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Kharkiv

"Kharkov" redirects here. For other uses, seeKharkiv (disambiguation)andKharkov (disambiguation).

Kharkiv(/ˈkɑːrkɪv/KAR-kiv;Ukrainian:Харків,IPA:[ˈxɑrkiu̯]ⓘ), also known asKharkov(UK:/ˈkɑːrkɒv/KAR-kov,US:/ˈkɑːrkɔːf/KAR-kawf;Russian:Харькoв,IPA:[ˈxarʲkəf]ⓘ), is the second-largestcityinUkraine.[7]Located in the northeast of the country, it is the largest city of the historic region ofSloboda Ukraine.Kharkiv is the administrative centre ofKharkiv OblastandKharkiv Raion.It had a population, before the Russian invasion, of1,421,125 (2022 estimate).[8]

Kharkiv
Харків
City
Ukrainiantranscription(s)
•National,ALA-LC,BGN/PCGNKharkiv
•ScholarlyCharkiv
Clockwise from top:Assumption Cathedral,Kharkiv railway station,National University of Kharkiv,Kharkiv city council
Flag of Kharkiv
Flag
Coat of arms of Kharkiv
Coat of arms
Official logo of Kharkiv
Brandmark
Nickname:
Smart City
Map
Interactive map of Kharkiv
Kharkiv is located in Ukraine
Kharkiv
Kharkiv
Kharkiv is located in Kharkiv Oblast
Kharkiv
Kharkiv
Kharkiv is located in Europe
Kharkiv
Kharkiv
Coordinates:49°59′33″N36°13′52″E/ 49.99250°N 36.23111°E/49.99250; 36.23111
CountryUkraine
OblastKharkiv Oblast
RaionKharkiv Raion
HromadaKharkiv urban hromada
Founded1654[1]
Districts
List of 9[2]
  • Shevchenkivskyi District
  • Novobavarskyi District
  • Kyivskyi District
  • Slobidskyi District
  • Kholodnohirskyi District
  • Saltivskyi District
  • Nemyshlianskyi District
  • Industrialnyi District
  • Osnovianskyi District
Government
•MayorIhor Terekhov[3](Kernes Bloc – Successful Kharkiv[4])
Area
•City
350 km2(140 sq mi)
• Metro
3,223 km2(1,244 sq mi)
Elevation
152 m (499 ft)
Population
(April 1, 2024 estimate)
•City
956,774Decrease
• Rank2ndin Ukraine
• Density4,500/km2(12,000/sq mi)
•Metro
1,729,049[5]
DemonymKharkivite[6]
Time zoneUTC+2(EET)
• Summer (DST)UTC+3(EEST)
Postal code
61001–61499
Licence plateAX, KX, ХА (old), 21 (old)
Sister citiesAlbuquerque,Bologna,Cincinnati,Kaunas,Lille,Nuremberg,Poznań,Tianjin,Jinan,Kutaisi,Varna,Rishon LeZion,Brno,Daugavpils
Websitewww.city.kharkiv.ua

Kharkiv was founded in 1654 as a fortress, and within theRussian Empiregrew to become a major centre of industry, trade, andUkrainian culturein Sloboda Ukraine. At the beginning of the 20th century the city had a predominantly Russian population, but as industrial expansion drew in further labor from the distressed countryside, and as theSoviet Unionmoderated previous restrictions on Ukrainian cultural expression, by the eve ofWorld War IIUkrainianshad become its largest ethnic group. From December 1919 to January 1934, Kharkiv was the capital of theUkrainian Soviet Socialist Republic.

Kharkiv is a major cultural, scientific, educational, transport, and industrial centre of Ukraine, with numerous museums, theatres, and libraries, including theAnnunciationandDormitioncathedrals, theDerzhprombuilding inFreedom Square,and theNational University of Kharkiv.Industry plays a significant role in Kharkiv's economy, specialised primarily inmachineryandelectronics.There are hundreds of industrial facilities throughout the city, including theMorozov Design Bureau,theMalyshev Factory,Khartron,Turboatom,andAntonov.

In March and April 2014 security forces and counter-demonstrators defeated efforts byRussian-backed separatiststo seize control of the city and regional administration. Kharkiv was a major target for Russian forces in theeastern Ukraine campaignduring the2022 Russian invasion of Ukrainebefore they were pushed back to theRussia–Ukraine border.The city remains under intermittentRussian fire,with reports that almost a quarter of the city was destroyed by April 2024.[9][10][11]

History

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See also:Timeline of Kharkiv
Main article:History of Kharkiv
Historical affiliations

De-jure:RT/RI1654–1789
De-facto:Kharkiv Regiment1654–1789
Russian Empire1789–1917

Revolutions of 1917-1921

Russian Provisional GovernmentMar–Nov 1917
UPRNov-–Dec 1917
UPRSDec 1917 – Apr 1918
Ukrainian People's Republic/Ukrainian StateApr 1918 – Jan 1919
PWPGU/UkSSR1919 Jan–Jun
ARSR1919 Jun–Dec
UkSSRDec 1919 – Dec 1922

USSR1922–1941
Third Reich1941–1943
USSRFeb–Mar 1943
Third ReichMar–Sep 1943
USSR1943–1991
Ukraine1991–present

Early history

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A depiction of the legendary founder "Khariton or Kharko" (postcard of the Russian imperial period, c. 1890s).

The earliest historical references to the region are toScythianandSarmatiansettlement in the 2nd century BC. Between the 2nd to the 6th centuries AD there is evidence ofChernyakhov culture,a multiethnic mix of theGeto-Dacian,Sarmatian,andGothicpopulations. [12]In the 8th to 10th centuries theKhazarfortress ofVerkhneye Saltovostood about 25 miles (40 km) east of the modern city, nearStaryi Saltiv.[13]During the 12th century, the area was part of the territory of theCumans,and then from the mid 13th century of theMongol/TartarGolden Horde.

By the early 17th century the area was a contested frontier region with renegade populations that had begun to organise inCossackformations and communities defined by a common determination to resist bothTatarslavery, and Polish-Lithuanian and Russianserfdom.Mid-century, theKhmelnytsky uprisingagainst thePolish-Lithuanian Commonwealthsaw the brief establishment of an independentCossack Hetmanate.[14]

Kharkiv Fortress

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In 1654 in the midst of this period of turmoil forRight-bank Ukraine,groups of people came onto the banks ofLopanandKharkivrivers where they resurrected and fortified an abandoned settlement.[15]There is a folk etymology that connects the name of both the settlement and the river to a legendaryCossack founder namedKharko[16](a diminutive form of the Greek nameChariton,Ukrainian:Харитон,romanized:Kharyton,[1]orZechariah,Ukrainian:Захарій,romanized:Zakharii).[17]But the river's name is attested earlier than the foundation of the fortress.[18]

The settlement reluctantly accepted the protection and authority of a RussianvoivodefromChuhuiv40 kilometres (25 mi) to the east. The first appointed voivode from Moscow was Voyin Selifontov in 1656, who began to build a localostrog(fort). In 1658, a new voivode, Ivan Ofrosimov, commanded the locals to kiss the cross in a demonstration of loyalty toTsar Alexis.Led by theirotamanIvan Kryvoshlyk, they refused. However, with the election of a new otaman, Tymish Lavrynov, relations appear to have been repaired, the Tsar in Moscow granting the community's request (signed by thedeansof the newAssumption Cathedraland parish churches of Annunciation and Trinity) to establish a local market.[15]

At that time the population of Kharkiv was just over 1000, half of whom were local Cossacks. Selifontov had brought with him a Moscow garrison of only 70 soldiers.[15]Defence rested with a local Sloboda Cossack regiment under the jurisdiction of the RazryadPrikaz,a military agency commanded fromBelgorod.[15]

The Intercession Cathedral with bell tower and Ozerianska church (right) built in Kharkiv in 1689

The original walls of Kharkiv enclosed today's streets: vulytsia Kvitky-Osnovianenko, Constitution Square, Rose Luxemburg Square, Proletarian Square, and Cathedral Descent.[15]There were 10 towers of which the tallest, Vestovska, was some 16 metres (52 ft) high. In 1689 the fortress was expanded to include the Intercession Cathedral and Monastery, which became a seat of a local church hierarch, theProtopope.[15]

Russian Empire

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The first railway station in Kharkiv was built in 1869
A 19th-century view of Kharkiv, with the belltower of theAssumption Cathedraldominating the skyline

Administrative reforms led to Kharkiv being governed from 1708 fromKyiv,[19]and from 1727 from Belgorod. In 1765 Kharkiv was established as the seat of a separateSloboda Ukraine Governorate.[20]

Kharkiv Universitywas established in 1805 in the Palace ofGovernorate-General.[15]Alexander Mikolajewicz Mickiewicz, brother of the Polish national poetAdam Mickiewicz,was a professor of law in the university, while another celebrity,Goethe,searched for instructors for the school.[15]One of its later graduates was InIvan Franko,to whom it awarded a doctorate in Russian linguistics in 1906.[15][21]

The streets were first cobbled in the city centre in 1830.[22]In 1844 the 90 metres (300 ft) tall Alexander Bell Tower, commemorating the victory overNapoleon Iin 1812, was built next to the firstAssumption Cathedral(later to be transformed by the Soviet authorities into aradio tower). A system of running water was established in 1870.[15]

In the course of the 19th century, although predominantly Russian speaking, Kharkiv became a centre of Ukrainian culture.[23]The first Ukrainian newspaper was published in the city in 1812. Soon after theCrimean War,in 1860–61, ahromadawas established in the city, one of a network of secret societies that laid the groundwork for the appearance of a Ukrainian national movement. Its most prominent member was the philosopher, linguist and pan-slavist activistOleksandr Potebnia.Members of a student hromada in the city included the future national leadersBorys MartosandDmytro Antonovych,[23]and reputedly were the first to employ the slogan "Glory to Ukraine!" and its response "Glory on all of earth!".[24]

In 1900, the student hromada founded the Revolutionary Ukrainian Party (RUP), which sought to unite all Ukrainian national elements, including the growing number of socialists.[25]Following therevolutionary events 1905in which Kharkiv distinguished itself by avoiding areactionary pogromagainst its Jewish population,[26]the RUP in Kharkiv,Poltava,Kyiv,Nizhyn,Lubny,andYekaterinodarrepudiated the more extreme elements of Ukrainian nationalism. Adopting theErfurt ProgramofGerman Social Democracy,they restyled themselves theUkrainian Social Democratic Labour Party(USDLP). This was to remain independent of, and opposed by, theBolshevikfaction of theRussian SDLP.[27][28]

After theFebruary Revolutionof 1917, the USDLP was the main party in the first Ukrainian government, theGeneral Secretariat of Ukraine.TheTsentralna Rada(central council) of Ukrainian parties inKyivauthorised the Secretariat to negotiate national autonomy with theRussian Provisional Government.In the succeeding months, as wartime conditions deteriorated, the USDLP lost support in Kharkiv and elsewhere to theUkrainian Socialist Revolutionary Party(SR) which organised both in peasant communities and in disaffected military units.[28]

Soviet era

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Capital of Soviet Ukraine

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The Derzhprom building in the late 1920s.

In theRussian Constituent Assembly electionheld in November 1917, theBolshevikswho had seized power inPetrogradand Moscow received just 10.5 percent of the vote in theGovernorate,compared to 73 percent for a bloc of Russian and Ukrainian Socialist Revolutionaries. Commanding worker, rather than peasant, votes, within the city itself the Bolsheviks won a plurality.[29]

When inPetrogradLenin'sCouncil of People's Commissarsdisbanded theConstituent Assemblyafter its first sitting, theTsentralna RadainKyivproclaimed the independence of theUkrainian People's Republic(UPR).[1]Bolshevikswithdrew from Tsentralna Rada and formed their own Rada (national council) in Kharkiv.[30][31]By February 1918 their forces hadcaptured much of Ukraine.[32]

They made Kharkiv the capital of theDonetsk-Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic.[33]Six weeks later, under the treaty terms agreed with theCentral PowersatBrest-Litovsk,they abandoned the city and ceded the territory to the German-occupiedUkrainian State.[34]

After the German withdrawal, theRed Armyreturned but, in June 1919, withdrew again before the advancing forces ofAnton Denikin'sWhite movementVolunteer.[35]By December 1919 Soviet authority was restored.[36]The Bolsheviks established Kharkiv asthe capitalof theUkrainian Soviet Socialist Republicand, in 1922, this was formally incorporated as a constituent republic of theSoviet Union.[37]

A number of prestige construction projects in new officially-approvedConstructivist stylewere completed,[38]among themDerzhprom(Palace of Industry) then the tallest building in the Soviet Union (and the second tallest in Europe),[39]the Red Army Building, the Ukrainian Polytechnic Institute of Distance Learning (UZPI), theKharkiv City Councilbuilding, with its massive asymmetric tower, and the central department store that was opened on the 15th Anniversary of theOctober Revolution.[15]As new buildings were going up, many of city's historic architectural monuments were being torn down. These included most of the baroque churches: Saint Nicholas's Cathedral of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox church, the Church of the Myrrhophores, Saint Demetrius's Church, and the Cossack fortified Church of the Nativity.[40]

UnderStalin'sFirst Five Year Plan,the city underwent intensified industrialisation, led by a number of national projects. Chief among these were theKharkiv Tractor Factory (HTZ),described by Stalin as "a steel bastion of thecollectivisation of agriculturein the Ukraine ",[41]and theMalyshev Factory,an enlargement of the old Kharkiv Locomotive Factory, which at its height employed 60,000 workers in the production of heavy equipment.[42]By 1937 the output of Kharkiv's industries was reported as being 35 times greater than in 1913.[40]

Since the turn of the century, the influx of new workers from the countryside changed the ethnic composition of Kharkiv. According to census returns, by 1939 the Russian share of the population had fallen from almost two-thirds to one third, while the Ukrainian share rose from a quarter to almost half. The Jewish population rose from under 6 percent of the total, to over 15 percent[43][44](sustaining aHebrewsecondary school, a popular Jewish university and extensive publication inYiddishand Hebrew).[45]

Starved peasants on the street during theHolodomorin Kharkiv, 1933.
Plan of Kharkiv, 1930

In the 1920s, theUkrainian SSRpromoted the use of theUkrainian language,mandating it for all schools. In practice the share of secondary schools teaching in theUkrainian languageremained lower than the ethnicUkrainianshare of theKharkiv Oblast's population.[46]TheUkrainizationpolicy was reversed, with the prosecution in Kharkiv in 1930 of theUnion for the Freedom of Ukraine.Hundreds of Ukrainian intellectuals were arrested and deported.[47]

In 1932 and 1933, the combination of grain seizures and the forced collectivisation of peasant holdings created famine conditions, theHolodomor,driving people off the land and into Kharkiv, and other cities, in search of food.[48][49]Eye-witness accounts by westerners—among them those ofAmerican CommunistFred Bealemployed in theKharkiv Tractor Factory[50]—were cited in the international press but, until the era ofGlasnostwere consistentlydenounced in the Soviet Union as fabrications.[51][52][53]

In 1934 hundreds of Ukrainian writers, intellectuals and cultural workers were arrested and executed in the attempt to eradicate all vestiges of Ukrainian nationalism. The purges continued into 1938. Blind Ukrainian street musiciansKobzarswere also rounded up in Kharkiv and murdered by the NKVD.[54]Confident in his control over Ukraine, in January 1934 Stalin had the capital of the Ukrainian SSR moved from Kharkiv to Kyiv.[55]

During April and May 1940 about 3,900 Polish prisoners ofStarobilskcamp were executed in the KharkivNKVDbuilding, later secretly buried on the grounds of an NKVD pansionat inPiatykhatkyforest (part of theKatyn massacre) on the outskirts of Kharkiv.[56][57]The site also contains the numerous bodies of Ukrainian cultural workers who were arrested and shot in the1937–38 Stalinist purges.

German occupation

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DuringWorld War II,Kharkiv was the focus of major battles. The citywas capturedbyNazi Germanyon 24 October 1941.[58][59]A disastrousRed Armyoffensivefailed to recover the city in May 1942.[60][61]It was retaken (Operation Star) on 16 February 1943, butlost again to the Germanson 15 March 1943. 23 August 1943 saw a finalliberation.[62]

A memorial to 23 August 1943, the end of German occupation during World War II

On the eve of the occupation, Kharkiv's prewar population of 700,000 had been doubled by the influx of refugees.[63]What remained of the pre-war Jewish population of 130,000, were slated by the Germans for "special treatment": between December 1941 and January 1942, they massacred and buried an estimated 15,000 Jews in a ravine outside of town namedDrobytsky Yar.[64]Over their 22 months occupation they executed a further 30,000 residents, among them suspected Soviet partisans and, after a brief period of toleration, Ukrainian nationalists. 80,000 people died of hunger, cold and disease. 60,000 were forcibly transported to Germany as slave workers (Ostarbeiter).[65][40]Among these wasBoris Romanchenko.The 96-year-old survivor of forced labor at theBuchenwald,Peenemünde,DoraandBergen Belsenconcentration campswas killed when Russian fire hit his apartment bloc on 18 March 2022.[66][67]

By the time of Kharkiv's liberation in August 1943, the surviving population had been reduced to under 200,000.[63]Seventy percent of the city had been destroyed.[62]According to a New York Time's piece, "The city was more battered than perhaps any other in the Soviet Union save Stalingrad."[68]

Post-World War II

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Before the occupation, Kharkiv'stank industrieshad been evacuated to theUralswith all their equipment, and became the heart ofRed Army's tank programs (particularly, producing theT-34tank earlier designed in Kharkiv). These enterprises returned to Kharkiv after the war, and became central elements of the post-war Sovietmilitary industrial complex.[65]Houses and factories were rebuilt, and much of the city's center was reconstructed in the style ofStalinist Classicism.[15]Kharkiv's Jewish communityrevived after World War II: by 1959 there were 84,000 Jews living in the city. However,Soviet anti-Zionismrestricted expressions of Jewish religion and culture, and was sustained until the final Gorbachev years (the confiscatedKharkiv Choral Synagoguereopened as a synagogue in 1990).[45]

Mirror Streamfountain
Kharkiv in 1981

In theBrezhnev-era,Kharkiv was promoted as a "model Soviet city". Propaganda made much of its "youthfulness", a designation broadly used to suggest the relative absence in the city of "material and spiritual relics" from the pre-revolutionary era, and its commitment to the new frontiers of Soviet industry and science. The city's machine-and-weapons building prowess was attributed to a forward-looking collaboration between its large-scale industrial enterprises and new research institutes and laboratories.[69]

The lastCommunist Party chief of Ukraine,Vladimir Ivashko,appointed in 1989, trained as a mining engineer and served as a party functionary in Kharkiv.[70]He led the Communists to victory in Kharkiv and across the country in theparliamentary electionheld in the Ukrainian SSR in March 1990.[71]The election was relatively free, but occurred well before organised political parties had time to form, and did not arrest the decline in the CPSU's legitimacy.[72]This was accelerated by the intra-party coup attempt against PresidentMikhail Gorbachevand his reforms on 18 August 1991, during which Ivashko temporarily replaced Gorbachev asCPSU General Secretary.[73]

The National University of Kharkivwas at the forefront of democratic agitation. In October 1991, a call from Kyiv for an all-Ukrainian university strike to protest Gorbachev'snewUnion Treatyand to call for new multi-party elections was met with a rally at the entrance to the university attended not only by students and university teachers, but also by a range of public and cultural figures.[74]The protests—the so-calledRevolution on Granite[75]—ended on 17 October with a resolution of theVerkhovna Radaof the Ukrainian SSR promising further democratic reform. In the event, the only demand fulfilled was the removal of the Communist Prime Minister.[76]

Independent Ukraine

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In the 1 December 1991Referendum on the Act of Declaration of Independence,on a turnout of 76 percent 86 percent of theKharkiv Oblastapproved separate Ukrainian statehood.[77]

During the1990s post-Soviet aliyah,many Jews from Kharkiv emigrated to Israel or to Western countries.[78]The city's Jewish population, 62,800 in 1970,[45]dropped to 50,000 by the end of the century.[79]

New Year's decoration ofFreedom Squarein Kharkiv in 2018
A monument to thepersecuted kobzarsin Kharkiv

Thecollapse of the Soviet Uniondisrupted, but did not sever, the ties that bound Kharkiv's heavy industries to the integrated Soviet market and supply chains, and did not diminish dependency on Russian oil, minerals, and gas.[80]In Kharkiv and elsewhere in eastern Ukraine, the limited prospects for securing new economic partners in the West, and concern for the rights of Russian-speakers in the new national state, combined to promote the interests of political parties and candidates emphasising understanding and cooperation with theRussian Federation.In the new century, these were represented by theParty of Regionsand by the presidential ambitions ofVictor Yanukovych,[81]which in Kharkiv triumphed in thecity councilelections of 2006, in the parliamentary elections of 2007 and in the presidential elections of 2010.[82]

Although never attaining the level of protest witnessed in Kyiv and in communities further west, following the disputed2012 Parliamentary electionspublic opposition toPresident Yanukovychand his party surfaced in Kharkiv amid accusations of systematic corruption and of sabotaging prospects for new ties to the European Union.[83]

2014 pro-Russian unrest

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Main article:2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine § Kharkiv Oblast

TheEuromaidanprotests in the winter of 2013–2014 against then presidentViktor Yanukovychconsisted of daily gatherings of about 200 protestors near the statue of Taras Shevchenko and were predominantly peaceful.[84]Disappointed at the turnout, an activist at Kharkiv University suggested that his fellow students "proved to be as much of an inert, grey and cowed mass as Kharkiv’s ‘biudzhetniki’ "(those whose income derives from the state budget, mostly public servants).[85]But Pro-Yanukovych demonstrations, held near thestatue of LenininFreedom (previously Dzerzhinsky) Square,were similarly small.[84]

In the wake of Yanukovych's ouster in February, there were attempts in Kharkiv to follow the example of separatists in neighbouringDonbas.[86]On 2 March 2014, a Russian "tourist" from Moscow replaced theUkrainian flagwith aRussian flagon the Kharkiv Regional State Administration Building.[87]On 6 April 2014 pro-Russian protestors occupied the building and unilaterally declared independence from Ukraine as the "Kharkiv People's Republic".[84][88]Doubts arose about their local origin as they had initially targeted the city'sOpera and Ballet Theatrebefore recognising their mistake.[89]

Kharkiv's mayor,Hennadiy "Gepa" Kernes,elected in 2010 as the nominee of theParty of Regions,was placed under house arrest. Claiming to have been "prisoner of Yanukovych's system",[90]he now declared his loyalty to acting PresidentOleksandr Turchynov.[84]In a televised address on 7 April, Turchynov had announced that "a second wave of the Russian Federation's special operation against Ukraine [has] started" with the "goal of destabilising the situation in the country, toppling Ukrainian authorities, disrupting the elections, and tearing our country apart".[91]Kernes persuaded the police to storm the regional administration building and push out the separatists. He was allowed to return to his mayoral duties.[92]

Police action against the separatists was reinforced by a special forces unit fromVinnytsiadirected by Ukrainian Interior MinisterArsen AvakovandStepan Poltorakthe acting commander of theUkrainian Internal Forces.[84][93]On 13 April, some pro-Russian protesters again made it inside the Kharkiv regional state administration building, but were quickly evicted.[93][94][95]Violent clashes resulted in the severe beating of at least 50 pro-Ukrainian protesters in attacks by pro-Russian protesters.[94][95]On 28 April,Kerneswas shot by a sniper,[96]a victim, commentators suggested, of his former pro-Russian allies.[92]

Relatively peaceful demonstrations continued to be held, with "pro-Russian" rallies gradually diminishing and "pro-Ukrainian unity" demonstrations growing in numbers.[97][98][99]On 28 September, activists dismantled Ukraine's largest monument to Lenin at a pro-Ukrainian rally in the central square.[100]Polls conducted from September to December 2014 found little support in Kharkiv for joining Russia.[101][102]

From early November until mid-December, Kharkiv was struck by seven non-lethal bomb blasts. Targets of these attacks included a rock pub known for raising money for Ukrainian forces, a hospital for Ukrainian forces, a military recruiting centre, and aNational Guardbase.[103]According toSBUinvestigator Vasyliy Vovk,Russian covert forceswere behind the attacks, and had intended to destabilise the otherwise calm city of Kharkiv.[104]On 8 January 2015 five men wearingbalaclavasbroke into an office of Station Kharkiv, a volunteer group aiding refugees fromDonbas.[105]On 22 February animprovised explosive devicekilled four people and wounded nine during a march commemorating theEuromaidan victims.[84]The authorities launched an 'anti-terrorist operation'.[106]Further bombings targeted army fuel tanks, an unoccupied passenger train and aUkrainian flagin the city centre.[107]

On 23 September 2015, 200 people in balaclavas and camouflage picketed the house of former governorMykhailo Dobkin,and then went to Kharkiv town hall, where they tried to force their way through the police cordon. At least one tear gas grenade was used. The rioters asked the mayor,Hennadiy Kernes,a supporter of the president, to come out.[108][109]Following recovery from his wounds, Kernes had been re-elected mayor, and was so again in 2020. He died of COVID-19 related complication in December 2020.[110][111]He was succeeded byIhor Terekhovof the "Kernes Bloc — Successful Kharkiv".[3][4]

After the Euromaidan events and Russianactions in the CrimeaandDonbasruptured relations with Moscow, the Kharkiv region experienced a sharp fall in output and employment. Once a hub of cross border trade, Kharkiv was turned into a border fortress. A reorientation to new international markets, increased defense contracts (after Kyiv, the region contains the second-largest number of military-related enterprises) and export growth in the economy's services sector helped fuel a recovery, but people's incomes did not return to pre-2014 levels.[112]

By 2018 Kharkiv officially has the lowest unemployment rate in Ukraine, 6 percent. But in part this reflected labor shortages caused by the steady outflow of young and skilled workers to Poland and other European countries.[112]

Until 18 July 2020, Kharkiv was incorporated as acity of oblast significanceand served as the administrative center of Kharkiv Raion though it did not belong to the raion. In July 2020, as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Kharkiv Oblast to seven, the city of Kharkiv was merged into Kharkiv Raion.[113][114]

2022 Russian invasion

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Main articles:Battle of Kharkiv (2022)andKharkiv strikes (2022–present)

During the2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine,Kharkivwas the site of heavy fighting between the Ukrainian and Russian forces.[115]On 27 February, the governor of Kharkiv OblastOleh Syniehubovclaimed that Russian troops were repelled from Kharkiv.[116]

According to a 28 February 2022, report from Agroportal 24h, theKharkiv Tractor Plant (KhTZ),in the south east of the city, was destroyed and "engulfed in fire" by "massive shelling" from Russian forces.[117]Video purported to record explosions and fire at the plant on 25 and 27 February 2022.[118][119]UNESCO has confirmed that in the first three weeks of bombardment the city experienced the loss or damage of at least 27 major historical buildings.[120]

On 4 March 2022, Human Rights Watch reported that on the fourth day of theinvasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation,28 February 2022, Federation forces used cluster munitions in theKhTZ,theSaltivskyiandShevchenkivskyidistricts of the city. The rights group—which noted the "inherently indiscriminate nature of cluster munitions and their foreseeable effects on civilians" —based its assessment on interviews and an analysis of 40 videos and photographs.[121]In March 2022, during theBattle of Kharkiv,the city was designated as aHero City of Ukraine.[122]

In May 2022, Ukrainian forces began a counter-offensive to drive Russian forces away from the city and towards the international border. By 12 May, the United Kingdom Ministry of Defence reported that Russia had withdrawn units from the Kharkiv area.[123]Russian artillery and rockets remain within range of the city, and itcontinues to suffer shelling[124]and missile strikes.[125][126]

Main article:2024 northeastern Ukraine offensive

In May 2024, after two weeks intensive fighting, and the loss of a number of border villages, Ukrainian forces halted a renewed Russian advance toward Kharkiv. The Ukrainian defence was assisted by American-suppliedHIMARS missiles,and by US permission to fire these across the border at military targets within Russian territory.[127]

Geography

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The Lopan-Kharkiv river spur

Kharkiv is located at the banks of theKharkiv,Lopan,andUdyrivers, where they flow into theSiverskyi Donetswatershed in the north-eastern region of Ukraine.

Historically, Kharkiv lies in theSloboda Ukraineregion (Slobozhanshchynaalso known asSlobidshchyna) in Ukraine, in which it is considered to be the main city.

The approximate dimensions of city of Kharkiv are: from the North to the South — 24.3 km; from the West to the East — 25.2 km.

Based on Kharkiv's topography, the city can be conditionally divided into four lower districts and four higher districts.

The highest point above sea level, in Piatykhatky, is 202m, and the lowest is Novoselivka in Kharkiv is 94m.[citation needed]

Kharkiv lies in the large valley of rivers ofKharkiv,Lopan,Udy,and Nemyshlia. This valley lies from the North West to the South East between the Mid Russian highland and Donets lowland. All the rivers interconnect in Kharkiv and flow into the river ofNorthern Donets.A special system of concrete and metal dams was designed and built by engineers to regulate the water level in the rivers in Kharkiv.[citation needed]

Kharkiv has a large number of green city parks with a long history of more than 100 years with very old oak trees and many flowers.[citation needed]Central Parkis Kharkiv's largest public garden. The park has nine areas: children, extreme sports, family entertainment, a medieval area, entertainment center, French park, cable car, sports grounds, retro park. This park was previously named afterMaxim Gorkyuntil June 2023 when it was renamed Central Park for Culture and Recreation.[128]

Climate

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Kharkiv's climate ishumid continental(Köppen climate classificationDfa/Dfb) with long, cold, snowy winters and warm to hot summers.

The average rainfall totals 519 mm (20 in) per year, with the most in June and July.

Climate data for Kharkiv, Ukraine (1991–2020, extremes 1841–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 11.1
(52.0) 		14.6
(58.3) 		23.7
(74.7) 		30.5
(86.9) 		34.5
(94.1) 		39.8
(103.6) 		38.4
(101.1) 		39.8
(103.6) 		34.5
(94.1) 		29.3
(84.7) 		20.3
(68.5) 		13.4
(56.1) 		39.8
(103.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −2.1
(28.2) 		−0.8
(30.6) 		5.2
(41.4) 		14.7
(58.5) 		21.4
(70.5) 		25.2
(77.4) 		27.4
(81.3) 		26.8
(80.2) 		20.5
(68.9) 		12.6
(54.7) 		4.3
(39.7) 		−0.7
(30.7) 		12.9
(55.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) −4.5
(23.9) 		−3.8
(25.2) 		1.4
(34.5) 		9.7
(49.5) 		16.1
(61.0) 		20.0
(68.0) 		22.0
(71.6) 		21.1
(70.0) 		15.1
(59.2) 		8.2
(46.8) 		1.6
(34.9) 		−2.9
(26.8) 		8.7
(47.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −6.8
(19.8) 		−6.6
(20.1) 		−1.9
(28.6) 		4.8
(40.6) 		10.7
(51.3) 		14.7
(58.5) 		16.6
(61.9) 		15.4
(59.7) 		10.2
(50.4) 		4.4
(39.9) 		−0.8
(30.6) 		−5.1
(22.8) 		4.6
(40.3)
Record low °C (°F) −35.6
(−32.1) 		−29.8
(−21.6) 		−32.2
(−26.0) 		−11.4
(11.5) 		−1.9
(28.6) 		2.2
(36.0) 		5.7
(42.3) 		2.2
(36.0) 		−2.9
(26.8) 		−9.1
(15.6) 		−20.9
(−5.6) 		−30.8
(−23.4) 		−35.6
(−32.1)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 37
(1.5) 		33
(1.3) 		36
(1.4) 		32
(1.3) 		54
(2.1) 		58
(2.3) 		63
(2.5) 		39
(1.5) 		44
(1.7) 		44
(1.7) 		39
(1.5) 		40
(1.6) 		519
(20.4)
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) 8
(3.1) 		11
(4.3) 		8
(3.1) 		1
(0.4) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		1
(0.4) 		4
(1.6) 		11
(4.3)
Average rainy days 10 8 10 13 14 15 13 10 12 13 13 12 143
Average snowy days 19 18 12 2 0.1 0 0 0 0.03 2 9 18 80
Averagerelative humidity(%) 85.6 83.0 77.3 65.7 60.9 65.2 65.3 62.9 70.2 77.6 85.7 86.5 73.8
Mean monthlysunshine hours 44 68 131 187 267 289 308 286 205 123 55 36 1,999
Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[129]
Source 2:NCEI(humidity 1981–2010, sun 1991–2020)[130][131]
A panoramic view of the central district in Kharkiv

Governance

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See also:List of mayors of Kharkiv

TheMayor of Kharkivand theKharkiv City Councilgovern all the business and administrative affairs in the City of Kharkiv.

The mayor of Kharkiv has the executive powers; the city council has the administrative powers as far as the government issues are concerned.

The mayor of Kharkiv is elected by direct public election in Kharkiv every four years.

The city council is composed of elected representatives, who approve or reject the initiatives on the budget allocation, tasks priorities and other issues in Kharkiv. The representatives to the city council are elected every four years.

The mayor and city council hold their regular meetings in the City Hall in Kharkiv.

Administrative divisions

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While Kharkiv is theadministrative centreof theKharkiv Oblast(province), the city affairs are managed by theKharkiv Municipality.Kharkiv is acity of oblast subordinance.

  1. Kholodnohirskyi District
  2. Shevchenkivskyi District
  3. Kyivskyi District
  4. Saltivskyi District
  5. Nemyshlianskyi District
  6. Industrialnyi District
  7. Slobidskyi District
  8. Osnovianskyi District
  9. Novobavarskyi District

The territory of Kharkiv is divided into 9 administrativeraions(districts), until February 2016 they were named for people, places, events, and organizations associated with early years of the Soviet Union but many were renamed in February 2016 to comply withdecommunization laws.[2]Also, owing to this law, over 200 streets have been renamed in Kharkiv since 20 November 2015.[132]

The raions are named:[2][133]

  1. Kholodnohirskyi(Ukrainian:Холодногірський район,Cold Mountain;namesake: the historic name of the neighbourhood[134]) (formerly Leninskyi; namesake:Vladimir Lenin)
  2. Shevchenkivskyi(Ukrainian:Шевченківський район); namesake:Taras Shevchenko(formerly Dzerzhynskyi; namesakeFelix Dzerzhinsky)
  3. Kyivskyi(Ukrainian:Київський район); namesake:Kyiv(formerly Kahanovychskyi; namesake:Lazar Kaganovich)
  4. Saltivskyi(Ukrainian:Салтівський район); namesake:Saltivkaresidential area (formerly Moskovskyi; namesake: Moscow)
  5. Nemyshlianskyi(Ukrainian:Немишлянський район) (formerly Frunzenskyi: namesake:Mikhail Frunze[133]);
  6. Industrialnyi(Ukrainian:Індустріальний район) (formerly Ordzhonikidzevskyi; namesake:Sergo Ordzhonikidze)
  7. Slobidskyi(Ukrainian:Слобідський район) (formerlyKominternіvskyi[133]); namesake:Sloboda Ukraine
  8. Osnovianskyi(Ukrainian:Основ'янський район) (formerly Chervonozavodskyi[133]); namesake: Osnova, a city neighborhood
  9. Novobavarskyi(Ukrainian:Новобаварський район) (formerly Zhovtnevyi[133]); namesake: Nova Bavaria, a city neighborhood

Demographics

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Historical population
YearPop.±%
1660[135] 1,000—
1788[136] 10,742+974.2%
1850[137] 41,861+289.7%
1861[137] 50,301+20.2%
1901[137] 198,273+294.2%
1916[138] 352,300+77.7%
1917[139] 382,000+8.4%
1920[138] 285,000−25.4%
1926[138] 417,000+46.3%
1939[140] 833,000+99.8%
1941[138] 902,312+8.3%
1941[141] 1,400,000+55.2%
1941[138][142] 456,639−67.4%
1943[143] 170,000−62.8%
1959[137] 930,000+447.1%
1962[137] 1,000,000+7.5%
1976[137] 1,384,000+38.4%
1982[136] 1,500,000+8.4%
1989[144] 1,609,959+7.3%
2001[145] 1,470,902−8.6%
2011[146]1,446,500−1.7%
January 2022[147]1,421,125−1.8%
March 2022400,000−71.9%
June 2022750,000+87.5%
November 20221,100,000+46.7%

According to the1989 Soviet Union Census,the population of the city was 1,593,970. In 1991, it decreased to 1,510,200, including 1,494,200 permanent residents.[148]The population in 2023 was 1,430,885.[149]Kharkiv is the second-largest city in Ukraine after the capital,Kyiv.[150]Thefirst independent all-Ukrainian population censuswas conducted in December 2001, and the next all-Ukrainian population census is decreed to be conducted after the end of the ongoingRusso-Ukrainian war.As of 2001, the population ofKharkiv Oblastis as follows: 78.5% living in urban areas, and 21.5% living in rural areas.[151]

Ethnicity

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Ethnic group 1897[43] 1926 1939 1959[44] 1989[148] 2001[152][153][dubious–discuss]
Ukrainians 25.9% 38.6% 48.5% 48.4% 50.4% 62.8%
Russians 63.2% 37.2% 32.9% 40.4% 43.6% 33.2%
Jews 5.7% 19.5% 15.6% 8.7% 3.0% 0.7%

Notes

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  • 1660 year – approximated estimation
  • 1788 year – without the account of children
  • 1920 year – times of theRussian Civil War
  • 1941 year – estimation on 1 May, right beforeGerman-Soviet War
  • 1941 year – next estimation in September varies between 1,400,000 and 1,450,000
  • 1941 year – another estimation in December during the occupation without the account of children
  • 1943 year – 23 August, liberation of the city; estimation varied 170,000 and 220,000
  • 1976 year – estimation on 1 June
  • 1982 year – estimation in March

Kharkiv has a sizeableVietnamese communitywho dominate the localBarabashovo market[uk](one of the largest markets in Europe).[154]At the market most of these (Vietnamese) traders use aUkrainianisedversion of their names.[154]

Language

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Distribution of the population of the city of Kharkiv bynative languageaccording to the2001 census:[155]

Language Number Percentage
Ukrainian 460 607 31.77%
Russian 954 901 65.86%
Other or undecided 34 363 2.37%
Total 1,449,871 100.00%

According to a survey conducted by theInternational Republican Institutein April–May 2023, 16% of the city's population spoke Ukrainian at home, and 78% spoke Russian.[156]

Religion

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Assumption or Dormition Cathedral
Annunciation Orthodox Cathedralis one of thetallest Orthodox churchesin the world. It was completed on 2 October 1888.

Kharkiv is an important religious centre in Eastern Ukraine.

There are many old and new religious buildings, associated with various denominations in Kharkiv.Assumption Orthodox Cathedralwas built in Kharkiv in the 1680s and rebuilt in the 1820s and 1830s.[157]Holy Trinity Orthodox Church was built in Kharkiv in 1758–1764 and rebuilt in 1857–1861.[158]Annunciation Orthodox Cathedral,one of thetallest Orthodox churchesin the world, was completed in Kharkiv on 2 October 1888.[159]

Recently built churches include St. Valentine's Orthodox Church and St. Tamara's Orthodox Church.[160][161]

Kharkiv's Jewish population is estimated to be around 8,000 people.[162]It is served by the oldKharkiv Choral Synagogue,which was fully renovated in Kharkiv in 1991–2016.

There are two mosques including theKharkiv Cathedral Mosqueand one Islamic center in Kharkiv.[citation needed]

Economy

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Sumska Streetis the main thoroughfare of Kharkiv.

The 2016–2020 economic development strategy: "Kharkiv Success Strategy", is created in Kharkiv.[163][164][165]Kharkiv has a diversified service economy, with employment spread across a wide range of professional services, including financial services, manufacturing, tourism, and high technology.

International Economic Forum

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The International Economic Forum: Innovations. Investments. Kharkiv Innitiatives! is being conducted in Kharkiv every year.[166]

In 2015, the International Economic Forum: Innovations. Investments. Kharkiv Innitiatives! was attended by the diplomatic corps representatives from 17 world countries, working in Ukraine together with top-management of trans-national corporations and investment funds; plus Ukrainian People's Deputies; plus Ukrainian Central government officials, who determine the national economic development strategy; plus local government managers, who perform practical steps in implementing that strategy; plus managers of technical assistance to Ukraine; plus business and NGO's representatives; plus media people.[166][167][168][169][170]

The key topics of the plenary sessions and panel discussions of the International Economic Forum: Innovations. Investments. Kharkiv Innitiatives! are the implementation of Strategy for Sustainable Development "Ukraine – 2020", the results achieved and plan of further actions to reform the local government and territorial organization of power in Ukraine, export promotion and attraction of investments in Ukraine, new opportunities for public-private partnerships, practical steps to create "electronic government", issues of energy conservation and development of oil and gas industry in the Kharkiv Region, creating an effective system of production and processing of agricultural products, investment projects that will receive funding from the State Fund for Regional Development, development of international integration, preparation for privatization of state enterprises.[166][167][168][169][170]

International Industrial Exhibitions

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The international industrial exhibitions are usually conducted at the Radmir Expohall exhibition center in Kharkiv.[171]

Industrial corporations

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Kvant-2module – its control system was designed atKhartronin Kharkiv.

During the Soviet era, Kharkiv was the capital of industrial production in Ukraine and a large centre of industry and commerce in theUSSR.After thecollapse of the Soviet Unionthe largely defence-systems-oriented industrial production of the city decreased significantly. In the early 2000s, the industry started to recover and adapt to market economy needs. The enterprises form machine-building, electro-technology, instrument-making, and energy conglomerates.

State-owned industrial giants, such asTurboatomandElektrovazhmash[172]occupy 17% of the heavy power equipment construction (e.g., turbines) market worldwide. Multipurpose aircraft are produced by theAntonovaircraft manufacturing plant. TheMalyshev factoryproduces not onlyarmoured fighting vehicles,but also harvesters.Khartron[173]is the leading designer of space and commercial control systems in Ukraine and the formerCIS.

Derzhprombuilding

IT industry

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As of April 2018, there were 25,000 specialists in IT industry of the Kharkiv region, 76% of them were related to computer programming. Thus, Kharkiv accounts for 14% of all IT specialists in Ukraine and makes the second largest IT location in the country, right after the capital Kyiv.[174]

Also, the number of active IT companies in the region to be 445, five of them employing more than 601 people. Besides, there are 22 large companies with the workers' number ranging from 201 to 600. More than half of IT-companies located in the Kharkiv region fall into "extra small" category with less than 20 persons engaged. The list is compiled with 43 medium (81–200 employers) and 105 small companies (21–80).[citation needed]

Due to the comparably narrow market for IT services in Ukraine, the majority of Kharkiv companies are export-oriented with more than 95% of total sales generated overseas in 2017. Overall, the estimated revenue of Kharkiv IT companies will more than double from $800 million in 2018 to $1.85 billion by 2025. The major markets are North America (65%) and Europe (25%).[175]

Finance industry

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Kharkiv is also the headquarters of one of the largest Ukrainian banks,UkrSibbank,which has been part of theBNP Paribasgroup since December 2005.

Trade industry

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There are many large modern shopping malls in Kharkiv.

There is a large number of markets:

Science and education

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Main building ofV. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University.
Northern building ofV. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University.
Il'ya I. Mechnikov, Lev D. Landau, Simon A. Kuznets Nobel Laureates Monuments atV. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University.

Higher education

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TheVasyl N. Karazin Kharkiv National Universityis the most prestigious reputable classic university, which was founded due to the efforts byVasily Karazinin Kharkiv in 1804–1805.[177][178]On 29 January [O.S.17 January] 1805, the Decree on the Opening of the Imperial University in Kharkiv came into force.

The Roentgen Institute opened in 1931. It was a specialist cancer treatment facility with 87 research workers, 20 professors, and specialist medical staff. The facilities included chemical, physiology, and bacteriology experimental treatment laboratories. It produced x-ray apparatus for the whole country.[179]

The city has 13 national universities and numerous professional, technical and private higher education institutions, offering its students a wide range of disciplines. These universities includeKharkiv National University(12,000 students),National Technical University "KhPI"(20,000 students),Kharkiv National University of Radioelectronics(12,000 students),Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University,Kharkiv National Aerospace University "KhAI",Kharkiv National University of Economics,Kharkiv National University of Pharmacy,andKharkiv National Medical University.

More than 17,000 faculty and research staff are employed in the institutions of higher education in Kharkiv.

Scientific research

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The city has a high concentration of research institutions, which are independent or loosely connected with the universities. Among them are three national science centres:Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology,Institute of Meteorology, Institute for Experimental and Clinical Veterinary Medicine and 20 national research institutions of theNational Academy of Science of Ukraine,such as theB Verkin Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering,Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine,State Scientific Institution "Institute for Single Crystals", Usikov Institute of Radiophysics and Electronics (IRE), Institute of Radio Astronomy (IRA), and others. A total number of 26,000 scientists are working in research and development.

A number of world-renowned scientific schools appeared in Kharkiv, such as thetheoretical physics schooland themathematical school.

There is the Kharkiv Scientists House in the city, which was built by A. N. Beketov, architect in Kharkiv in 1900. All the scientists like to meet and discuss various scientific topics at the Kharkiv Scientists House in Kharkiv.[180]

Public libraries

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Students in the library of the National University of Pharmacy in Kharkiv

In addition to the libraries affiliated with the various universities and research institutions, the Kharkiv State Scientific V. Korolenko-library is a major research library.

Secondary schools

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Kharkiv has 212 (secondary education) schools, including 10lyceumsand 20gymnasiums.[citation needed]In May 2024 the first of a scatter of underground schools in Kharkiv was opened inIndustrialnyi District,so children could continue their education amidst themissile strikes in Kharkivby theRussian Armed Forcesduring theRussian invasion of Ukraine.[181]

Education centers

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There is the educational "Landau Center", which is named after L.D. Landau, Nobel laureate in Kharkiv.[182]

Culture

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Kharkiv is one of the main cultural centres in Ukraine. It is home to 20 museums, over 10 theatres[citation needed]and a number of art galleries. Large music and cinema festivals are hosted in Kharkiv almost every year.

Theatres

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TheKharkiv Ukrainian Drama Theatre

The Kharkiv National Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre named after N. V. Lysenko is the biggest theatre in Kharkiv.[183][184]

In 2017 theKharkiv Ukrainian Drama Theatrenamed after T. G. Shevchenko was especially popular among theater audiences more prone to speak Ukrainian in daily life.[185]

The Kharkiv Academic Drama Theatre was recently renovated, and it is quite popular among locals.[186]Until October 2023 this theater was named after Russian poetAlexander Pushkin;thederussification of Ukraine campaignof that area led to its renaming that also meant the removal of (the word) "Russian"from the name.[187]

The Kharkiv Theatre of the Young Spectator (now the Theatre for Children and Youth) is one of the oldest theatres for children.[188]

The Kharkiv Puppet Theatre (The Kharkiv State Academic Puppet Theatre named after VA Afanasyev) is the first puppet theatre in the territory of Kharkiv. It was created in 1935.

The Kharkiv Academic Theatre of Musical Comedy is a theatre founded on 1 November 1929 in Kharkiv.

Literature

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The Kharkiv Academic Drama Theatre

In the 1930s Kharkiv was referred to as a LiteraryKlondike.[citation needed]It was the centre for the work of literary figures such as:Les Kurbas,Mykola Kulish,Mykola Khvylovy,Mykola Zerov,Valerian Pidmohylny,Pavlo Filipovych, Marko Voronny, Oleksa Slisarenko. Over 100 of these writers were repressed during the Stalinist purges of the 1930s. This tragic event in Ukrainian history is called the "Executed Renaissance" (Rozstrilene vidrodzhennia). Today, a literary museum located on Frunze Street marks their work and achievements.

Today, Kharkiv is often referred to as the "capital city" of Ukrainian science fiction and fantasy.[189][190]It is home to a number of popular writers, such asH. L. Oldie,Alexander Zorich,Andrey Dashkov,Yuri NikitinandAndrey Valentinov;most of themwrite in Russianand are popular in both Russia and Ukraine. The annualscience fiction convention"Star Bridge" (Звёздный мост) has been held in Kharkiv since 1999.[191]

Music

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Academic choir of Kharkiv Philharmonic named after V. Palkin and chief leader of choir, prize winner of the all-Ukrainian choir masters contest, Andriy Syrotenko.

There is theKharkiv Philharmonic Societyin the city. The leading group active in the Philharmonic is the Academic Symphony Orchestra. It has 100 musicians of a high professional level, many of whom are prize-winners in international and national competitions.

There is the Organ Music Hall in the city.[192]The Organ Music Hall is situated at theAssumption Cathedralpresently. TheRieger–Klossorgan was installed in the building of the Organ Music Hall back in 1986. The new Organ Music Hall will be opened at the extensively renovated building ofKharkiv Philharmonic Societyin Kharkiv in November 2016.

TheKharkiv Conservatoryis in the city.

TheKharkiv National University of Arts named after I.P. Kotlyarevskyis situated in the city.[193]

Kharkiv sponsors the prestigiousHnat KhotkevychInternational Music Competition of Performers of Ukrainian Folk Instruments, which takes place every three years. Since 1997 four tri-annual competitions have taken place. The 2010 competition was cancelled by the Ukrainian Ministry of Culture two days before its opening.[194]

The music festival: "Kharkiv – City of Kind Hopes" is conducted in Kharkiv.[195]

From Kharkiv comes alsoblack metalbandDrudkh.

Films

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From 1907 to 2008, at least 86 feature films were shot in the city's territory and its region. The most famous isFragment of an Empire(1929). Arriving in Leningrad, the main character, in addition to the usual pre-revolutionary buildings, sees theDerzhprom– a symbol of a new era.

Film festivals

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The Kharkiv Lilacs international film festival is very popular among movie stars, makers and producers in Ukraine, Eastern Europe, Western Europe and North America.[196][197]

The annual festival is usually conducted in May.[196][197]

There is a special alley with metal hand prints by popular movies actors at Shevchenko park in Kharkiv. [197][198]

Visual arts

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Kharkiv has been a home for many famous painters, includingIlya Repin,Zinaida Serebryakova,Henryk Siemiradzki,andVasyl Yermilov.There are many modern arts galleries in the city: the Yermilov Centre, Lilacs Gallery, the Kharkiv Art Museum, the Kharkiv Municipal Gallery, the AC Gallery, Palladium Gallery, the Semiradsky Gallery, AVEK Gallery, and Arts of Slobozhanshyna Gallery among others.

Museums

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M. F. Sumtsov Kharkiv Historical Museum
Kharkiv Art Museum

There are around 147 museums in the Kharkiv's region.[199]Museums in the city include:

  • TheM. F. Sumtsov Kharkiv Historical Museum[200]
  • TheKharkiv Art Museum[201]
  • The Natural History Museum at V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University was founded in Kharkiv on 2 April 1807. The museum is visited by 40000 visitors every year.[202][203]
  • The V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University History Museum was established in Kharkiv in 1972.[204][205][206]
  • The V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University Archeology Museum was founded in Kharkiv on 20 March 1998.[207][208]
  • The National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnical Institute" Museum was created in Kharkiv on 29 December 1972.[209][210][211][212][213]
  • The National Aerospace University "Kharkiv Aviation Institute" Museum was founded on 29 May 1992.[214]
  • The "National University of Pharmacy" Museum was founded in Kharkiv on 15 September 2010.[215][216][217]
  • The Kharkiv Maritime Museum – a museum dedicated to the history of shipbuilding and navigation.[218]
  • The Kharkiv Puppet Museum is the oldest museum of dolls in Ukraine.[citation needed]
  • Memorial museum-apartment of the family Grizodubov.[citation needed]
  • Club-Museum of Claudia Shulzhenko.[219]
  • The Museum of "First Aid".[citation needed]
  • The Museum of Urban Transport.[citation needed]
  • TheMuseum of Sexual Cultures.[220]

Landmarks

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Derzhprom

The city is famous for its churches as well asArt Nouveauandconstructivistarchitecture:

Other attractions include:Taras ShevchenkoMonument, Mirror Stream, Historical Museum, T. Shevchenko Gardens, Zoo, Children's narrow-gauge railroad, World War I Tank Mk V, Memorial Complex, and many more.

After the2014 Russian annexation of Crimeathe monument toPetro Konashevych-SahaidachnyinSevastopolwas removed and handed over to Kharkiv.[221]

Parks

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Central Parkis one of the main family attractions in Kharkiv.
Fountains inTaras Shevchenko's garden

Kharkiv contains numerous parks and gardens such as the Central Park, Shevchenko park, Hydro park, Strelka park, Sarzhyn Yar and Feldman ecopark. The Central Park is a common place for recreation activities among visitors and local people.[citation needed]The Shevchenko park is situated in close proximity to the V.N. Karazin National University. It is also a common place for recreation activities among the students, professors, locals and foreigners.

The Ecopark is situated at circle highway around Kharkiv. It attracts kids, parents, students, professors, locals and foreigners to undertake recreation activities. Sarzhyn Yar is a natural ravine three minutes walk from "Botanichniy Sad" station. It is an old girder that now – is a modern park zone more than 12 km in length. There is also a mineral water source with cupel and a sporting court.[222]

Language

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The majority spoken language in Kharkiv is Russian. Even after Ukraine gained its independence, Russian was still used predominantly by ethnic Russians and Ukrainians alike, although after the onset of the 2022Russian invasion of Ukraine,many of the city's residents attempted to transition to Ukrainian.[223][224]

Media

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There are a large number of broadcast and internet TV channels, AM/FM/PM/internet radio-stations, and paper/internet newspapers in Kharkiv. Some are listed below.

Newspapers

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  • Slobidskyi Krai
  • Vremya
  • Vecherniy Kharkov
  • Segodnya
  • Vesti
  • Kharkovskie Izvestiya

Magazines

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TV stations

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  • "7 kanal" channel
  • "А/ТВК" channel
  • "Simon" channel
  • "ATN Kharkiv" channel
  • "UA: Kharkiv" channel

Radio stations

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  • Promin
  • Ukrainske Radio
  • Radio Kharkiv
  • Kharkiv Oblastne Radio
  • Russkoe Radio Ukraina
  • Shanson
  • Retro FM

Online news in English

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  • The Kharkiv Times
  • Kharkiv Observer

Transport

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Kharkiv Metro

The city of Kharkiv is one of the largest transportation centres in Ukraine, which is connected to numerous other cities of the world by air, rail and road traffic. There are about 250 thousand cars in the city.[226]Kharkiv is one out of four Ukrainian cities with a subway system.[227]

Local transport

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Being an important transportation centre of Ukraine, many different means of transportation are available in Kharkiv.Kharkiv's Metrois the city's rapid transit system operating since 1975. It includes three different lines with 30 stations in total.[228][229]The Kharkiv buses carry about 12 million passengers annually.[citation needed]Trolleybuses,trams(which celebrated its 100-year anniversary of service in 2006), andmarshrutkas(private minibuses) are also important means of transportation in the city.

Railways

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The first railway connection of Kharkiv was opened in 1869. The first train to arrive in Kharkiv came from the north on 22 May 1869, and on 6 June 1869, traffic was opened on the Kursk–Kharkiv–Azov line. Kharkiv's passenger railway station was reconstructed and expanded in 1901, to be later destroyed in theSecond World War.A newKharkiv railway stationwas built in 1952.[230]

Kharkiv is connected with all main cities in Ukraine and abroad by regular railway services. Regional trains known aselektrychkasconnect Kharkiv with nearby towns and villages.

Historical building ofKharkiv Airport

Air

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Kharkiv is served byKharkiv International Airport.Charter flights are also available. The former largest carrier of the Kharkiv Airport – Aeromost-Kharkiv – is not serving any regular destinations as of 2007.TheKharkiv North Airportis a factory airfield and was a major production facility forAntonov aircraft company.

Sport

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Kharkiv International Marathon

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The Kharkiv International Marathon is considered as a prime international sportive event, attracting many thousands of professional sportsmen, young people, students, professors, locals and tourists to travel to Kharkiv and to participate in the international event.[231][232][233][234]

Football (soccer)

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Kharkiv EURO 2012 host city emblem
Metalist Stadium

The most popular sport isfootball.The city has several football clubs playing in the Ukrainian national competitions. The most successful isFC Dynamo Kharkivthat won eight national titles back in the 1920s–1930s.

There is also a female football clubWFC Zhytlobud-1 Kharkiv,which represented Ukraine in the European competitions and constantly is the main contender for the national title.

Metalist Stadiumhosted three group matches atUEFA Euro 2012.

Other sports

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Bicycles racing competition in Kharkiv at Bicycle Day on 9 July 2016.

Kharkiv also had someice hockeyclubs,MHC Dynamo Kharkiv,Vityaz Kharkiv,Yunost Kharkiv,HC Kharkiv,who competed in theUkrainian Hockey Championship.

Avangard Budyis abandyclub from Kharkiv, which won the Ukrainian championship in 2013.

There are a men's volleyball teams,Lokomotyv KharkivandYurydychna Akademiya Kharkiv,which performed in Ukraine and in European competitions.

RC Olympis the city'srugby unionclub. They provide many players for thenational team.

Tennis is also a popular sport in Kharkiv. There are many professional tennis courts in the city.Elina Svitolinais a tennis player from Kharkiv.

There is a golf club in Kharkiv.[235]

Horseriding as a sport is also popular among locals.[236][237][238][239]There are large stables and horse riding facilities at Feldman Ecopark in Kharkiv.[240]

There is a growing interest in cycling among locals.[241][242]There is a large bicycles producer,Kharkiv Bicycle Plantwithin the city.[243]Presently, the modern bicycle highway is under construction at the "Leso park" (Лісопарк) district in Kharkiv.

Notable people

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Simon Kuznets
Lev Landau
Élie Metchnikoff
Henryk Siemiradzki
Otto Struve
Serhiy Zhadan

Sport

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Nobel and Fields prize winners

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Twin towns – sister cities

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See also:List of twin towns and sister cities in Ukraine

Kharkiv istwinnedwith:[244]

See also

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References

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Sources

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See also:Bibliography of the history of Kharkiv
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