Wikipedia

Naqadeh

For the administrative division of West Azerbaijan province, seeNaqadeh County.For the archaeological culture of pre-dynastic Egypt, seeNaqada culture.

Naqadeh(Persian:نقده)[a]is a city in theCentral DistrictofNaqadeh County,West Azerbaijanprovince,Iran,serving as capital of both the county and the district.[5]

Naqadeh
Persian:نقده
City
Naqadeh is located in Iran
Naqadeh
Naqadeh
Coordinates:36°57′17″N45°23′17″E/ 36.95472°N 45.38806°E/36.95472; 45.38806[1]
CountryIran
ProvinceWest Azerbaijan
CountyNaqadeh
DistrictCentral
Population
(2016)[2]
• Total
81,598
Time zoneUTC+3:30(IRST)

Etymology

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Naqadeh is the current name of the town (andcounty). The former name, known as Solduz (also spelled Sulduz, in Kurdish: Sundus), in reference to the Mongol[6]Sulduz tribe, may have replaced an older name (now lost) during the reign of theIlkhanidrulerGhazanin 1303.[7]

History

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In 1303, during the reign ofIlkhanidrulerGhazan,the area comprising Naqadeh County was distributed in fiefs.[7]According to the orientalistVladimir Minorsky(died 1966), citing the 16th-century Kurdish prince and writerSharafkhan Bidlisi,during the rule of theTurkomanAq QoyunluandQara Qoyunlu(in about the 15th century), the Kurds of theMukrioccupied the county of Naqadeh, and its old inhabitants were most likely "reduced to servitude".[7]Minorsky, citing a mutilated and undated part of Bidlisi's work, narrates that a certain Budak of the Kurdish Baban tribe captured the county in which Naqadeh is located from theQizilbash.[7]This event may refer to one of the abrupt outbursts of skirmishes which occurred on theSafavidfrontier.[7]

In 1828, following theTreaty of Turkmenchay,Iranian crown princeAbbas Mirzahanded over the district in which Naqadeh is situated as afiefto 800 TurkicKarapapakhfamilies and these new settlers, in return, had to have 400 horsemen ready for disposal for the government. Just prior to their arrival, the district had a population of 4–5,000 families of both Kurds andMuqaddamShiaTurks. The district would gradually fall into the hands of the Karapapakh newcomers.[7]The state-supported Karapapakh consolidated their power quickly by attacking the Kurdish Mangur and Zerza tribes.[8]

In 1914, 80Assyrianfamilies were left in the town, and 120Jewishfamilies of which most have since then migrated toIsrael.[7]The Jews of Naqadeh County were "probably the oldest element in the present population" of the county.[7]In 1917, there were 598Assyriansin 108 families at Sulduz; 35 were elderly, 60 were orphans, and 84 were able-bodied.[9]

During theOttomanoccupation from 1908 to 1912, the Karapapakh population suffered considerably as they were seen as Iranian agents. The Ottomans attempted to destroy the tribal structure and free therayahof the town. The town would change hands between the Ottomans and theRussiansin this period, until the Iranians took control in 1919.[7]

Ethnic relations were friendlier despite clashes during the 1940s when the town was part of the short-livedRepublic of Mahabad.[10]

The localAzerbaijaniswere favored by the state and dominated the town politically and socially, which added to the ethnic violence in the town.Kurdish separatismand the political demands by Kurds were a source of concern for the Azerbaijanis, fearing the loss of influence in the region. In April 1979, after theIranian Revolution,the two ethnic groups clashed in the town and about 100 to 300 people were killed. The reason for the clashes was the relatively liberal political atmosphere in the country which pushed theKurdsto openly aspire for self-governance. The new government furthermore recruited local Shia Azerbaijanis to theIslamic Revolutionary Guard Corpswhich went on to massacre the Kurds of nearbyQarna,QalatandEgriqash.[11]

In recent years[when?],nationalist Azerbaijanievents have been repressed by the state, while Kurdish nationalism has become more radical as seen with the attraction among the youth towards theKurdistan Free Life Party.[12]

Demographics

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Ethnicity and religion

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The town has aShiaAzerbaijani(Karapapakh) majority, with aSunniKurdishminority. The main Kurdish tribes are the Mamash and Zerza, while theMangurand Mamachi tribe have had a historical presence in the town.AssyriansandJewsformerly populated the town as well.[8]TheLazarist missionarymovement led by Augustin-Pierre Cluzel was moreover active in the town in the 1840s.[13]In the early 19th century, Sulduz had 4 to 5 thousand Kurdish and Mukaddam Turkic families. In 1828, PrinceAbbas Mirzaresettled 800 Karapapakh families in Sulduz.[8]In the 1930s,ShahsevansfromHashtrudarrived to the town as well.[14]

In 1979, it was estimated thatAzerbaijanisconstituted 65% of the population, while the remaining portion wasKurdish.[15]In 1985, according toRichard Tapper,there were "KurdicizedTurks "in Sulduz, some of whom were Sunni.[16]

Population

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At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 72,975 in 18,320 households.[17]The following census in 2011 counted 75,550 people in 21,283 households.[18]The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 81,598 people in 24,482 households.[2]

Geography

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Naqadeh is situated on the bank of the Bayzawa river, encompassing an old artificial mound. The county in which Naqadeh is located is to the south-west ofLake Urmiaon the lower course of the Gadar river.[7]

Naqadeh is in the midst of the counties ofOrumieh,Piranshahr,Mahabad and Oshnavieh, and is the axis of communications due to its position.[19]

Notable people

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See also

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Iran portal

Notes

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  1. ^Formerly known asSulduz;[3]Azerbaijani:سۇلدۇز;[4]andKurdish:نهغهده,romanizedasNexede

References

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  1. ^OpenStreetMap contributors (26 September 2024)."Naqadeh, Naqadeh County"(Map).OpenStreetMap(in Persian).Retrieved26 September2024.
  2. ^abCensus of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016): West Azerbaijan Province.amar.org.ir(Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived fromthe original(Excel)on 30 August 2022.Retrieved19 December2022.
  3. ^Naqadeh can be found atGEOnet Names Server,atthis link,by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3076454" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
  4. ^تاریخچه و نقشه جامع شهر نقده در ویکی آنا
  5. ^Habibi, Hassan (c. 2023) [Approved 21 June 1369].Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of West Azerbaijan province, centered in the city of Urmia.lamtakam.com(Report) (in Persian). Ministry of the Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Council. Notification 82808/T137. Archived fromthe originalon 20 December 2023.Retrieved20 December2023– via Lam ta Kam.
  6. ^Minorsky, V. (1997)."Sulduz".InBosworth, C. E.;van Donzel, E.;Heinrichs, W. P.&Lecomte, G.(eds.).The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition.Volume IX:San–Sze.Leiden: E. J. Brill.ISBN978-90-04-10422-8.
  7. ^abcdefghijMinorsky (2014).
  8. ^abcMohséni (2018),p. 219.
  9. ^Ishaya (2010),pp. 233–234.
  10. ^Mohséni (2018),p. 212.
  11. ^Mohséni (2018),pp. 219 & 224.
  12. ^Mohséni (2018),pp. 230–231.
  13. ^Flynn, Thomas S. R. O. (2017).The Western Christian Presence in the Russias and Qājār Persia, C. 1760-C. 1870.Brill Publishers.p. 740.ISBN9789004163997.
  14. ^Mohséni (2018),p. 220.
  15. ^Franz, Erhard (1981).Minderheiten in Iran: Dokumentation zur Ethnographie und Politik.Deutsches Orient-Institut, Dokumentations-Leitstelle Moderner Orient. p. 39.ISBN9783886930081.
  16. ^Tappeh, R. (1985)."AZERBAIJAN vi. Population and its Occupations and Culture".Encyclopedia Iranica.III.
  17. ^Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006): West Azerbaijan Province.amar.org.ir(Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived fromthe original(Excel)on 20 September 2011.Retrieved25 September2022.
  18. ^Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011): West Azerbaijan Province.irandataportal.syr.edu(Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived fromthe original(Excel)on 20 January 2023.Retrieved19 December2022– via Iran Data Portal, Syracuse University.
  19. ^"Naqadeh city, West Azerbaijan - ITTO".

Bibliography

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