18′ 43″N 88° 22 23″W inGrundy County,about six miles northwest ofCoal City.[86]
Illinois is the most racially and ethnically diverse state in the Midwest. By several metrics, including racial and ethnic background, religious affiliation, and percentage of rural and urban divide, Illinois is the most representative of the largerdemography of the United States.[87]
| Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1800 | 2,458 | — | |
| 1810 | 12,282 | 399.7% | |
| 1820 | 55,211 | 349.5% | |
| 1830 | 157,445 | 185.2% | |
| 1840 | 476,183 | 202.4% | |
| 1850 | 851,470 | 78.8% | |
| 1860 | 1,711,951 | 101.1% | |
| 1870 | 2,539,891 | 48.4% | |
| 1880 | 3,077,871 | 21.2% | |
| 1890 | 3,826,352 | 24.3% | |
| 1900 | 4,821,550 | 26.0% | |
| 1910 | 5,638,591 | 16.9% | |
| 1920 | 6,485,280 | 15.0% | |
| 1930 | 7,630,654 | 17.7% | |
| 1940 | 7,897,241 | 3.5% | |
| 1950 | 8,712,176 | 10.3% | |
| 1960 | 10,081,158 | 15.7% | |
| 1970 | 11,113,976 | 10.2% | |
| 1980 | 11,426,518 | 2.8% | |
| 1990 | 11,430,602 | 0.0% | |
| 2000 | 12,419,293 | 8.6% | |
| 2010 | 12,830,632 | 3.3% | |
| 2020 | 12,812,508 | −0.1% | |
| 2023 (est.) | 12,549,689 | [88] | −2.1% |
| Source: 1910–2020) | |||
Race and ethnicity
2020 Census
| Race / Ethnicity | Pop 2000[89] | Pop 2010[90] | Pop 2020[91] | % 2000 | % 2010 | % 2020 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Whitealone (NH) | 8,424,140 | 8,167,753 | 7,472,751 | 67.83% | 63.66% | 58.32% |
| Black or African Americanalone (NH) | 1,856,152 | 1,832,924 | 1,775,612 | 14.95% | 14.29% | 13.86% |
| Native AmericanorAlaska Nativealone (NH) | 18,232 | 18,849 | 16,561 | 0.15% | 0.15% | 0.13% |
| Asianalone (NH) | 419,916 | 580,586 | 747,280 | 3.38% | 4.52% | 5.83% |
| Pacific Islanderalone (NH) | 3,116 | 2,977 | 2,959 | 0.03% | 0.02% | 0.02% |
| Some Other Racealone (NH) | 13,479 | 16,008 | 45,080 | 0.11% | 0.12% | 0.35% |
| Mixed Race/Multi-Racial(NH) | 153,996 | 183,957 | 414,855 | 1.24% | 1.43% | 3.24% |
| Hispanic or Latino(any race) | 1,530,262 | 2,027,578 | 2,337,410 | 12.32% | 15.80% | 18.24% |
| Total | 12,419,293 | 12,830,632 | 12,812,508 | 100.00% | 100.00% | 100.00% |
- 40–50%50–60%60–70%70–80%80–90%90%+
| Race and ethnicity[92] | Alone | Total | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| White (non-Hispanic) | 58.3% | 61.3% | ||
| Hispanic or Latino[c] | — | 18.2% | ||
| African American (non-Hispanic) | 13.9% | 15.0% | ||
| Asian | 5.8% | 6.7% | ||
| Native American | 0.1% | 1.1% | ||
| Pacific Islander | 0.02% | 0.1% | ||
| Other | 0.4% | 1.1% | ||
| Racial composition | 1950[93] | 1960[93] | 1970[93] | 1980[93] | 1990[94] | 2000[95] | 2010[96] | 2020[97] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| White | 92.4% | 89.4% | 86.4% | 80.8% | 78.3% | 73.5% | 71.5% | 61.4% |
| Black | 7.4% | 10.3% | 12.8% | 14.7% | 14.8% | 15.1% | 14.5% | 14.1% |
| Asian | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.4% | 1.4% | 2.5% | 3.4% | 4.6% | 5.9% |
| Native | 0% | 0% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.3% | 0.8% |
| Native Hawaiianand other Pacific Islander |
— | — | — | — | — | 0% | 0% | 0% |
| Other race | — | — | 0.2% | 3% | 4.2% | 5.8% | 6.7% | 8.9% |
| Two or more races | — | — | — | — | — | 1.9% | 2.3% | 8.9% |
| Hispanic or Latino | — | — | 3.3% | 5.6% | 7.9% | 12.3% | 15.8% | 18.2% |
| Non-Hispanic white | — | — | 83.5% | 78% | 74.8% | 67.8% | 63.7% | 58.3% |
2022 American Community Survey
|
Racial Makeup of Illinois (2022)[98] White alone (61.07%) Black alone (13.43%) Native American alone (0.69%) Asian Alone (6.00%) Pacific Islander Alone (0.06%) Some other race alone (7.89%) Two or more races (10.87%)
|
Racial/Ethnic Makeup of Illinois excluding Hispanics from racial categories (2022)[98] White NH (58.47%) Black NH (13.20%) Native American NH (0.08%) Asian NH (5.94%) Pacific Islander NH (0.03%) Other NH (0.36%) Two or more races NH (3.64%) Hispanic Any Race (18.28%)
|
Racial Makeup of Hispanics in Illinois (2022)[98] White alone (14.23%) Black alone (1.27%) Native American alone (3.33%) Asian Alone (0.33%) Pacific Islander Alone (0.15%) Other race alone (41.17%) Two or more races (39.52%)
|
According to 2022 U.S. Census Bureau estimates, Illinois' population was 61.1%White,13.4% Black orAfrican American,0.1%Native AmericanorAlaskan Native,6.0%Asian,0.1%Pacific Islander,7.9% Some Other Race, and 10.9% fromtwo or more races.[98]The white population continues to remain the largest racial category in Illinois. Hispanics are allocated amongst the various racial groups and primarily identify as Some Other Race (41.2%) or Multiracial (39.5%) with the remainder identifying as White (14.2%), Black (1.3%), American Indian and Alaskan Native (3.3), Asian (0.3%), and Hawaiian and Pacific Islander (0.2%).[98]By ethnicity, 18.3% of the total population isHispanic-Latino(of any race) and 81.7% is Non-Hispanic (of any race). If treated as a separate category, Hispanics are the largest minority group in Illinois.[98]
As of 2022[update],50% of Illinois's population younger than age 4 were minorities (Note: Children born to white Hispanics or to a sole full or partial minority parent are counted as minorities).[99]
The state's most populous ethnic group, non-Hispanic white, has declined from 83.5% in 1970[100]to 58.5% in 2022.[98]Almost 60% of Illinois' minority population, including over 67% of the black population, lives inCook County,while the county includes around 40% of the state's total population.[101]Cook County, which is home toChicago,is the onlymajority-minoritycounty within Illinois, with non-Hispanic whites making up a plurality of 40.4% of the population.[102]In 2020, 96,498 identified as being Native American alone, while 184,487 did in combination with one or more other races. Over half of this demographic also identified as being Hispanic or Latino.[103]
Ancestry
According to 2022 estimates from the American Community Survey, 16% of the population hadGermanancestry, 14% hadMexicanancestry, 10.4% hadIrishancestry, 7.1% hadEnglishancestry, 6.2% hadPolishancestry, 5.2% hadItalianancestry, 3.4% listed themselves asAmerican,2.3% hadIndianancestry, 1.7% hadPuerto Ricanancestry, 1.7% hadSwedishancestry, 1.4% hadFilipinoancestry, 1.4% hadFrenchancestry, and 1.2% hadChineseancestry. The state also has a large population ofAfrican-Americans,making up 15.3% of the population alone or in combination.[104][105][106][107] This table displays all self-reportedancestrieswith over 50,000 members in Illinois, alone or in combination, according to estimates from the 2022 American Community Survey. Hispanic groups are not distinguished between total and partial ancestry:
| Ancestry | Number in 2022 (Alone)[108][109] | Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)[110][111][112] | % Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| German | 649,997 | 2,014,297 | 16.0% |
| Black or African American
(Including Afro-Caribbean & Sub-Saharan African) |
1,689,724 | 1,931,027 | 15.3% |
| Mexican | — | 1,759,842 | 14.0% |
| Irish | 338,198 | 1,312,888 | 10.4% |
| English | 278,564 | 891,189 | 7.1% |
| Polish | 336,810 | 780,152 | 6.2% |
| Italian | 205,189 | 657,830 | 5.2% |
| American
(Mostlyold-stockwhite Americans of British descent) |
345,772 | 428,431 | 3.4% |
| Indian | 270,311 | 287,101 | 2.3% |
| Puerto Rican | — | 214,835 | 1.7% |
| Swedish | 48,814 | 210,128 | 1.7% |
| Filipino | 131,433 | 175,619 | 1.4% |
| French | 27,025 | 174,964 | 1.4% |
| Chinese | 130,864 | 153,277 | 1.2% |
| Broadly "European"
(No country specified) |
114,209 | 146,671 | 1.2% |
| Scottish | 33,638 | 136,636 | 1.1% |
| Norwegian | 33,099 | 133,538 | 1.1% |
| Dutch | 32,184 | 122,139 | 1.0% |
| Arab | 74,779 | 106,612 | 0.8% |
| Czech | 21,168 | 83,090 | 0.7% |
| Greek | 39,290 | 82,360 | 0.7% |
| Russian | 27,532 | 79,623 | 0.6% |
| Lithuanian | 27,001 | 73,207 | 0.6% |
| Korean | 55,515 | 71,709 | 0.6% |
| Scotch-Irish | 16,817 | 60,693 | 0.5% |
| Ukrainian | 37,306 | 60,623 | 0.5% |
Immigration
At the 2022 estimates from theU.S. Census Bureau,there were 1,810,100 foreign-born inhabitants of the state or 14.4% of the population, with 37.8% from Mexico or Central America, 31% from Asia, 20.2% from Europe, 4.3% from South America, 4.2% from Africa, 1% from Canada, and 0.2% from Oceania.[113][114]Of the foreign-born population, 53.5% werenaturalized U.S. citizens,and 46.5% were not U.S. citizens.[115]The top countries of origin for immigrants in Illinois wereMexico,India,Poland,thePhilippinesandChinain 2018.[116]
| Place of Birth | Population (2022)[117][118] | % of Total |
|---|---|---|
| United States | 10,660,218 | 84.7% |
| Illinois | 8,379,091 | 66.6% |
| Other States or D.C. | 2,227,917 | 17.7% |
| Puerto Rico | 50,577 | 0.4% |
| OtherUS Territories | 2,633 | 0.0% |
| Born abroad to American parents | 111,714 | 0.9% |
| Mexico & Central America | 683,766 | 5.4% |
| Mexico | 621,541 | 4.9% |
| Guatemala | 22,886 | 0.2% |
| Honduras | 13,811 | 0.1% |
| El Salvador | 12,097 | 0.1% |
| Belize | 7,150 | 0.1% |
| OtherCentral Americancountries | 6,281 | 0.0% |
| Caribbean
(Not including Puerto Rico) |
25,258 | 0.2% |
| Cuba | 6,955 | 0.1% |
| Jamaica | 6,873 | 0.1% |
| Haiti | 5,265 | 0.0% |
| OtherCaribbeancountries | 6,165 | 0.0% |
| South America | 76,944 | 0.7% |
| Colombia | 22,796 | 0.2% |
| Venezuela | 15,387 | 0.1% |
| Ecuador | 14,356 | 0.1% |
| Brazil | 9,164 | 0.1% |
| Peru | 6,426 | 0.1% |
| OtherSouth Americancountries | 8,815 | 0.1% |
| Northern America | 17,775 | 0.1% |
| Canada | 17,632 | 0.1% |
| Other Northern American countries | 143 | 0.0% |
| Eastern Europe | 271,358 | 2.2% |
| Poland | 120,473 | 1.0% |
| Ukraine | 33,575 | 0.3% |
| Romania | 15,452 | 0.1% |
| Russia | 14,930 | 0.1% |
| Bulgaria | 13,464 | 0.1% |
| Bosnia & Herzegovina | 11,071 | 0.1% |
| OtherEastern Europeancountries | 62,393 | 0.5% |
| Western Europe | 30,076 | 0.3% |
| Germany | 19,611 | 0.2% |
| OtherWestern Europeancountries | 10,465 | 0.1% |
| Southern Europe | 34,997 | 0.3% |
| Italy | 18,660 | 0.1% |
| Greece | 12,463 | 0.1% |
| OtherSouthern Europeancountries | 3,874 | 0.0% |
| Northern Europe | 27,573 | 0.2% |
| United Kingdom
(Including overseasCrown Dependencies) |
19,123 | 0.2% |
| Ireland | 5,465 | 0.0% |
| OtherNorthern Europeancountries | 2,985 | 0.0% |
| Europe, unspecified country | 1,353 | 0.0% |
| East Asia | 137,098 | 1.1% |
| China | 77,933 | 0.7% |
| Korea(North&South) | 37,662 | 0.3% |
| Japan | 9,905 | 0.1% |
| Taiwan | 8,995 | 0.1% |
| OtherEast Asiancountries | 2,603 | 0.0% |
| South or Central Asia | 231,775 | 1.8% |
| India | 173,578 | 1.4% |
| Pakistan | 29,823 | 0.2% |
| Bangladesh | 5,858 | 0.0% |
| OtherSouthorCentral Asiancountries | 22,516 | 0.2% |
| Southeast Asia | 131,684 | 1.0% |
| Philippines | 92,569 | 0.7% |
| Vietnam | 18,559 | 0.1% |
| Thailand | 5,268 | 0.0% |
| OtherSoutheast Asiancountries | 15,288 | 0.1% |
| West Asia | 52,352 | 0.4% |
| Iraq | 13,341 | 0.1% |
| Jordan | 8,240 | 0.1% |
| Syria | 8,130 | 0.1% |
| Turkey | 5,271 | 0.0% |
| OtherWest Asiancountries | 17,370 | 0.1% |
| Asia, unspecified country | 8,366 | 0.1% |
| Sub-Saharan Africa | 63,590 | 0.6% |
| Nigeria | 22,648 | 0.2% |
| Ghana | 6,018 | 0.0% |
| Ethiopia | 5,069 | 0.0% |
| OtherSub-Saharan Africancountries | 29,855 | 0.3% |
| North Africa | 11,924 | 0.1% |
| Africa, unspecified country | 2,368 | 0.0% |
| Oceania | 4,211 | 0.0% |
| Total Population | 12,582,032 | 100% |
Age and sex
In 2022, 11.2% of Illinois's population was reported as being under the age of 9, 12.9% were between 10 and 19 years old, 13.4% were 20–29 years old, 13.6% were 30–39 years old, 12.6% were 40–49 years old, 12.7% were 50–59 years old, 11.9% were 60–69 years old, 7.7% were 70–79 years old, and 4% were over the age of 80.[119]The median age in Illinois is 39.1 years. Females made up approximately 50.5% of the population, while males made up 49.5%.[120]According to a 2022 study from theWilliams Institute,an estimated 0.44% of adults in Illinois identify astransgender,a rate slighly lower than the national estimate of 0.52%.[121]According to a Gallup survey from 2019, 4.3% of adults in Illinois identify asLGBTQ.[122]
| Age Group | % of Total (2022) | Population (2022) |
|---|---|---|
| 0-9 | 11.2% | 1,409,553 |
| 10-19 | 12.9% | 1,628,658 |
| 20-29 | 13.4% | 1,683,823 |
| 30-39 | 13.6% | 1,709,929 |
| 40-49 | 12.6% | 1,579,665 |
| 50-59 | 12.7% | 1,596,049 |
| 60-69 | 11.9% | 1,501,221 |
| 70-79 | 7.7% | 970,961 |
| 80+ | 4% | 502,173 |
Socioeconomics
As of 2022, theper-capita incomein Illinois is $43,317, and themedian incomefor a household in the state is $76,708, slightly higher than the national average. 11.9% of the population lives below thepoverty line,including 16% of children under 18 and 10% of those over the age of 65. There are 5,056,360 households in Illinois, with an average size of 2.4 people per household. 90.4% of the adult population has a high school diploma, and 37.7% of the population over 25 has a bachelor's degree or higher, compared to a national average of 35.7%.[119]
In 2021, Illinois scored 0.929 on the UN'sHuman Development Index,placing it in the category of "very high" Human Development and slighly higher than the US average of 0.921.[123]
According toHUD's 2022Annual Homeless Assessment Report,there were an estimated 9,212homeless people in Illinois.[124][125]
Birth data by race/ethnicity
Births do not add up, because Hispanics are counted both by ethnicity and by race.
| Race | 2013[126] | 2014[127] | 2015[128] | 2016[129] | 2017[130] | 2018[131] | 2019[132] | 2020[133] | 2021[134] | 2022[135] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| White: | 119,157 (75.9%) | 119,995 (75.7%) | 119,630 (75.6%) | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| Non-Hispanic White | 85,866 (54.7%) | 86,227 (54.4%) | 85,424 (54.0%) | 82,318 (53.3%) | 78,925 (52.8%) | 77,244 (53.3%) | 74,434 (53.1%) | 70,550 (52.9%) | 71,482 (54.1%) | 68,107 (53.1%) |
| Black | 27,692 (17.6%) | 28,160 (17.8%) | 28,059 (17.7%) | 25,619 (16.6%) | 25,685 (17.2%) | 24,482 (16.9%) | 23,258 (16.6%) | 22,293 (16.7%) | 20,779 (15.7%) | 19,296 (15.0%) |
| Asian | 9,848 (6.3%) | 10,174 (6.4%) | 10,222 (6.5%) | 10,015 (6.5%) | 9,650 (6.5%) | 9,452 (6.5%) | 9,169 (6.5%) | 8,505 (6.4%) | 8,338 (6.3%) | 8,277 (6.4%) |
| American Indian | 234 (0.1%) | 227 (0.1%) | 205 (0.1%) | 110 (0.0%) | 133 (0.1%) | 129 (0.1%) | 119 (0.1%) | 79 (>0.1%) | 86 (>0.1%) | 126 (0.1%) |
| Hispanic(of any race) | 33,454(21.3%) | 33,803(21.3%) | 33,902(21.4%) | 32,635(21.1%) | 31,428(21.0%) | 30,362(21.0%) | 30,097(21.5%) | 28,808(21.6%) | 28,546(21.6%) | 29,710(23.1%) |
| Total Illinois | 156,931(100%) | 158,556(100%) | 158,116(100%) | 154,445(100%) | 149,390(100%) | 144,815(100%) | 140,128(100%) | 133,298(100%) | 132,189(100%) | 128,350(100%) |
- Since 2016, data for births ofHispanicorigin are not collected by race, but included in oneHispanicgroup; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.
Languages
Theofficial languageof Illinois isEnglish,[136]although between 1923 and 1969, state law gave official status to "the American language". Nearly 80% of people in Illinois speak English natively, and most of the rest speak it fluently as a second language.[137]A number of dialects ofAmerican Englishare spoken, ranging fromInland Northern American EnglishandAfrican-American Englisharound Chicago, toMidland American Englishin Central Illinois, toSouthern American Englishin the far south.
Over 23% of Illinoians speak a language other than English at home, of whichSpanishis by far the most widespread, at more than 13% of the total population.[138]A sizeable number ofPolishspeakers is present in theChicago Metropolitan Area.Illinois Country Frenchhas mostly gone extinct in Illinois, although it is still celebrated in theFrench Colonial Historic District.
| Language spoken at home | % of Total (2022)[139] | Population (2022) |
|---|---|---|
| English only | 76.1% | 9,067,296 |
| Spanish | 13.8% | 1,638,808 |
| OtherIndo-Europeanlanguages | 5.8% | 687,797 |
| Asian/Pacific Islander languages | 3.1% | 372,475 |
| Other languages | 1.2% | 141,445 |
| Total population aged 5+ | 100% | 11,907,821 |
Religion
Religion in Illinois (2014)[140][141]
Christianity
Roman Catholics constitute the single largest religious denomination in Illinois; they are heavily concentrated in and around Chicago and account for nearly 30% of the state's population.[142]However, taken together as a group, the various Protestant denominations comprise a greater percentage of the state's population than do Catholics. In 2010, Catholics in Illinois numbered 3,648,907. The largest Protestant denominations were theUnited Methodist Churchwith 314,461 members and theSouthern Baptist Conventionwith 283,519. Illinois has one of the largest concentrations ofMissouri Synod Lutheransin the United States.
Illinois played an important role in the earlyLatter Day Saint movement,with Nauvoo becoming a gathering place for Mormons in the early 1840s. Nauvoo was the location of thesuccession crisis,which led to the separation of the Mormon movement intoseveral Latter Day Saint sects.The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints,the largest of the sects to emerge from the Mormon schism, has more than 55,000 adherents in Illinois today.[143]
Other Abrahamic religious communities
A significant number of adherents of otherAbrahamic faithscan be found in Illinois. Largely concentrated in theChicago metropolitan area,followers of theMuslim,Baháʼí,andJewishreligions all call the state home.[144]Muslims constituted the largest non-Christian group, with 359,264 adherents.[145]Illinois has the largest concentration of Muslims by state in the country, with 2,800 Muslims per 100,000 citizens.[146]
The largest and oldest survivingBaháʼí House of Worshipin the world is located on the shores ofLake MichiganinWilmette, Illinois,one of eight continentalBaháʼí House of Worship.[147]It serves as a space for people of all backgrounds and religions to gather, meditate, reflect, and pray, expressing theBaháʼíprinciple of theoneness of religions.[148]The Chicago area has a very large Jewish community, particularly in the suburbs ofSkokie,Buffalo Grove,Highland Park,and surrounding suburbs. Former Chicago MayorRahm Emanuelwas the Windy City's first Jewish mayor.
Other religions
Chicago is also home to a very large population ofHindus,Sikhs,Jains,andBuddhists.[144]
Economy
As of 2022, thegross state productfor Illinois reachedUS$1.0trillion.[149]
As of February 2019, the unemployment rate in Illinois reached 4.2%.[150]
Illinois'sminimum wagewill rise to $15 per hour by 2025, making it one of the highest in the nation.[151]
Agriculture
Illinois's major agricultural outputs arecorn,soybeans,hogs,cattle,dairy products,and wheat. In most years, Illinois is either the first or second state for the highest production of soybeans, with a harvest of 427.7 million bushels (11.64 millionmetric tons) in 2008, after Iowa's production of 444.82 million bushels (12.11 million metric tons).[152]Illinois ranks second in U.S. corn production with more than 1.5 billion bushels produced annually.[153]With a production capacity of 1.5 billion gallons per year, Illinois is a top producer of ethanol, ranking third in the United States in 2011.[154]Illinois is a leader in food manufacturing and meat processing.[155]Although Chicago may no longer be "Hog Butcher for the World",the Chicago area remains a global center forfood manufacture and meat processing,[155]with many plants, processing houses, and distribution facilities concentrated in the area of the formerUnion Stock Yards.[156]Illinois also produceswine,and the state is home to twoAmerican viticultural areas.In the area of The Meeting of the Great Rivers Scenic Byway, peaches and apples are grown. The German immigrants from agricultural backgrounds who settled in Illinois in the mid- to late 19th century are in part responsible for the profusion of fruit orchards in that area of Illinois.[157]Illinois's universities are actively researching alternative agricultural products as alternative crops.
Manufacturing
Illinois is one of the nation's manufacturing leaders, boasting annual value added productivity by manufacturing of over $107 billion in 2006. As of 2011[update],Illinois is ranked as the 4th-most productive manufacturing state in the country, behind California, Texas, and Ohio.[158]About three-quarters of the state's manufacturers are located in the Northeastern Opportunity Return Region, with 38 percent of Illinois's approximately 18,900 manufacturing plants located in Cook County. As of 2006, the leading manufacturing industries in Illinois, based upon value-added, were chemical manufacturing ($18.3 billion), machinery manufacturing ($13.4 billion), food manufacturing ($12.9 billion), fabricated metal products ($11.5 billion), transportation equipment ($7.4 billion), plastics and rubber products ($7.0 billion), and computer and electronic products ($6.1 billion).[159]
Services
By the early 2000s, Illinois's economy had moved toward a dependence on high-value-added services, such as financial trading, higher education, law, logistics, and medicine. In some cases, these services clustered around institutions that hearkened back to Illinois's earlier economies. For example, theChicago Mercantile Exchange,a trading exchange for globalderivatives,had begun its life as an agriculturalfutures market.Other important non-manufacturing industries include publishing, tourism, and energy production and distribution.
Investments
Venture capitalists funded a total of approximately $62 billion in the U.S. economy in 2016. Of this amount, Illinois-based companies received approximately $1.1 billion. Similarly, in FY 2016, the federal government spent $461 billion on contracts in the U.S. Of this amount, Illinois-based companies received approximately $8.7 billion.[citation needed]
Energy
Illinois is a net importer of fuels for energy, despite large coal resources and some minor oil production. Illinois exports electricity, ranking fifth among states in electricity production and seventh in electricity consumption.[160]
Coal
The coal industry of Illinois has its origins in the middle 19th century, when entrepreneurs such asJacob Loosediscovered coal in locations such asSangamon County.Jacob Bunncontributed to the development of the Illinois coal industry and was a founder and owner of theWestern Coal & Mining Companyof Illinois. About 68% of Illinois has coal-bearing strata of thePennsylvaniangeologic period. According to the Illinois State Geological Survey, 211 billion tons ofbituminous coalare estimated to lie under the surface, having a total heating value greater than the estimated oil deposits in theArabian Peninsula.[161]However, this coal has a highsulfurcontent, which causesacid rain,unless special equipment is used to reducesulfur dioxideemissions.[25][28][66]Many Illinoispower plantsare not equipped to burn high-sulfur coal. In 1999, Illinois produced 40.4 million tons of coal, but only 17 million tons (42%) of Illinois coal was consumed in Illinois. Most of the coal produced in Illinois is exported to other states and countries. In 2008, Illinois exported three million tons of coal and was projected to export nine million in 2011, as demand for energy grows in places such as China, India, and elsewhere in Asia and Europe.[162]As of 2010[update],Illinois was ranked third in recoverable coal reserves at producing mines in the nation.[154]Most of the coal produced in Illinois is exported to other states, while much of the coal burned for power in Illinois (21 million tons in 1998) is mined in thePowder River BasinofWyoming.[160]
Mattoonwas chosen as the site for theDepartment of Energy'sFutureGenproject, a 275-megawatt experimentalzero emissioncoal-burning power plant that the DOE just gave a second round of funding. In 2010, after a number of setbacks, the city of Mattoon backed out of the project.[163]
Petroleum
Illinois is a leading refiner of petroleum in the AmericanMidwest,with a combined crude oil distillation capacity of nearly 900,000 bbl/d (140,000 m3/d). However, Illinois has very limited crude oil proved reserves that account for less than 1% of the U.S. total reserves. Residential heating is 81% natural gas compared to less than 1%heating oil.Illinois is ranked 14th inoil productionamong states, with a daily output of approximately 28,000 bbl (4,500 m3) in 2005.[164][165]
Nuclear power
Nuclear powerarguably began in Illinois with theChicago Pile-1,the world's first artificial self-sustainingnuclear chain reactionin the world's firstnuclear reactor,built on theUniversity of Chicagocampus. There are six operatingnuclear power plantsin Illinois:Braidwood,Byron,Clinton,Dresden,LaSalle,andQuad Cities.[166]With the exception of the single-unit Clinton plant, each of these facilities has two reactors. Three reactors have been permanently shut down and are in various stages of decommissioning:Dresden-1andZion-1 and 2.Illinois ranked first in the nation in 2010 in both nuclear capacity and nuclear generation. Generation from its nuclear power plants accounted for 12 percent of the nation's total.[154]In 2007, 48% of Illinois's electricity was generated using nuclear power.[167]TheMorris Operationis the only de facto high-levelradioactive wastestorage site in the United States.
Wind power
Illinois has seen growing interest in the use ofwind powerfor electrical generation.[168]Most of Illinois was rated in 2009 as "marginal or fair" for wind energy production by theU.S. Department of Energy,with some western sections rated "good" and parts of the south rated "poor".[169]These ratings are for wind turbines with 50 m (160 ft) hub heights; newer wind turbines are taller, enabling them to reachstronger winds farther from the ground.As a result, more areas of Illinois have become prospective wind farm sites. As of September 2009, Illinois had 1116.06MWof installed wind powernameplate capacitywith another 741.9 MW under construction.[170]Illinois ranked ninth among U.S. states in installed wind power capacity and sixteenth by potential capacity.[170]Largewind farmsin Illinois includeTwin Groves,Rail Splitter,EcoGrove,andMendota Hills.[170]
As of 2007, wind energy represented only 1.7% of Illinois's energy production, and it was estimated that wind power could provide 5–10% of the state's energy needs.[171][172]Also, theIllinois General Assemblymandated in 2007 that by 2025, 25% of all electricity generated in Illinois is to come fromrenewable resources.[173]
Biofuels
Illinois is ranked second incornproduction among U.S. states, and Illinois corn is used to produce 40% of theethanolconsumed in the United States.[153]TheArcher Daniels Midlandcorporation inDecatur, Illinois,is the world's leading producer of ethanol from corn.
The National Corn-to-Ethanol Research Center (NCERC), the world's only facility dedicated to researching the ways and means of converting corn (maize) to ethanol is located on the campus ofSouthern Illinois University Edwardsville.[174][175]
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaignis one of the partners in theEnergy Biosciences Institute(EBI), a $500 million biofuels research project funded by petroleum giantBP.[176][177]
Taxes
Tax is collected by theIllinois Department of Revenue.Stateincome taxis calculated by multiplyingnet incomeby aflat rate.In 1990, that rate was set at 3%, but in 2010, the General Assembly voted for a temporary increase in the rate to 5%; the new rate went into effect on January 1, 2011; the personal income rate partially sunset on January 1, 2015, to 3.75%, while the corporate income tax fell to 5.25%.[178][179]Illinois failed to pass a budget from 2015 to 2017, after the 736-daybudget impasse,a budget was passed in Illinois after lawmakers overturned Governor Bruce Rauner's veto; this budget raised the personal income rate to 4.95% and the corporate rate to 7%.[180]There are two rates for statesales tax:6.25% for general merchandise and 1% for qualifying food, drugs, and medical appliances.[181]Theproperty taxis a major source of tax revenue for local government taxing districts. The property tax is a local—not state—tax imposed by local government taxing districts, which include counties,townships,municipalities,school districts,and special taxation districts. The property tax in Illinois is imposed only onreal property.[25][28][66]
On May 1, 2019, the Illinois Senate voted to approve aconstitutional amendmentthat would have stricken language from theIllinois Constitutionrequiring a flat state income tax, in a 73–44 vote. If approved, the amendment would have allowed the state legislature to impose a graduated income tax based on annual income. The governor,J. B. Pritzker,approved the bill on May 27, 2019. It was scheduled for a 2020 general election ballot vote[182][183]and required 60 percent voter approval to effectively amend the state constitution.[184]The amendment was not approved by Illinoisans, with 55.1% of voters voting "No" on approval and 44.9% voting "Yes".[185]
As of 2017 Chicago had the highest state and local sales tax rate for a U.S. city with a populations above 200,000, at 10.250%.[186]The state of Illinois has the second highest rate of real estate tax: 2.31%, which is second only to New Jersey at 2.44%.[187]
Toll roadsare ade factouser tax on the citizens and visitors to the state of Illinois. Illinois ranks seventh out of the 11 states with the most miles of toll roads, at 282.1 miles. Chicago ranks fourth in most expensive toll roads in America by the mile, with theChicago Skywaycharging 51.2 cents per mile.[188]Illinois also has the 11th highest gasoline tax by state, at 37.5 cents per gallon.[189]
Culture
Museums
Illinois has numerous museums; the greatest concentration of these are in Chicago. Several museums in Chicago are ranked as some of the best in the world. These include theJohn G. Shedd Aquarium,theField Museum of Natural History,theArt Institute of Chicago,theAdler Planetarium,and theMuseum of Science and Industry.
The modernAbraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museumin Springfield is the largest and most attendedpresidential libraryin the country. The Illinois State Museum boasts a collection of 13.5 million objects that tell the story of Illinois life, land, people, and art. The ISM is among only 5% of the nation's museums that are accredited by the American Alliance of Museums. Other historical museums in the state include thePolish Museum of AmericainChicago;Magnolia ManorinCairo;Easley Pioneer MuseuminIpava;theElihu Benjamin Washburne;Ulysses S. Grant Homes,both inGalena;and the Chanute Air Museum, located on the former Chanute Air Force Base in Rantoul.
The Chicago metropolitan area also hosts two zoos: TheBrookfield Zoo,located about ten miles west of the city center in suburbanBrookfield,contains more than 2,300 animals and covers 216 acres (87 ha). TheLincoln Park Zoois located inLincoln Parkon Chicago's North Side, approximately 3 miles (4.8 km) north of theLoop.The zoo accounts for more than 35 acres (14 ha) of the park.
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Music
Illinois is a leader in music education, having hosted theMidwest Clinic International Band and Orchestra Conferencesince 1946, as well being home to the Illinois Music Educators Association (ILMEA, formerly IMEA), one of the largest professional music educator's organizations in the country. Each summer since 2004,Southern Illinois University Carbondalehas played host to the Southern Illinois Music Festival, which presents dozens of performances throughout the region. Past featured artists include theEroica Trioand violinistDavid Kim.
Chicago,in the northeast corner of the state, is amajor center for music[190]in themidwestern United Stateswhere distinctive forms of blues (greatly responsible for the future creation ofrock and roll), andhouse music,a genre of electronic dance music, were developed.
TheGreat Migrationof poor black workers from the South into the industrial cities brought traditionaljazzandblues musicto the city, resulting inChicago bluesand "Chicago-style"Dixielandjazz.Notable blues artists includedMuddy Waters,Junior Wells,Howlin' Wolfand bothSonny Boy Williamsons;jazz greats includedNat King Cole,Gene Ammons,Benny Goodman,andBud Freeman.Chicago is also well known for itssoul music.
In the early 1930s,Gospel musicbegan to gain popularity in Chicago due toThomas A. Dorsey's contributions atPilgrim Baptist Church.
In the 1980s and 1990s,heavy rock,punk,andhip hopalso became popular in Chicago.Orchestrasin Chicago include theChicago Symphony Orchestra,theLyric Opera of Chicago,and theChicago Sinfonietta.[191]
Movies
John Hughes,who moved fromGrosse PointetoNorthbrook,based many films of his inChicago,and its suburbs.Ferris Bueller's Day Off,Home Alone,The Breakfast Club,and all his films take place in the fictional Shermer, Illinois (the original name of Northbrook was Shermerville, and Hughes's High School,Glenbrook North High School,is on Shermer Road). Most locations in his films include Glenbrook North, the formerMaine North High School,theBen Rose Housein Highland Park, and the famous Home Alone house inWinnetka, Illinois.
Sports
Major league sports
As one of the United States' major metropolises, allmajor sports leagueshave teams headquartered in Chicago.
- TwoMajor League Baseballteams are located in the state. TheChicago Cubsof theNational Leagueplay in the second-oldest major league stadium,Wrigley Field,and went the longest length of time without a championship in all of major American sport, from 1908 to 2016, when they won theWorld Series.[192][193]TheChicago White Soxof theAmerican Leaguewon theWorld Seriesin 2005, their first since 1917. They play on the city's south side atGuaranteed Rate Field.
- TheChicago Bearsfootball team has won nine totalNFL Championships,the last occurring inSuper Bowl XXon January 26, 1986.
- TheChicago Bullsof theNBAis one of the most recognizedbasketball teamsin the world, largely as a result of the efforts ofMichael Jordan,who led the team to six NBA championships in eight seasons in the 1990s.
- TheChicago Blackhawksof theNHLbegan playing in1926and became a member of theOriginal Sixonce the NHL dropped to that number of teams during World War II. The Blackhawks have won sixStanley Cups,most recently in2015.
- Chicago Fire FCis a member ofMLSand has been one of the league's most successful and best-supported clubs since its founding in 1997, winning one league and fourLamar Hunt U.S. Open Cupsin that timespan. The team played inBridgeview,adjacent to Chicago from 2006 to 2019. The team now plays at Soldier Field in Chicago.
- TheChicago Red Starshave played at the top level of U.S. women's soccer since their formation in 2009, except in the 2011 season. The team currently plays in theNational Women's Soccer League,playing atSeatGeek Stadium,the Bridgeview venue it formerly shared with Fire FC.
- TheChicago Skyhave played in theWomen's National Basketball Association(WNBA) since 2006. The Sky won their first WNBA Championship in 2021. They play atWintrust Arenain Chicago.
- TheChicago Banditsof theNPF,a women's softball league, have won four league titles, most recently in 2016. They play atParkway Bank Sports ComplexinRosemont, Illinois,in the Chicago area.
Minor league sports
Manyminor leagueteams also call Illinois their home. They include:
- TheBloomington Edgeof theIndoor Football League
- TheBloomington Flexof theMidwest Professional Basketball Association
- TheChicago Dogsof theAmerican Association of Professional Baseball
- Chicago Fire FC IIofMLS Next Pro
- TheChicago Wolvesare anAHLteam playing in the suburb ofRosemont
- TheGateway Grizzliesof theFrontier LeagueinSauget, Illinois
- TheKane County Cougarsof theAmerican Association
- TheJoliet Slammersof the Frontier League
- ThePeoria Chiefsof theMidwest League
- ThePeoria Rivermenare anSPHLteam
- TheRockford Aviatorsof the Frontier League
- TheRockford IceHogsof the AHL
- TheSchaumburg Boomersof the Frontier League
- TheSouthern Illinois Minersbased out ofMarionin the Frontier League
- TheWindy City Bulls,playing in the Chicago suburb ofHoffman Estates,of theNBA G League
- TheWindy City ThunderBoltsof the Frontier League
College sports
The state features 13 athletic programs that compete inNCAA Division I,the highest level of U.S. college sports.
The two most prominent are theIllinois Fighting IlliniandNorthwestern Wildcats,both members of theBig Ten Conferenceand the only ones competing in one of the so-called "Power Five conferences".The Fighting Illini football team has won five national championships and threeRose Bowl Games,whereas the men's basketball team has won 17 conference seasons and played five Final Fours. Meanwhile, the Wildcats have won eight football conference championships and one Rose Bowl Game.
TheNorthern Illinois Huskiesfrom DeKalb, Illinois, compete in theMid-American Conference,having won four conference championships and earning a bid in theOrange Bowlalong with producing Heisman candidateJordan Lynchat quarterback. The Huskies are the state's only other team competing in theFootball Bowl Subdivision,the top level of NCAA football.
Four schools have football programs that compete in the second level of Division I football, theFootball Championship Subdivision(FCS). TheIllinois State Redbirds(Normal, adjacent to Bloomington) andSouthern Illinois Salukis(representing Southern Illinois University's main campus in Carbondale) are members of theMissouri Valley Conference(MVC) for non-football sports and theMissouri Valley Football Conference(MVFC). TheEastern Illinois Panthers(Charleston) andWestern Illinois Leathernecks(Macomb) are members of theOhio Valley Conference(OVC).
The city of Chicago is home to four Division I programs that do not sponsor football. TheDePaul Blue Demons,with main campuses in Lincoln Park and the Loop, are members of theBig East Conference.TheLoyola Ramblers,with their main campus straddling the Edgewater and Rogers Park community areas on the city's far north side, compete in theAtlantic 10 Conference.TheUIC Flames,from the Near West Side next to the Loop, are in the MVC. TheChicago State Cougars,from the city's south side, compete in theNortheast Conference.
Finally, two non-football Division I programs are located downstate. TheBradley Braves(Peoria) are MVC members, and theSIU Edwardsville Cougars(in the Metro East region across the Mississippi River from St. Louis) compete in the OVC.
Motor racing
Motor racingoval tracks at theChicagoland SpeedwayinJoliet,theChicago Motor SpeedwayinCiceroand theGateway Motorsports ParkinMadison,near St. Louis, have hostedNASCAR,CART,andIRLraces, whereas theSports Car Club of America,among other national and regionalroad racingclubs, have visited theAutobahn Country Clubin Joliet, theBlackhawk Farms RacewayinSouth Beloitand the formerMeadowdale International RacewayinCarpentersville.Illinois also has severalshort tracksanddragstrips.The dragstrip at Gateway International Raceway and theRoute 66 Raceway,which sits on the same property as the Chicagoland Speedway, both hostNHRAdrag races.
Golf
Illinois features several golf courses, such asOlympia Fields,Medinah,Midlothian,Cog Hill,andConway Farms,which have often hosted theBMW Championship,Western Open,andWomen's Western Open.
Also, the state has hosted 13 editions of theU.S. Open(latest at Olympia Fields in 2003), six editions of thePGA Championship(latest at Medinah in 2006), three editions of theU.S. Women's Open(latest at The Merit Club), the2009 Solheim Cup(at Rich Harvest Farms), and the2012 Ryder Cup(at Medinah).
TheJohn Deere Classicis a regularPGA Tourevent played in the Quad Cities since 1971, whereas theEncompass Championshipis aChampions Tourevent since 2013. Previously, theLPGA State Farm Classicwas anLPGA Tourevent from 1976 to 2011.
Parks and recreation
TheIllinois state parkssystem began in 1908 with what is nowFort MassacState Park, becoming the first park in a system encompassing more than 60 parks and about the same number of recreational and wildlife areas.
Areas under the protection of theNational Park Serviceinclude: theIllinois and Michigan Canal National Heritage CorridornearLockport,[194]theLewis and Clark National Historic Trail,theLincoln Home National Historic Sitein Springfield, theMormon Pioneer National Historic Trail,theTrail of Tears National Historic Trail,theAmerican Discovery Trail,[195]thePullman National Monument,andNew Philadelphia Town Site.The federal government also manages theShawnee National Forestand theMidewin National Tallgrass Prairie.
Law and politics
In a 2020 study, Illinois was ranked as the 4th easiest state for citizens to vote in.[196]
State government
Thegovernment of Illinois,under theConstitution of Illinois,has three branches of government: executive, legislative, and judicial. The executive branch is split into several statewide elected offices, with the governor as chief executive. Legislative functions are granted to the Illinois General Assembly. The judiciary is composed of the Supreme Court and lower courts.
The executive branch is composed of six elected officers and their offices as well as numerous other departments.[197]The six elected officers are:[197]Governor,Lieutenant Governor,Attorney General,Secretary of State,Comptroller,andTreasurer.The government of Illinois has numerous departments, agencies, boards and commissions, but the so-called code departments provide most of the state's services.[197][198]
TheIllinois General Assemblyis the state legislature, composed of the 118-memberIllinois House of Representativesand the 59-memberIllinois Senate.The members of the General Assembly are elected at the beginning of each even-numbered year. TheIllinois Compiled Statutes(ILCS) are thecodifiedstatutes of a general and permanent nature.[199][200]
TheJudiciary of Illinoisis the unified court system of Illinois. It consists of theSupreme Court,Appellate Court,andCircuit Courts.The Supreme Court oversees the administration of the court system.
Theadministrative divisions of Illinoisare counties, townships, precincts, cities, towns, villages, and special-purpose districts.[201]The basic subdivision of Illinois are the 102 counties.[202]Eighty-five of the 102 counties are in turn divided into townships and precincts.[202][203]Municipal governments are the cities, villages, and incorporated towns.[202]Some localities possesshome rule,which allows them to govern themselves to a certain extent.[204]
Party balance
In modern national and state politics, Illinois is aDemocratic stronghold.[205]Historically, Illinois was a politicalswing state,with near-parity existing between theRepublicanand theDemocraticparties. However, in recent elections, the Democratic Party has gained ground, and Illinois has come to be seen as a solid"blue" statein both presidential and congressional campaigns.[206][207]Illinois's Democratic tendencies are mostly attributable toCook CountyandChicago,by far the state's largest county and city, respectively, which have long been strongly Democratic. Thecollar counties,affluent suburban counties that surround Cook County, were ancestrally Republican and helped keep the state competitive; however, they have swung toward the left in recent elections as the national Republican Party has become increasingly conservative, which has cemented Democratic dominance in state politics.[208]Outside of the Chicago metropolitan area,the state's rural areas are heavily Republican. The dominance of the Chicago area in state elections is so overwhelming that it has influenced asecessionist movementin the downstate region.[209]
Illinois was long seen as a national bellwether,[210]supporting the winner in every election in the 20th century, except for1916and1976.Since the1992 election,however, Illinois has trended more toward the Democratic Party and is part of the "blue wall"of states that have consistently voted Democratic in the last six presidential elections. In2000,George W. Bushbecame the first Republican to win the presidency without carrying either Illinois orVermont,withDonald Trumprepeating the feat in 2016. Illinois has not elected a Republican to theSenatesinceMark Kirkwon in2010;the last Republicans to hold statewide office were GovernorBruce Raunerand Lieutenant GovernorEvelyn Sanguinetti,who both left office in 2019.
History of corruption
Politics in the state have been infamous for highly visible corruption cases, as well as for crusading reformers, such as governorsAdlai StevensonandJames R. Thompson.In 2006, former governorGeorge Ryanwas convicted of racketeering and bribery, leading to a six-and-a-half-year prison sentence. On December 7, 2011, former governorRod Blagojevichwas sentenced to 14 years in prison for allegations that he conspired to sell the vacated Senate seat left by PresidentBarack Obamato the highest bidder. Blagojevich had earlier been impeached and convicted by the legislature, resulting in his removal from office. In the late 20th century, CongressmanDan Rostenkowskiwas imprisoned for mail fraud; former governor and federal judgeOtto Kerner, Jr.was imprisoned for bribery; Secretary of StatePaul Powellwas investigated and found to have gained great wealth through bribes, and State Auditor of Public Accounts (Comptroller)Orville Hodgewas imprisoned for embezzlement. In 1912, William Lorimer, the GOP boss of Chicago, was expelled from the U.S. Senate for bribery, and in 1921, GovernorLen Smallwas found to have defrauded the state of a million dollars.[28][66][211]
U.S. presidential elections
Illinois has shown a strong presence in presidential elections. Three presidents have claimed Illinois as their political base when running for president:Abraham Lincoln,Ulysses S. Grant,and most recentlyBarack Obama.Lincoln was born inKentucky,but he moved to Illinois at age 21. He served in theGeneral Assemblyand represented the7th congressional districtin theU.S. House of Representativesbefore his election to the presidency in 1860.Ulysses S. Grantwas born inOhioand had a military career that precluded settling down, but on the eve of theCivil Warand approaching middle age, he moved to Illinois and thus utilized the state as his home and political base when running for president.Barack Obamawas born inHawaiiand made Illinois his home after graduating fromlaw school,and later represented Illinois in theU.S. Senate.He then became president in 2008, running as a candidate from his Illinois base.
Ronald Reaganwas born in Illinois, in the city ofTampico,raised inDixon, Illinois,and educated atEureka College,outsidePeoria.Reagan later moved toCaliforniaduring his young adulthood. He then became an actor, and later becameCalifornia's Governorbefore being elected president.
Hillary Clintonwas born and raised in the suburbs of Chicago and became the first woman to represent a major political party in the general election of the U.S. presidency. Clinton ran from a platform based inNew York State.
African-American U.S. senators
Twelve African-Americanshave served as members of theUnited States Senate.Of which three have represented Illinois, the most of any single state:Carol Moseley-Braun,[212]Barack Obama,[213]andRoland Burris,who was appointed to replace Obama after his election to the presidency. Moseley-Braun was the first African-American woman to become a U.S. Senator.
Political families
Three families from Illinois have played particularly prominent roles in theDemocratic Party,gaining both statewide and national fame.
Stevenson
TheStevenson family,initially rooted in central Illinois and later based in the Chicago metropolitan area, has provided four generations of Illinois officeholders.
- Adlai Stevenson I(1835–1914) was a Vice President of the United States, as well as aCongressman
- Lewis Stevenson(1868–1929), son of Adlai, served asIllinois Secretary of State.
- Adlai Stevenson II(1900–1965), son of Lewis, served asGovernor of Illinoisand as the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations; he was also the Democratic party's presidential nominee in1952and1956,losing both elections toDwight Eisenhower.
- Adlai Stevenson III(1930–2021), son of Adlai II, served ten years as aUnited States Senator.
Daley
TheDaley family's powerbase was in Chicago.
- Richard J. Daley(1902–1976) served asMayor of Chicagofrom 1955 to his death.
- Richard M. Daley(born 1942), son of Richard J, was Chicago's longest-serving mayor, in office from 1989 to 2011.
- William M. Daley(born 1948), another son of Richard J, is a formerWhite House Chief of Staffand has served in a variety of appointed positions.
Pritzker
ThePritzker familyis based in Chicago and have played important roles in both the private and the public sectors.
- Jay Pritzker(1922–1999), co-founder ofHyatt Hotelbased in Chicago.
- Penny Pritzker(born 1959), 38thUnited States Secretary of Commerceunder PresidentBarack Obama.
- J. B. Pritzker(born 1965), current and 43rdgovernor of Illinoisand co-founder of the Pritzker Group.
Education
Illinois State Board of education
The Illinois State Board of Education (ISBE) is autonomous of the governor and the state legislature, and administerspublic educationin the state. Local municipalities and their respectiveschool districtsoperate individual public schools, but the ISBE audits performance of public schools with theIllinois School Report Card.The ISBE also makes recommendations to state leaders concerning education spending and policies.
Primary and secondary schools
Education is compulsory for ages 7–17 in Illinois. Schools are commonly, but not exclusively, divided into three tiers of primary and secondary education: elementary school,middle schoolorjunior high school,and high school. District territories are often complex in structure. Many areas in the state are actually located intwoschool districts—one for high school and the other for elementary and middle schools. And such districts do not necessarily share boundaries. A given high school may have several elementary districts that feed into it, yet some of those feeder districts may themselves feed into multiple high school districts.
Colleges and universities
Using the criterion established bythe Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching,there are eleven "National Universities" in the state.
As of 19 August 2010[update],six of these rank in the "first tier" among the top 500 National Universities in the nation, as determined by theU.S. News & World Reportrankings: theUniversity of Chicago,Northwestern University,theUniversity of Illinois Urbana-Champaign,Loyola University Chicago,theIllinois Institute of Technology,DePaul University,University of Illinois Chicago,Illinois State University,Southern Illinois University Carbondale,andNorthern Illinois University.[214]The University of Chicago is continuously ranked as one of the world's top ten universities on various independent university rankings, and itsBooth School of Business,along with Northwestern'sKellogg School of Managementconsistently rank within the top five graduate business schools in the country and top ten globally. The University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign is often ranked among the best engineering schools in the world and United States.
Illinois also has more than twenty additionalaccreditedfour-year universities, both public and private, and dozens of smallliberal arts collegesacross the state. Additionally, Illinois supports 49 publiccommunity collegesin theIllinois Community College System.
School financing
Schools in Illinois are funded primarily by property taxes, based on state assessment of property values, rather than direct state contributions. Scholar Tracy Steffes has described Illinois public education as historically "inequitable", a system where one of "the wealthiest of states" is "the stingiest in its support for education". There have been several attempts to reform school funding in Illinois. The most notable attempt came in 1973 with the adoption of the Illinois Resource Equalizer Formula, a measure through which it was hoped funding could be collected and distributed to Illinois schools more equitably. However, opposition from affluent Illinois communities who objected to having to pay for the less well-off school districts (many of them Black majority communities, produced by redlining, white flight, and other "soft" segregation methods) resulted in the formula's abolition in the late 1980s.[215]
Infrastructure
Transportation
Because of its central location and its proximity to theRust BeltandGrain Belt,Illinois is a national crossroads for air, auto, rail, and truck traffic.
Airports
From 1962 until 1998, Chicago'sO'Hare International Airport(ORD) was the busiest airport in the world, measured both in terms of total flights and passengers. While it was surpassed byAtlanta'sHartsfieldin 1998 (as Chicago splits its air traffic between O'Hare and Midway airports, while Atlanta uses only one airport), with 59.3 million domestic passengers annually, along with 11.4 million international passengers in 2008,[216]O'Hare consistently remains one of the two or three busiest airports globally, and in some years still ranks number one in total flights. It is a majorhubfor bothUnited AirlinesandAmerican Airlines,and a major airport expansion project is currently underway.Midway Airport(MDW), which had been the busiest airport in the world at one point until it was supplanted by O'Hare as the busiest airport in 1962, is now the secondary airport in the Chicago metropolitan area and still ranks as one of the nation's busiest airports. Midway is a major hub forSouthwest Airlinesand services many other carriers as well. Midway served 17.3 million domestic and international passengers in 2008.[217]
Rail
Illinois has an extensive passenger and freight rail transportation network. Chicago is a nationalAmtrakhub and in-state passengers are served by Amtrak'sIllinois Service,featuring the Chicago to CarbondaleIlliniandSaluki,the Chicago to QuincyCarl SandburgandIllinois Zephyr,and the Chicago to St. LouisLincoln Service.Currently there is trackwork on the Chicago–St. Louis line to bring the maximum speed up to 110 mph (180 km/h), which would reduce the trip time by an hour and a half. Nearly every North American railway meets at Chicago, making it the largest and most active rail hub in the country. Extensive heavy rail service is provided in the city proper and some immediate suburbs by theChicago Transit Authority's'L'system. One of the largest suburban commuter rail system in the United States, operated byMetra,uses existing rail lines to provide direct commuter rail access for hundreds of suburbs to the city and beyond.
Waterways
In addition to the state's rail lines, theMississippi RiverandIllinois Riverprovide major transportation routes for the state's agricultural interests.Lake Michigangives Illinois access to the Atlantic Ocean by way of theSaint Lawrence Seaway.
Interstate highway system
The Interstate Highways in Illinois are all segments of theInterstate Highway Systemthat are owned and maintained by the state.[218]
Illinois has the distinction of having the most primary (two-digit) interstates pass through it among all the 50 states with 13. Illinois also ranks third among the fifty states with the most interstate mileage, coming in after California and Texas, which are much bigger states in area.[219]
Major U.S. Interstate highways crossing the state include:Interstate 24(I-24),I-39,I-41,I-55,I-57,I-64,I-70,I-72,I-74,I-80,I-88,I-90,andI-94.
U.S. highway system
TheIllinois Department of Transportation(IDOT) is responsible for maintaining theU.S Highwaysin Illinois. The system in Illinois consists of 21primary highways.
Among the U.S. highways that pass through the state, the primary ones are:US 6,US 12,US 14,US 20,US 24,US 30,US 34,US 36,US 40,US 41,US 45,US 50,US 51,US 52,US 54,US 60,US 62,andUS 67.
Intercity buses
Due to its central location, Illinois sees numerous intercity bus services primarily connecting east and west. TheChicago Bus Stationis the busiest intercity bus station in the state. The following carriers provide scheduled service:Amtrak Thruway,Barons Bus Lines,Burlington Trailways,Flixbus,Greyhound Lines,Indian Trails,Miller Transportation (Hoosier Ride),Peoria Charter Coach Company,Van Galder Bus Company,andWisconsin Coach Lines.
Local buses
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 Local Transit Systems (Only systems with fixed-route services are shown) |
Gallery
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Standard license plate introduced in 2017 -
Illinois license plate design used throughout the 1980s and 1990s, displaying theLand of Lincolnslogan that has been featured on the state's plates since 1954
See also
Notes
- ^abElevation adjusted toNorth American Vertical Datum of 1988.
- ^Illinois borders the state ofWisconsinto its north,Iowato its northwest,Missourito its southwest,Kentuckyto its south,Indianato its east, and has a water border withMichiganto the northeast inLake Michigan.
- ^Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin are not distinguished between total and partial ancestry.
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Further reading
- Bridges, Roger D.; Davis, Rodney O. (1984).Illinois: its history & legacy.St. Louis: River City Publishers.ISBN978-0-933150-86-7.OCLC11814096.
- Cole, Arthur Charles (1987) [1919].The era of the Civil War, 1848–1870.Urbana:University of Illinois Press.ISBN978-0-252-01339-3.OCLC14130434.
- Davis, James E. (1998).Frontier Illinois.Bloomington:Indiana University Press.ISBN978-0-253-33423-7.OCLC39182546.
- Grossman, James R.; Keating, Ann Durkin; Reiff, Janice L. (2005) [2004].Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago(Online ed.). Chicago:Chicago Historical Society,Newberry Library.ISBN978-0-226-31015-2.OCLC60342627.Archivedfrom the original on June 17, 2014.RetrievedJanuary 28,2009.
- Hallwas, John E., ed. (1986).Illinois literature: the nineteenth century.Macomb: Illinois Heritage Press.OCLC14228886.
- Howard, Robert P. (1972).Illinois; a history of the Prairie State.Grand Rapids: W. B. Eerdmans Pub. Co.ISBN978-0-8028-7025-4.OCLC495362.
- Jensen, Richard E. (2001).Illinois: a history.Urbana:University of Illinois Press.ISBN978-0-252-07021-1.OCLC46769728.
- Keiser, John H. (1977).Building for the centuries: Illinois, 1865 to 1898.Urbana:University of Illinois Press.ISBN978-0-252-00617-3.OCLC2798051.
- Kilduff, Dorrell; Pygman, C. H. (1962).Illinois; History, government, geography.Chicago: Follett.OCLC5223888.
- Kleppner, Paul (1988).Political atlas of Illinois.DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press.ISBN978-0-87580-136-0.OCLC16755435.
- Meyer, Douglas K. (2000).Making the heartland quilt: a geographical history of settlement and migration in early-nineteenth-century Illinois.Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.ISBN978-0-585-37905-0.OCLC48139026.Archivedfrom the original on May 25, 2012.RetrievedSeptember 1,2017.
- Nowlan, James D.; Gove, Samuel K.; Winkel, Richard J. (2010).Illinois Politics: A Citizen's Guide.Urbana:University of Illinois Press.ISBN978-0-252-07702-9.
- Sutton, Robert P. (1976).The Prairie State; a documentary history of Illinois.Grand Rapids: Eerdmans.ISBN978-0-8028-1651-1.OCLC2603998.
- Walton, Clyde C. (1970).An Illinois reader.DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press.ISBN978-0-87580-014-1.OCLC89905.
- Works Progress Administration(1983) [1939].The WPA guide to Illinois: the Federal Writers' Project guide to 1930s Illinois.New York: Pantheon Books.ISBN978-0-394-72195-8.OCLC239788752.
External links
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- Official website
- Illinois: State Resource Guide, from the Library of CongressArchivedAugust 10, 2022, at theWayback Machine
Geographic data related toIllinoisatOpenStreetMap- Illinois Office of TourismArchivedJuly 13, 2021, at theWayback Machine
- Illinois - State Energy Profile OverviewArchivedJune 28, 2021, at theWayback MachineU.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)
- State Fact Sheets: IllinoisArchivedJuly 12, 2021, at theWayback MachineUSDA's Economic Research Service
- USGS Central Midwest Water Science CenterArchivedJuly 12, 2021, at theWayback Machine