Wikipedia

Multiuser DOS

Multiuser DOSis areal-timemulti-user multi-taskingoperating systemforIBM PC-compatible microcomputers.

Multiuser DOS
Novell DR Multiuser DOS Release 5.1
DeveloperDigital Research,Novell
OS familyCP/M
Working stateDiscontinued
Source modelClosed source
Final release7.22 R18 / 21 April 2005;19 years ago(2005-04-21)(REAL/32: 7.95)
Available inEnglish
Update methodRe-installation
Package managerNone
Platformsx86,68000
KerneltypeMonolithic kernel
Default
user interface		Command-line interface(COMMAND.COM)
LicenseProprietary
Official websiteVarious (see notes)

An evolution of the olderConcurrent CP/M-86,Concurrent DOSandConcurrent DOS 386operating systems, it was originally developed byDigital Researchand acquired and further developed byNovellin 1991.[1][2][3]Its ancestry lies in the earlier Digital Research8-bitoperating systemsCP/MandMP/M,and the16-bitsingle-taskingCP/M-86which evolved from CP/M.

When Novell abandoned Multiuser DOS in 1992, the three mastervalue-added resellers(VARs) DataPac Australasia,Concurrent Controls[4]andIntelligent Micro Software[5]were allowed to take over and continued independent development into Datapac Multiuser DOS and System Manager, CCI Multiuser DOS, and IMS Multiuser DOS and REAL/32.[5]

TheFlexOSline, which evolved fromConcurrent DOS 286andConcurrent DOS 68K,was sold off toIntegrated Systems,Inc. (ISI) in July 1994.

Concurrent CP/M-86

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See also:MP/M-86

The initial version ofCP/M-86 1.0(with BDOS 2.x) was adapted and became available to theIBM PCin 1982. It was commercially unsuccessful asIBM'sPC DOS 1.0offered much the same facilities for a considerably lower price. Neither PC DOS nor CP/M-86 could fully exploit the power and capabilities of the new 16-bit machine.

It was soon supplemented by an implementation of CP/M's multitasking 'big brother',MP/M-86 2.0,since September 1981. This turned a PC into a multiuser machine capable of supporting multipleconcurrent usersusingdumb terminalsattached byserial ports.The environment presented to each user made it seem as if they had the entire computer to themselves. Since terminals cost a fraction of the then-substantial price of a complete PC, this offered considerable cost savings, as well as facilitating multi-user applications such as accounts or stock control in a time when PC networks were rare, very expensive and difficult to implement.

CP/M-86 1.1(withBDOS2.2) and MP/M-86 2.1 were merged to create Concurrent CP/M-86 3.0 (also known as CCP/M-86) with BDOS 3.0 in late 1982.[6]Kathryn Strutynski,the project manager for CP/M-86, was also the project manager for Concurrent CP/M-86. One of its designers was Francis "Frank" R. Holsworth.[7][8]Initially, this was a single-user operating system supporting true multi-tasking of up to four (in its default configuration) CP/M-86 compatible programs. Like its predecessors it could be configured formulti-processorsupport (see e.g. Concurrent CP/M-86/80) and also added "virtual screens" letting an operator switch between the interactions of multiple programs.[6]Later versions supported dumb terminals and so could be deployed as multiuser systems. Concurrent CP/M-86 3.1 (BDOS 3.1) shipped on 21 February 1984.[9]

Adaptations

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Concurrent CP/M-86 with Windows

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In February 1984 Digital Research also offered a version of Concurrent CP/M-86 with windowing capabilities namedConcurrent CP/M with Windows for the IBM Personal Computer and Personal Computer XT.[10]

Concurrent CP/M-86/80

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See also:CP/M-86/80,CP/M 8-16,andMP/M 8-16

This was an adaptation of Concurrent CP/M-86 for the LSI-M4, LSI Octopus[11]and CAL PC computers. These machines had both 16-bit and 8-bit processors, because in the early days of 16-bit personal computing, 8-bit software was more available and often ran faster than the corresponding 16-bit software. Concurrent CP/M-86/80 allowed users to run both CP/M (8-bit) and CP/M-86 (16-bit) applications. When a command was entered, the operating system ran the corresponding application on either the 8-bit or the 16-bit processor, depending on whether the executable file had a.COMor.CMDextension. It emulated a CP/M environment for 8-bit programs by translating CP/Msystem callsinto CP/M-86 system calls, which were then executed by the 16-bit processor.[6]

Concurrent DOS

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In August 1983, Bruce Skidmore, Raymond D. Pedrizetti, Dave Brown and Gordon Edmonds teamed up to create PC-MODE,[12]an optional module for Concurrent CP/M-86 3.1[13][14](with BDOS 3.1) to provide basic compatibility withPC DOS 1.1(andMS-DOS 1.1).[14]This was shown publicly atCOMDEXin December 1983[12]and shipped in March 1984 as Concurrent DOS 3.1 (a.k.a. CDOS with BDOS 3.1) to hardware vendors.[15][16]Simple DOS applications, which did not directly access the screen or other hardware, could be run. For example, although a console program such asPKZIPworked perfectly and offered more facilities than the CP/M-nativeARCarchiver, applications which performed screen manipulations, such as theWordStarword processorfor DOS, would not, and native Concurrent CP/M (or CP/M-86) versions were required.

While Concurrent DOS 3.1 up to 4.1 had been developed in the US, OEM adaptations and localizations were carried out byDR Europe's OEM Support Group inNewbury,UK,[17]since 1983.

Digital Research positionedConcurrent DOS 4.1withGEMas alternative forIBM'sTopViewin 1985.[18]

Concurrent PC DOS

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Concurrent DOS 3.2 (with BDOS 3.2) in 1984 was compatible with applications for CP/M-86 1.x, Concurrent CP/M-86 3.x and PC DOS 2.0.[17]It was available for many different hardware platforms. The version with an IBM PC compatible BIOS/XIOS was named Concurrent PC DOS 3.2. Kathryn Strutynski was the product manager for Concurrent PC DOS.

Concurrent DOS 68K and FlexOS 68K

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Efforts being part of a cooperation withMotorolasince 1984[19][14]led to the development of Concurrent DOS 68K inAustin,Texas, as a successor toCP/M-68Kwritten inC.One of its main architects was Francis "Frank" R. Holsworth (usingsiglumFRH).[7][8]Concurrent DOS 68K 1.0 became available for OEM evaluation in early 1985.[20][21]The effort received considerable funding worth several million dollars from Motorola[20]and was designed for their68000/68010processors. Like the earlierGEMDOSsystem for 68000 processors it initially ran on the MotorolaVME/10 development system.[14]Concurrent DOS 68K 1.20/1.21 was available in April 1986,[22][23][24]offered for about200000dollarsto OEMs.[20]This system evolved intoFlexOS 68Kin late 1986.

Known versions include:

Concurrent DOS 286 and FlexOS 286

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In parallel to the Concurrent DOS 68K effort,[20]Digital Research also previewed Concurrent DOS 286[25]in cooperation withIntelin January 1985. This was based onMP/M-286and Concurrent CP/M-286, on which Digital Research had worked since 1982.[26][27]

Concurrent DOS 286 was a complete rewrite in theC languagebased on a new system architecture with dynamically loadable device drivers instead of a static BIOS or XIOS.[25]One of its main architects was Francis "Frank" R. Holsworth.[7][8]The operating system would function strictly in80286native mode, allowingprotected modemulti-user,multitasking operation while running8086 emulation.[28][25]While this worked on the B-1stepof prototype chip samples, Digital Research, with evaluation copies of their operating system already shipping in April, discovered problems with the emulation on the production level C-1 step of the processor in May, which would not allow Concurrent DOS 286 to run8086software in protected mode. The release of Concurrent DOS 286 had been scheduled for late May, but was delayed until Intel could develop a new version of the chip.[28]In August, after extensive testing E-1 step samples of the 80286, Digital Research said that Intel had corrected all documented 286errata,but that there were still undocumented chip performance problems with the prerelease version of Concurrent DOS 286 running on the E-1 step. Intel said that the approach Digital Research wished to take in emulating 8086 software in protected mode differed from the original specifications; nevertheless they incorporated into the E-2 step minor changes in themicrocodethat allowed Digital Research to run emulation mode much faster (seeLOADALL).[29][23]These same limitations affectedFlexOS 286version 1.x, a reengineered derivation of Concurrent DOS 286,[30][31]which was developed by Digital Research's new Flexible Automation Business Unit in Monterey, California, since 1986.

Later versions added compatibility with PC DOS 2.x and 3.x.

Known versions include:

Concurrent DOS XM and Concurrent DOS 386

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See also:GEM XM
Digital Research Concurrent DOS XM Release 6.0
Digital Research Concurrent DOS 386 Release 2.0

The OEM Support Group was relocated into Digital Research's newly created European Development Centre (EDC) inHungerford,UKin 1986, which started to take over further development of the Concurrent DOS family since Concurrent DOS 4.11, including siblings likeDOS Plusand successors.

Developed in Hungerford, UK, versions 5 and 6 (Concurrent DOS XM, with XM standing forExpanded Memory) couldbank switchup to 8 MB ofEEMSto provide areal-modeenvironment to run multiple CP/M-86 and DOS programs concurrently and support up to three users (one local and up to two hooked up via serial terminals).

In 1987, Concurrent DOS 86 was rewritten to become Concurrent DOS 386,[33]still a continuation of the classical XIOS & BDOS architecture. This ran on machines equipped with theIntel 80386and later processors, using the 386's hardware facilities forvirtualizingthe hardware, allowing most DOS applications to run unmodified under Concurrent DOS 386, even on terminals. The OS supported concurrent multiuser file access, allowing multiuser applications to run as if they were on individual PCs attached to a networkserver.Concurrent DOS 386 allowed a single server to support a number of users on dumb terminals or inexpensive low-specification PCs running terminal emulation software, without the need for expensive workstations and then-expensive network cards. It was a true multiuser system; several users could use a single database withrecord lockingto prevent mutual interference.

Concurrent DOS 6.0 represented also the starting point for theDR DOSfamily, which was carved out of it.

Known versions include:

  • DR Concurrent PC DOS XM 5.0 (BDOS 5.0)
  • DR Concurrent DOS XM 5.0 (BDOS 5.0, October 1986)
  • DR Concurrent DOS XM 5.1 (BDOS 5.1?, January 1987)
  • DR Concurrent DOS XM 5.2 (BDOS 5.2?, September 1987)[34][35][36]
  • DR Concurrent DOS XM 6.0 (BDOS 6.0, 1987-11-18),[37][38]6.01 (1987)
  • DR Concurrent DOS XM 6.2 (BDOS 6.2),[39]6.21
  • DR Concurrent DOS 386 1.0 (BDOS 5.0?, 1987)
  • DR Concurrent DOS 386 1.1 (BDOS 5.2?, September 1987)[34]
  • DR Concurrent DOS 386 2.0 (BDOS 6.0, 1987-11-18),[37]2.01[40]
  • DR Concurrent DOS 386 3.0 (BDOS 6.2, December 1988, January 1989),[39]3.01 (1989-05-19), 3.02 (1989)

Concurrent PC DOS XM 5.0 emulated IBM PC DOS 2.10,[41]whereas Concurrent DOS XM 6.0 and Concurrent DOS 386 2.0 were compatible with IBM PC DOS 3.30.[42]

Adaptations

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Known CCI Concurrent DOS adaptations by Concurrent Controls, Inc. include:

  • CCI Concurrent DOS 386 1.12 (BDOS 5.0?, October 1987)
  • CCI Concurrent DOS 386 2.01 (BDOS 6.0?, May 1988)
  • CCI Concurrent DOS 386 3.01 (BDOS 6.2?, March 1989)
  • CCI Concurrent DOS 386 3.02 (April 1990)
  • CCI Concurrent DOS 386 3.03 (March 1991)
  • CCI Concurrent DOS 386 3.04 (July 1991)[43]aka "CCI Concurrent DOS 4.0"[44]
  • CCI Concurrent DOS 3.05 R1 (1992-02), R2 (1992), R3+R4 (1992), R5+R6 (1992), R7+R8 (1993), R9+R10 (1993), R11 (August 1993)
  • CCI Concurrent DOS 3.06 R1 (December 1993), R2+R3 (1994), R4+R5+R6 (1994), R7 (July 1994)
  • CCI Concurrent DOS 3.07 R1 (March 1995), R2 (1995), R3 (1996), R4 (1996), R5 (1997), R6 (1997), R7 (June 1998)[45]
  • CCI Concurrent DOS 3.08
  • CCI Concurrent DOS 3.10 R1 (2003-10-05)[46]

Other adaptations include:

  • ApricotConcurrent DOS 386 2.01 (1987) for Apricot Quad Version Level 4.3[47]

Multiuser DOS

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This article is about Concurrent DOS. For other uses, seeMDOS (disambiguation).

Later versions of Concurrent DOS 386 incorporated some of the enhanced functionality of DR's later single-user PC DOS cloneDR DOS 5.0,after which the product was given the more explanatory name "Multiuser DOS" (a.k.a. MDOS), starting with version 5.0 (with BDOS 6.5) in 1991.[48]

Multiuser DOS suffered from several technical limitations that restricted its ability to compete withLANsbased onPC DOS.It required its own specialdevice driversfor much common hardware, as PC DOS drivers were not multiuser or multi-tasking aware. Driver installation was more complex than the simple PC DOS method of copying the files onto the boot disk and modifyingCONFIG.SYSappropriately – it was necessary to relink the Multiuser DOSkernel(known as anucleus) using theSYSGENcommand.

Multiuser DOS was also unable to use many common PC DOS additions such asnetwork stacks,and it was limited in its ability to support later developments in the PC-compatible world, such asgraphics adaptors,sound cards,CD-ROMdrives and mice. Although many of these were soon rectified – for example, graphical terminals were developed, allowing users to useCGA,EGAandVGAsoftware – it was less flexible in this regard than a network of individual PCs, and as the prices of these fell, it became less and less competitive, although it still offered benefits in terms of management and lower total cost of ownership. As a multi-user operating system its price was higher than a single-user system, of course, and it required special device drivers, unlike single-user multitasking DOS add-ons such asQuarterdeck'sDESQview.Unlike MP/M, it never became popular for single-user but multitasking use.

When Novell acquired Digital Research in 1991[1][2][3]and abandoned Multiuser DOS in 1992, the three Master VARs DataPac Australasia, Concurrent Controls[4]and Intelligent Micro Software[5]were allowed to license the source code of the system to take over and continue independent development of their derivations in 1994.

Known versions include:

  • DR Multiuser DOS 5.00 (1991),[49]5.01
  • Novell DR Multiuser DOS 5.10 (1992-04-13),[50]5.11[51]
  • Novell DR Multiuser DOS 5.13 (BDOS 6.6, 1992)

All versions of Digital Research and Novell DR Multiuser DOS reported themselves as "IBM PC DOS" version 3.31.

Adaptations

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DataPac Australasia

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Known versions by DataPac Australasia Pty Limited include:

  • Datapac Multiuser DOS 5.0
  • Datapac Multiuser DOS 5.1 (BDOS 6.6)
  • Datapac System Manager 7.0 (1996-08-22)

In 1997, Datapac was bought byCitrix Systems, Inc.,[52][53][54]and System Manager was abandoned soon after. In 2002 the Sydney-based unit was spun out into Citrix' Advanced Products Group.[55]

Concurrent Controls

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Known CCI Multiuser DOS versions by Concurrent Controls, Inc. (CCI) include:

  • CCI Multiuser DOS 7.00
  • CCI Multiuser DOS 7.10
  • CCI Multiuser DOS 7.21[56]
  • CCI Multiuser DOS 7.22[56]R1 (September 1996), R2 (1996), R3 (1997), R4 GOLD/PLUS/LITE (BDOS 6.6, 1997-02-10), R5 GOLD (1997), R6 GOLD (1997), R7 GOLD (June 1998), R8 GOLD, R9 GOLD, R10 GOLD, R11 GOLD (2000-09-25), R12 GOLD (2002-05-15), R13 GOLD (2002-07-15), R14 GOLD (2002-09-13), R15 GOLD, R16 GOLD (2003-10-10), R17 GOLD (2004-02-09), R18 GOLD (2005-04-21)

All versions of CCI Multiuser DOS report themselves as "IBM PC DOS" version 3.31.[56]Similar toSETVERunderDOS,this can be changed using the Multiuser DOSDOSVER x.yutility.[56]

In 1999, CCI changed its name to Applica, Inc.[57]In 2002 Applica Technology became Aplycon Technologies, Inc.[58]

Intelligent Micro Software, Itera and Integrated Solutions

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DOS 386 Professional
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IMS Multiuser DOS
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Known adaptations of IMS Multiuser DOS include:

  • IMS Multiuser DOS Enhanced Release 5.1 (1992)
  • IMS Multiuser DOS 5.11
  • IMS Multiuser DOS 5.14
  • IMS Multiuser DOS 7.0
  • IMS Multiuser DOS 7.1 (BDOS 6.7, 1994)

All versions of IMS Multiuser DOS report themselves as "IBM PC DOS" version 3.31.

REAL/32
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IMS REAL/32 Version 7.6

Intelligent Micro Software Ltd. (IMS) ofThatcham,UK, acquired a license to further develop Multiuser DOS from Novell in 1994 and renamed their product REAL/32 in 1995.[5]

Similar toFlexOS/4690 OSbefore, IBM in 1995 licensed REAL/32 7.50 to bundle it with their 4695 POS terminals.[5][clarification needed]

IMS REAL/32 versions:

  • IMS REAL/32 7.50 (BDOS 6.8, 1995-07-01), 7.51 (BDOS 6.8), 7.52 (BDOS 6.9), 7.53 (BDOS 6.9, 1996-04-01), 7.54 (BDOS 6.9, 1996-08-01)[59]
  • IMS REAL/32 7.60 (BDOS 6.9, February 1997),[60]7.61, 7.62, 7.63
  • IMS REAL/32 7.70 (November 1997), 7.71, 7.72, 7.73, 7.74 (1998)[61]
  • IMS REAL/32 7.80, 7.81 (February 1999), 7.82, 7.83 (BDOS 6.10)
  • IMS REAL/32 7.90 (1999),[62]7.91, 7.92
  • ITERA IMS REAL/32 7.93 (June 2002),[63]7.94 (BDOS 6.13, 2003-01-31)[64]
  • Integrated Solutions IMS REAL/32 7.95[65]

REAL/32 7.50 to 7.74 report themselves as "IBM PC DOS" version 3.31, whereas 7.80 and higher report a version of 6.20.LBAandFAT32support was added with REAL/32 7.90 in 1999.[62]On 19 April 2002, Intelligent Micro Software Ltd. filed for insolvency and was taken over by one of its major customers, Barry Quittenton's Itera Ltd.[66][67][68]This company was dissolved on 2006-03-28.[69][70]As of 2010 REAL/32 was supplied by Integrated Solutions of Thatcham, UK, but the company, at the same address, was later listed as builders.[65]

REAL/NG
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REAL/NG was IMS' attempt to create the "Next Generation" of REAL/32, also named "REAL/32 for the internet age". REAL/NG promised "increased range of hardware from PCs to x86 multi-processor server systems".[71]

Advertised feature list, as of 2003:[72]

  • Runs withRed Hat 7.3or later version ofLinux
  • Backward compatiblewith DOS and REAL/32
  • Max 65535virtual consoles;each of these can be a user
  • No Linux expertise required
  • Administration/setup/upgrade by web browser (local and remote)
  • Supplied withTCP/IPLinux-/Windows-based terminal emulator for the number of users purchased
  • Print and file sharing built in
  • Drive mappingbetween Linux and REAL/NG servers built in
  • User hardware support
  • Increased performance
  • Vastly increased TPA
  • Multi-processorsupport
  • Improved hardware support
  • Built-in firewall support
  • Very low cost per seat
  • Low total cost of ownership
  • Supplied on CD
  • Supplied with a set of Red Hat CDs

By 10 December 2003, IMS made "REALNG V1.60-V1.19-V1.12" available,[73]which, based on theInternet Archive,seems to be the latest release.

By 2005, the realng.com website was mirroring the IMS main website, and had no mention of REAL/NG, only REAL/32.[74]

Application software

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While the various releases of this operating system had increasing ability to run DOS programs, software written for the platform could take advantage of its features by usingfunction callsspecifically suitable for multiuser operation. It usedpre-emptive multitasking,preventing badly-written applications from delaying other processes by retaining control of the processor. To this day, Multiuser DOS is supported by popularSSL/TLSlibraries such aswolfSSL.

TheAPIprovided support for blocking and non-blockingmessage queues,mutual-exclusion queues, the ability to create sub-processthreadswhich executed independently from the parent, and a method of pausing execution which did not wasteprocessor cycles,unlike idle loops used by single-user operating systems. Applications were started as "attached" to aconsole.However, if an application did not need user interaction it could "detach" from the console and run as abackground process,later reattaching to a console if needed.

Another key feature was that thememory managementsupported a "shared"memory modelfor processes (in addition to the usual models available to normal DOS programs). In the shared memory model the "code" and "data" sections of a program were isolated from each other. Because the "code" contained no modifiable data, code sections in memory could be shared by several processes running the same program, thereby reducing memory requirements.

Programs written, or adapted, for anymultitaskingplatform need to avoid the technique used by single-tasking systems of going into endless loops until interrupted when, for example, waiting for a user to press a key; this wasted processor time that could be used by other processes. Instead, Concurrent DOS provided an API call which a process could call to "sleep" for a period of time. Later versions of the Concurrent DOS kernel included Idle Detection, which monitoredDOS APIcalls to determine whether the application was doing useful work or in fact idle, in which case the process was suspended allowing other processes to run. Idle Detection was the catalyst for the patentedDR-DOSDynamic Idle Detectionpower management feature invented in 1989 by Roger Alan Gross and John P. Constant and marketed asBatteryMAX.[75]

See also

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References

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