Morphotectonics

Morphotectonics(from Ancient Greek:μορφή,morphḗ,"form";and τεκτονικός,tektonikos,"pertaining to building"), ortectonic geomorphology,is a branch ofgeomorphologythat studies howlandformsare formed or affected bytectonicactivity.Morphotectonists seek to understand the deepEarthmechanisms behind the creation of tectonic landforms by processes such as crustuplift,subsidence,faulting,orfolding.

TheVasquez Rockformations, located in theSierra Pelona Mountains,were formed by tectonic activity along an offshoot of theSan Andreas Fault.

Morphotectonics relies on cross-disciplinary research, drawing from fields such asgeology,seismology,physical geography,climatology,geochronology,andgeodesy.This diversity creates a challenge in that successful morphotectonic studies require combining information from specialized, historically unrelated fields of study. Furthermore, this wide range of fields leads to new discoveries in the field potentially coming from unexpected sources, such aspaleobotanyorstratigraphy.The field of morphotectonics has been increasingly gaining attention since the 1980s.

History

The study of how landforms are created byinner Earthprocesses was a topic heavily focused on in the mid-20th century, frequently appearing in geomorphology and geology textbooks. However, the termmorphotectonicswas not coined until 1961 byEdwin Hills,who defined the field as involving "a study of the external form and outlines of majortopographicunits...as well as their internal structure ".After the 1960s, the field became neglected until a resurgence of morphotectonic literature in the 1980s.

Tectonic Landforms

Tectonic landforms are natural geomorphic landscape features that were formed by tectonic activity.Traditionally, it was believed that many geomorphic landscape features (e.g.valleys,glacial forms,volcanic landscapes, etc.) were formed solely via external, non-tectonic processes, such as water, wind, and iceerosion.However, it is now believed that in almost all cases, geomorphic features were formed by a combination of external and internal mechanisms.

Example of a fault scarp from theGobi DesertofMongolia.

Fault Scarp

Main article:Fault Scarp

A fault scarp is a small step or offset on the ground surface where one side of afaulthas moved vertically with respect to the other.Active faulting can cause fault scarps to appear either individually or as multiple subparallel scarps.

Valleys

Main article:Valley

Valleys are the low areas lying between mountains or hills in which something flows, typically water, debris, or ice.The customary view is that valleys are carved by running water eroding path through land (in the case of V-shaped valleys), or by glaciers scouring across slopes (in the case ofU-shapedvalleys); however, there is evidence that rivers and ice follow pre-existing tectonic structures, meaning that valleys are created by both flows and tectonic activity.

Morphotectonic Methods

Traditional morphotectonic methods directly associated landform structure with geologic origin, with little regard to actual geophysical data.In more recent decades, morphotectonists have developed a more analytic approach with the advancement of technologies including the advancement of dating methods, development of new geodetic tools, and the availability digital topographic data along with high-speed computing.