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Functional urban area

(Redirected fromLarger urban zones)

Thefunctional urban area(FUA), previously known aslarger urban zone(LUZ),[1]is a measure of the population and expanse of metropolitan and surrounding areas which may or may not be exclusively urban.[2]It consists of a city and its commuting zone,[3]which is a contiguous area of spatial units that have at least 15% of their employed residents working in the city.[4]

Illustration showing the difference between thecity,thefunctional urban area(Milan metropolitan area), and themetropolitan regionofMilan.
Illustration of the delimitation process for the functional urban area (red outline) ofGenoa(red fill) and its commuting zone (pink fill).

The FUA represents an attempt at a harmonised definition of themetropolitan area.Eurostat's objective was to have an area from which a significant share of the residents commute into the city, a concept known as the "functional urban region."[5]To ensure a good data availability, Eurostat adjusts the FUA boundaries to administrative boundaries that approximate the functional urban area.[6]

History

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The definition was introduced under the nameLarger urban zone(LUZ) in 2004 byEurostat,the statistical agency of theEuropean Union(EU), in agreement with the national statistics offices in the member states.[7][8]Eurostat data is provided only for zones in the EU countries,candidate countriesandEFTAcountries. Several cities were excluded by definition from the 2004 list of LUZs on technical, definitional grounds, such as the coincidence of the metropolitan area with the urban zone.[9][10][11]

In 2006 LUZ definitions were changed significantly, improving the comparability of LUZ definitions across different countries, and allowing for almost all cities to be included.[citation needed]

In 2011, theEuropean Commissionhas developed a new definition of LUZ in cooperation with theOECD.[12]The termLarger urban zone(LUZ) was later renamed as theFunctional urban area(FUA).[1]

In 2020, theFood and Agriculture Organization,theUnited Nations Human Settlements Programme,theInternational Labour Organization,and theWorld Bankhave also adopted the Functional urban area as their definition for delimitation of metropolitan areas.[13]

List of functional urban areas by population as of 2017

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This is a list of functional urban areas by population as of 2017. The 2004 Urban Audit also includes cities fromEFTAcountries (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland) and EU candidate countries, although the only candidate country for which there is available data is Turkey. Some cities, including Marseille, Lille, Nice, Cordoba, Badajoz, Toulon and Montpellier were excluded from the 2004 list on technical, definitional grounds, such as the coincidence of the metropolitan area with the urban zone.

Areas outside of theEuropean Union
Rank Functional urban area Country Population Area (km2)
1 Paris France 13,998,000 12,079.87[14]
2 Istanbul Turkey 11,154,928
3 London United Kingdom 10,345,124 8,900[14]
4 Madrid Spain 5,804,829 8,022
5 Ruhr Area Germany 5,302,179 4,435
6 Berlin Germany 4,971,331 17,385
7 Naples Italy 4,475,682 564.95
8 Barcelona Spain 4,233,638 1,796.64
9 Athens Greece 4,013,368 3,806.92
10 Ankara Turkey 3,736,359
11 Rome Italy 3,457,690 3,666.66
12 Hamburg Germany 3,134,620 7,304
12 Milan Italy 3,076,643 1,348.32
13 Katowice metropolitan area Poland 2,710,397 2,650.65
14 Stuttgart Germany 2,663,660 3,654
15 Warsaw Poland 2,631,710 5,201.72
16 Manchester United Kingdom 2,539,100 1,280
17 Munich Germany 2,531,706 5,504
18 Frankfurt Germany 2,517,561 4,305
19 İzmir Turkey 2,459,474
20 Lisbon Portugal 2,435,837 1,432.49
21 Budapest Hungary 2,393,846 2,538[14]
22 Leeds United Kingdom 2,393,300 5,114[14]
23 Birmingham United Kingdom 2,357,100 1,598
24 Vienna Austria 2,179,769 4,610.93[14]
25 Bucharest Romania 2,140,194 662
26 Prague Czech Republic 1,964,750 6,977[14]
27 Cologne Germany 1,873,580 1,626
28 Stockholm Sweden 1,860,872 6,519
29 Copenhagen Denmark 1,806,667[14] 2,759[14]
30 Brussels Belgium 1,800,663 1,613.91
31 Glasgow United Kingdom 1,747,100 3,346
32 Turin Italy 1,745,221 1,878.97
33 Lyon France 1,717,300 5,997.68[14]
34 Belgrade Serbia 1,683,962 514
35 Valencia Spain 1,564,145 1,440.58
36 Dublin Republic of Ireland 1,535,446[14]
37 Düsseldorf Germany 1,525,029 1,201
38 Bursa Turkey 1,474,482
39 Amsterdam Netherlands 1,443,258 859.28
40 Adana Turkey 1,394,130
41 Liverpool United Kingdom 1,365,900 821
42 Bielefeld Germany 1,297,876 2,921
43 Hanover Germany 1,294,447 2,966
44 Nuremberg Germany 1,288,797 2,934
45 Sheffield United Kingdom 1,277,100 1,846
46 Kraków Poland 1,264,322 2,988.65
47 Sofia Bulgaria 1,263,807[14] 3,424.2[14]
48 Seville Spain 1,249,346 3,081.9
49 Bremen Germany 1,249,291 5,885
50 Helsinki Finland 1,224,107 2,969.94
51 Rotterdam Netherlands 1,186,818 611.75
52 Łódź Poland 1,163,516 2,857.51
53 Ostrava Czech Republic 1,153,876 3,889.6[14]
54 Zürich Switzerland 1,110,478 1,086.14
55 Tricity Poland 1,105,203 3,457.32
56 Porto Portugal 1,099,040 562.32
57 Oslo Norway 1,090,513 6,920
58 Newcastle upon Tyne United Kingdom 1,055,600 3,385
59 Gaziantep Turkey 1,052,795
60 Toulouse France 1,052,497 4,706.93[14]
61 Wrocław Poland 1,031,439 4,582.2
62 Poznań Poland 1,018,511 3,719.2
63 Gothenburg Sweden 1,015,974 3,694.86
64 Bristol United Kingdom 1,006,600 1,635
65 Riga Latvia 1,003,949 5,382.5

List of functional urban areas

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This is a list of functional urban areas. The Urban Audit also includes cities fromEFTAcountries (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland) and EU candidate countries. TheOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD) uses a similar definition of Functional Urban Area to represent population sizes of cities in OECD countries.[15]This data is also included.

The figures in the Eurostat database are an attempt at a compromise between harmonised data for all of the European Union, and with availability of statistical data, making comparisons more accurate.[16]

Areas outside of theEuropean Union
Functional urban area Country OECD Population (2014)[15] Eurostat Population (2006)[17] Eurostat Population (2016)[18]
Amsterdam metropolitan area Netherlands 2,452,659 2,497,000[a] 2,771,661
Antwerp Belgium 1,081,904 1,406,000[b] 1,100,139
Athens Greece 3,535,055 3,761,000 3,863,763
Barcelona metropolitan area Spain 3,846,697 4,082,000[c] 5,445,616
Berlin Germany 4,399,542 4,016,000 5,005,216
Bilbao Spain 1,013,805 947,000 1,025,109
Birmingham(West Midlands) United Kingdom 1,957,078 3,701,107 2,332,629
Bordeaux France 1,175,699 No data 1,244,264
Bremen Germany 1,027,192 1,077,000 1,244,363
Bristol United Kingdom 836,621 1,041,000 1,090,080
Brussels-Capital Region Belgium 2,588,102 2,639,000[b] 2,625,525
Bucharest metropolitan area Romania 2,402,530 2,158,558 2,403,107
Budapest metropolitan area Hungary 2,879,601 2,523,000 2,993,948
Cardiff United Kingdom 664,861 1,097,000 1,085,526
Copenhagen Denmark 2,025,171 1,881,000[d] 1,893,010
Dublin Metropolitan Area Ireland 1,836,119 1,261,332 1,263,035
Frankfurt/Rhine-Main Region Germany 2,533,311 2,764,000[e] 2,573,745
Gdańsk Poland 1,105,467 No data 1,141,954[f]
Greater Glasgow United Kingdom 967,101 1,395,000 1,789,003
Metropolitan Gothenburg Sweden 1,015,974 No data 1,006,548[g]
The Hague Netherlands 906,897 1,404,000[a] 1,070,027
Hamburg Metropolitan Region Germany 3,008,841 2,983,000 3,173,871
Hanover Germany 1,217,511 No data 1,300,687
Helsinki Metropolitan Area Finland 1,498,050 1,285,000 1,532,309
Katowice metropolitan area Poland 2,589,349 3,029,000[h] 2,743,929
Kraków metropolitan area Poland 1,362,740 1,236,000 1,276,438
West Yorkshire(Leeds–Bradford) United Kingdom 1,774,552[i] 2,302,000 2,238,127
Lille–Kortrijk–Tournai France/
Belgium 		1,363,465[j] 1,379,000[k] 2,572,374
Lisbon metropolitan area Portugal 3,039,662 2,791,000 2,839,908
Liverpool/Birkenhead United Kingdom 954,181 2,241,000 1,352,000
Łódź Poland 939,568 1,165,000 1,116,660
London metropolitan area United Kingdom 11,701,236 13,109,000 12,250,000
Lyon France 1,960,847 1,669,000 2,188,759
Madrid metropolitan area Spain 7,079,173 5,263,000 6,378,297
Greater Manchester United Kingdom 1,935,559 2,556,000 2,615,144
Mannheim Germany 1,230,276 No data 1,172,821
Marseille France 1,773,503 1,530,000 1,750,885[l]
Milan metropolitan area Italy 4,159,854 4,136,000[m] 4,267,946
Munich Germany 2,965,871 2,665,000[n] 2,808,581
Naples metropolitan area Italy 4,475,682 4,654,259[o] 4,127,390
Nice France 865,195 1,082,000 1,017,307
Nottingham-Derby United Kingdom 863,918 1,614,000 1,927,550
Nuremberg Metropolitan Region Germany 1,169,367 1,443,000 1,301,504
Greater Oslo Norway 1,299,955 1,037,000 1,144,883
Ostrava Czech Republic no data no data 1,119,593[p]
Paris metropolitan area France 12,037,889 13,975,000 12,824,000
Porto Metropolitan Area Portugal 1,737,829 1,245,000[q] 1,286,111
Portsmouth-Southampton United Kingdom 594,455 1,547,000 1,498,402[r]
Prague Czech Republic 1,910,396 1,669,000 2,224,080[s]
Rhein-Nord[t](Düsseldorf–Neuss) Germany 1,427,823[u] 3,073,000[v] 1,527,176
Rhein-Süd[t](Cologne – Bonn) Germany 1,926,073[w] 3,070,000[v] 3,023,545[x]
Riga Latvia No data 1,195,000 1,089,767
Rome metropolitan area Italy 4,149,364 4,353,738 3,700,000
Rotterdam Netherlands 1,509,373 1,904,000[a] 1,818,563
Ruhr area Germany No data[y] 5,376,000[v] 5,045,784
Saarbrücken–Forbach Germany/
France 		570,479[z] 1,102,000 822,128
Seville Spain 1,500,644 1,180,000[aa] 1,877,060
Sofia Bulgaria No data 1,260,120 1,543,377
Metropolitan Stockholm Sweden 2,018,208 2,171,000 2,034,354[citation needed]
South Yorkshire(Sheffield) United Kingdom 920,128 1,569,000 1,596,298
Stuttgart Metropolitan Region Germany 1,965,942 2,289,000 2,678,795
Thessaloniki metropolitan area Greece 975,439 1,052,000 1,166,914
Toulouse France 1,309,149 No data 1,388,978
Turin metropolitan area Italy 1,774,507 1,601,000[ab] 2,302,353
Newcastle-Sunderland United Kingdom 1,082,729[ac] 1,599,000 1,141,879
Valencia Spain 1,668,153 1,398,000[ad] 2,516,818
Vienna Austria 2,793,631 2,584,000 2,339,807
Warsaw metropolitan area Poland 3,037,890 2,785,000 3,304,641
Zagreb Croatia No data 1,107,115 1,123,374
Zürich metropolitan area Switzerland 1,246,968 1,615,000 1,984,534

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^abcPart of theRandstadpolycentric urban region consisting of the metropolitan areas of Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, andUtrecht(982,000). The total population of the region is 7,100,000.
  2. ^abThe Flemish Diamond metropolitan region, which consists of the metropolitan areas of Brussels, Antwerp, Gent, and Leuven, has a total population of 5,103,000.
  3. ^Total population is 4,251,000 if the metropolitan area ofMataro(169,000) is included.
  4. ^Part of the widerÖresund region,which includes the Swedish metropolitan area of Malmö (961,000). The total regional population is 2,842,000.
  5. ^Part of the Rhein-Main metropolitan region with a total population of 4,149,000, which additionally includes the metropolitan areas ofDarmstadt(501,000),Wiesbaden(453,000), andMainz(431,000).
  6. ^2014 data
  7. ^2017 data
  8. ^Part of the polycentric Upper Silesian urban region with a total population of 5,294,000. The region additionally includes the metropolitan areas ofOstrava(1,046,000),Bielsko-Biala(584,000) and Rybnik (526,000).
  9. ^Leeds and Bradford counted separately.
  10. ^Kortrijk not included.
  11. ^Part of the wider Lille-Bassin Minierregion with a total population of 3,115,000.
  12. ^2014 data
  13. ^Part of a wider polycentric urban region with a population of 6,011,000.
  14. ^When combined with theAugsburgmetropolitan area (606,000), the region has a total population of 3,271,000.
  15. ^Part of a wider polycentric urban region with a population of 3,714,000.
  16. ^2015
  17. ^Part of a wider polycentric urban region with a population of 1,778,000.
  18. ^Excludes Southampton
  19. ^2015
  20. ^abPolycentric metropolitan area
  21. ^Excludes Neuss.
  22. ^abcPart of the polycentric urban region ofRhein-Ruhr,which has a total population of 12,190,000.
  23. ^Excludes Bonn which has a population of 750,370
  24. ^Excludes Bonn
  25. ^Essen, Bochum, and Dortmund counted separately.
  26. ^Saarbrücken only
  27. ^Total population is 1,262,000 if the metropolitan area ofUtrera(82,000) is included.
  28. ^Total population is 1,716,000 if the metropolitan ofPinerolois included.
  29. ^Excludes Sunderland
  30. ^Total population is 1,499,000 if the metropolitan area ofSaguntois included.

References

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  1. ^ab"Territorial typologies manual - cities, commuting zones and functional urban areas".Eurostat.Within the Urban Audit, (...) functional urban areas were previously referred to as 'larger urban zones'.
  2. ^Position Statement on Cohesion Policy 2014–2020Archived2 July 2015 at theWayback Machine,EuroMETREX. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  3. ^"European cities – the EU-OECD functional urban area definition".Eurostat.
  4. ^European Union/FAO/UN-Habitat/OECD/The World Bank (2021)."Applying the Degree of Urbanisation — A methodological manual to define cities, towns and rural areas for international comparisons — 2021 edition".Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. p. 52.doi:10.2785/706535.ISBN978-92-76-20306-3.
  5. ^"What is the Urban Audit?".Urban Audit.Archived fromthe originalon 12 February 2009.
  6. ^"Territorial typologies manual - cities, commuting zones and functional urban areas".Eurostat.The main building blocks are data for 1 km² population grid cells. […] The typology for functional urban areas is established at the level of local administrative units (LAUs). Once all grid cells have been classified and urban centres identified, the next step concerns overlaying these results onto LAUs […]
  7. ^"City statistics – Urban audit".Eurostat. 2006. Archived fromthe originalon 6 February 2009.
  8. ^"The shift of Eurostat to Urban Statistics".Dr. Berthold Feldmann, Eurostat. March 2006. Archived fromthe originalon 20 September 2006.
  9. ^www.statistiques-locales.insee.frhttps://web.archive.org/web/20110727094822/http://www.statistiques-locales.insee.fr/Fiches/RS/AU1999/RS_AU1999003.pdf.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 27 July 2011.{{cite web}}:Missing or empty|title=(help)
  10. ^https://web.archive.org/web/20110727094843/http://www.statistiques-locales.insee.fr/Fiches/RS/AU1999/RS_AU1999004.pdf.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 27 July 2011.Retrieved19 February2016.{{cite web}}:Missing or empty|title=(help)
  11. ^https://web.archive.org/web/20110727094905/http://www.statistiques-locales.insee.fr/Fiches/RS/AU1999/RS_AU1999006.pdf.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 27 July 2011.Retrieved19 February2016.{{cite web}}:Missing or empty|title=(help)
  12. ^Lewis Dijkstra, Hugo Poelman (1 March 2012).Cities in Europe - The new OECD-EC definition(PDF)(Report). p. 2.Retrieved8 June2024.Until recently, there was no harmonised definition of 'a city' for European and other countries member of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). This undermined the comparability, and thus also the credibility, of cross-country analysis of cities. To resolve this problem, the OECD and the European Commission developed a new definition of a city and its commuting zone in 2011. […] Each city is part of its own commuting zone or a polycentric commuting zone covering multiple cities. These commuting zones are significant, especially for larger cities. The cities and commuting zones together (called Larger Urban Zones) account for 60 % of the EU population.
  13. ^European Union/FAO/UN-Habitat/OECD/The World Bank (2021)."Applying the Degree of Urbanisation — A methodological manual to define cities, towns and rural areas for international comparisons — 2021 edition".Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. p. 3.doi:10.2785/706535.ISBN978-92-76-20306-3.
  14. ^abcdefghijklmnData for 2001 (2004 data not yet available)
  15. ^ab"OECD Populations in cities".OECD.Retrieved2 April2017.
  16. ^"Urban Audit Database".Urbanaudit.org. Archived fromthe originalon 23 May 2011.Retrieved29 April2011.
  17. ^European Spatial Planning Observation Network,Study on Urban Functions (Project 1.4.3)Archived24 September 2015 at theWayback Machine,Final Report, Chapter 3, (ESPON, 2007)
  18. ^http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=urb_lpop1&lang=en[bare URL]
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