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October 1962

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The following events occurred inOctober 1962:

October 10, 1962: China and India, the world's two largest nations, go to war over border dispute
October 14, 1962: Soviet nuclear missiles discovered by the United States in Cuba and both sides prepare for war

October 1,1962 (Monday)

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Carson
Ball, Vance and TV family

October 2,1962 (Tuesday)

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October 3,1962 (Wednesday)

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October 3, 1962: Astronauts Deke Slayton (left) and Wally Schirra prior to Mercury-Atlas 8 launch
  • Mercury-Atlas 8(MA-8), designatedSigma 7,was launched fromCape CanaveralwithastronautWally Schirraas the pilot for a scheduled six-orbit flight. Two major modifications had been made to theMercury spacecraftto eliminate difficulties that had occurred during theJohn GlennandScott Carpenterflights. Thereaction control systemwas modified to disarm the high-thrust jets and allow the use of low-thrust jets only in the manual operational mode to conserve fuel. A second modification involved the addition of two high frequency antennas mounted onto the retro package to assist and maintainspacecraftand ground communication throughout this flight. Schirra termed his six-orbit mission a "textbook flight". About the only difficulty experienced was attaining the correctpressure suittemperature adjustment. The astronaut became quite warm during the early orbits, but at a subsequent press conference he reported there had been many days at Cape Canaveral when he had been much hotter sitting under a tent on the beach. To study fuel conservation methods, a considerable amount of drifting was programed during the MA-8 mission. This included 118 minutes during the fourth and fifth orbits and 18 minutes during the third orbit. Since drift error was slight, attitude fuel consumption was no problem. At the start of the reentry operation there was a 78 percent supply in both the automatic and manual tanks, enabling Schirra to use the automatic mode during reentry. After a 9 hour and 13 minuteorbital flight,the MA-8 landed 275 miles (443 km) northeast ofMidway Island,9,000 yards (8,200 m) from the prime recovery ship, theUSSKearsarge(CV-33).Schirra stated that he and the spacecraft could have continued for much longer. The flight was the most successful to that time. Besides the camera experiment, nine ablative material samples were laminated onto the cylindrical neck of the spacecraft, and radiation-sensitiveemulsionpacks were placed on each side of the astronaut's couch. The MA-8 launch was relayed via theTelstar 1satelliteto television audiences in Western Europe. Schirra was the fifth American astronaut, and ninth person, to travel into outer space.[8][17]
  • At a mechanical systems coordination meeting,McDonnellpresented its final evaluation of the feasibility of substituting straight tube brazed connections for threaded joints as the external connections on all components of theGemini spacecraftpropulsion systems. McDonnell had begun testing the brazing process on June 26, 1962. Following its presentation, McDonnell was directed to make the change, which had the advantages of reducing leak paths and decreasing the total weight of propulsion systems.[6]
  • Manned Spacecraft Center(MSC) published the Gemini Program Instrumentation Requirements Document (PIRD), the basis for integrating the world-wideManned Space Flight Networkto support theGemini program.In compiling PIRD, MSC had received the assistance of otherNASAinstallations andDepartment of Defensecomponents responsible for constructing, maintaining, and operating the network.[6]
  • In the United States, asteam boiler explosionat a New York Telephone Company building in Manhattan killed twenty-one people and injured 70. The blast happened at 12:07 p.m. while employees were dining in the building's cafeteria, sending the boiler from the basement into the cafeteria, then out through a wall.[18]
  • U.S. baseball team theSan Francisco Giantsbeat theLos Angeles Dodgers,6–4, to win the deciding game of a best-of-three playoff for theNational Leaguepennant. The Dodgers had a 4–2 lead going into the final inning, before the Giants tied the game and then went ahead, gaining the trip to the World Series.[19]
  • Born:Tommy Lee,American musician and drummer of heavy metal bandMötley Crüe;as Thomas Lee Bass inAthens,Greece[20]

October 4,1962 (Thursday)

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  • The National Assembly of France voted to censure Prime MinisterGeorges Pompidoufor his support of the direct election of the President, with 280 in favor in the 480 member body.[21]Pompidou resigned the next day, but would stay on while new elections were scheduled. The vote marked the only occasion, in the more than 50-year history of the Fifth Republic, that a government was brought down by a vote in Parliament.[22][23]
  • Two Saudi Arabian pilots landed an air force training plane in upper Egypt and were granted political asylum, the second such defection in two days.[24]
  • The first nuclear missile in Cuba was installed by the Soviet Union, as a warhead was attached to an R-12 rocket.[25]
  • Born:

October 5,1962 (Friday)

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  • McDonnell andLockheedreported on radiation hazards and constraints for Gemini missions at a Trajectories and Orbits Coordination meeting. McDonnell's preliminary findings indicated no radiation hazard for normal Gemini operations with some shielding; with no shielding the only constraint was on the 14-day mission, which would have to be limited to an altitude of 115 nautical miles (213 km; 132 mi). Lockheed warned thatsolar flareswould pose a problem at higher altitudes. Lockheed also recommended limiting operations to under 300 miles (480 km) pending more data on the new radiation belts created by theAtomic Energy Commission'sProject DominicinJuly 1962.[6]
  • AU.S. Air Forcespokesman, Lt. Colonel Albert C. Trakowski, announced that special instruments on unidentified military test satellites had confirmed the danger that astronaut Walter M. Schirra, Jr., could have been killed if his MA-8 space flight had taken him above a 400-mile (640 km) altitude. The artificial radiation belt, created by theU.S. high altitude nuclear testin July, sharply increases in density above 400-miles altitude at thegeomagnetic equatorand reaches peak intensities of 100 to 1,000 times normal levels at altitudes above 1,000 miles (1,600 km).[8]
  • The phrase "So help me God"was added to the U.S.Armed ForcesandNational Guardenlistment oaths. As of 2014,the constitutionality of this change has not been ascertained, being in apparent contradiction of theNo Religious Test Clauseof theUnited States Constitution.[28]
  • Dr.Charles A. Berry,Chief of Aerospace Medical Operations, Manned Spacecraft Center, reported that preliminarydosimeterreadings indicated that astronaut Schirra had received a much smaller radiation dosage than expected.[8]
  • The firstJames Bondfilm,Dr. No,held its world premiere at theLondon Pavilion,withSean Conneryas Agent 007. The film premiered to the rest of the UK three days later, and would reach cinemas in the United States onMay 8, 1963.[29]
  • Mercury spacecraft No. 16,Sigma 7,was returned to Hangar S at Cape Canaveral for postflight work and inspection. It was planned to retain theSigma 7at Cape Canaveral for permanent display.[8]
  • A battalion of Special Forces (Saaqah), sent by Egypt to act as personal guards for new Yemeni leaderAbdullah as-Sallal,arrived at Hodeida during theNorth Yemen Civil War.
  • The Beatlesreleased their first single, "Love Me Do".[30]
  • Born:

October 6,1962 (Saturday)

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  • The Chinese leadership convened to hear a report fromLin Biaothat PLA intelligence units had determined that Indian units might assault Chinese positions at Thag La on 10 October (Operation Leghorn).[32]The Chinese leaders, on recommendation of the Central Military Council decided to launch a large-scale attack to punish perceived military aggression from India, resulting in theSino-Indian War.
  • The U.S. Committee on Overhead Reconnaissance pointed out that high-altitude photographs of Cuba had not been taken of the western end of the island since August 29, and recommended to theWhite HousethatU-2overflights be made there to determine whether Soviet missiles were being put in place. Flights over west Cuba on October 14 would confirm the presence of offensive missiles.[33]
  • TheU.S. Marine CorpsandU.S. Navysuffered their first helicopter fatalities in Vietnam when a Marine CorpsUH-34 Seahorsecrashed 15 miles (24 km) fromTam Ky,South Vietnam, killing five Marines and two Navy personnel.[34]
  • The last foreign military personnel, including advisers of the U.S. Special Forces, leftLaosin accordance with the 75-day period specified in the July 23 "Declaration on the Neutrality of Laos".[35]
  • Died:Tod Browning,81, American film director known for pre-code horror films, includingFreaks(1932),Mark of the Vampire(1935), and the first sound-film version ofDracula(1931)[36][37]

October 7,1962 (Sunday)

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  • The Mercury-Atlas 8 (MA-8) press conference was held at theRice UniversityinHouston, Texas.Astronaut Wally Schirra expressed his belief that the spacecraft was ready for the 1-day mission, that he experienced absolutely no difficulties with his better than 9 hours ofweightlessness,and that the flight was of the "textbook" variety.[8]
  • The cabinet of Iran approved the "Law of Regional and State Associations", extending voting for, and service on, local councils to non-Muslims and females, with the only requirement being that a voter or officeholder believe in one of the "revealed religions". After protests by the Shi'ite Ayatollahs, the law was annulled on November 29.[38]
  • Venezuela's PresidentRomulo Betancourtissued Resolution #9, suspending constitutional rights and restricting freedom of the press.[39]
  • Died:
    • Clem Miller,45, U.S. Representative from California, was killed along with two other people when his airplane crashed in bad weather nearCrescent City, California.Miller was on a trip as part of his campaign for re-election and died along with his 13-year-old son and the pilot.[40]Since it was too late to name a new candidate, Miller's name remained on the ballot and received the most votes.[41]
    • Henri Oreiller,36, French alpine ski racer, killed when his Ferrari crashed at the Linas-Montlhéry autodrome[42]

October 8,1962 (Monday)

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  • InNorth Korea,voterswent to the polls to vote "yes" or "no"on the 383 candidates for the 383 seats in theSupreme People's Assembly.The Pyongyang government announced a 100 percent turnout (breaking the 1957 record of 99.99%) and 100 percent approval of the candidates (beating 99.92% in 1957); the 100% turnout and approval reports would follow the 1967, 1972, 1977, 1982 and 1986 votes, though in 1992, reported turnout was only 99.85%, albeit still with the 100% approval.[43]
  • The October 10 edition of the West German magazineDer Spiegelreached newsstands, with the article "Bedingt abwehrbereit" by Conrad Ahlers, about theBundeswehr's poor preparedness, causing the so-calledSpiegelaffair.[44]
  • The wreck of theBremen cog,a ship built in 1380 when the area was ruled by theHanseatic League,was discovered in the Weser River during dredging operations.[45]

October 9,1962 (Tuesday)

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  • The nation ofUgandabecame independent within theCommonwealth of Nations,withMilton Oboteas the first Prime Minister, and the white British colonial administrator, SirWalter Coutts,as the first Governor-General. The following year, Uganda would become a republic, and Coutts would be replaced by a President, the former Bugandan KingEdward Mutesa II.[46][47]
  • Twenty-eight people were killed, and 62 injured, when the southbound Moscow-Vienna-Rome "Chopin Express" train collided with the northbound Budapest-Warsaw train that had derailed near Warsaw.[48]
  • At amilitary paradein the Polish city ofSzczecin,a T-54 tank of the Polish People's Army hit a crowd of bystanders, killing seven children and injuring others.[49]
  • Mercury spacecraft No. 20 was delivered to Cape Canaveral for theMercury 9(Gordon Cooper) one-day mission, which would be launched on May 15, 1963.[8]
  • The MCC cricket team arrived inFremantle, Western Australia,to begin its 1962–63 tour.

October 10,1962 (Wednesday)

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  • TheSino-Indian Warbegan as Chinese troops opened fire on Indian troops and a battle on the border of the world's two largest nations began.[50]India reported its losses at six dead and seven missing from the first day of fighting, with 11 wounded, while China reported more than 30 casualties.[51]
  • Anaasa won the 4.30, the last race ever to be run atHurst Park Racecourse,Surrey, before the course was sold and re-developed.
  • Died:Edmund H. Hansen,67, American Academy Award-winning sound engineer

October 11,1962 (Thursday)

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October 11, 1962: The world's Catholic bishops going into the Basilica

October 12,1962 (Friday)

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  • On his way fromChennaito a visit toSri Lanka,India's Prime MinisterJawaharlal Nehruremarked to reporters that his government had directed the Indian Army "to free our territory in the Northeast frontier", implying, incorrectly, that India had decided to engage China in a full-scale war.[55]On October 14, China's paperPeople's Dailywould quote Nehru and tell its readers to expect an invasion of China by India.[50]One author would later write, "Nehru's casual statement only served to precipitate the Chinese attack on India."[56]
  • In what would be called theColumbus Day Storm,Typhoon FredahitVictoria, British Columbia,and other locations on the west coast of North America. At Oregon's Cape Blanco, an anemometer (minus one of its cups) registered wind gusts in excess of 145 mph (233 km/h); some reports put the peak velocity at 179 mph (288 km/h). The resultant damage was estimated at around $230 million to $280 million for California, Oregon and Washington combined.[57]
  • TheBridge of the Americasopened inPanama,exactly three years after construction began. With clearance of over 200 feet (61 m), it was the first to allow traffic to cross uninterrupted between Central America and South America because the bridge did not need to be moved. October 12 was chosen for the start and finish of construction in honor of the October 12, 1492, landfall of Christopher Columbus.[58]
  • The Project Gemini Management Panel was formed by the Manned Space Center, chaired byGeorge M. Lowof the Office of Manned Space Flight, and included vice presidents ofMcDonnell Aircraft,Martin Marietta,The Aerospace Corporation,Aerojet-General,andLockheed Corporation,with a first meeting on November 13.[6]
  • Jazzbassist/composerCharles Mingusgave a disastrous concert at Town Hall, New York City. Earlier in the day, Mingus had punchedJimmy Knepperin the mouth while the two men were working together at Mingus's apartment, with the result that Knepper was unable to perform.
  • Born:Amanda Castro,Honduran poet (d. 2010); inTegucigalpa
  • Died:Alberto Teisaire,71, formerVice President of Argentina

October 13,1962 (Saturday)

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October 14,1962 (Sunday)

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October 15,1962 (Monday)

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  • TheCanadian Broadcasting Corporation(CBC) debuted a new children's television program on its nationwide affiliates,Misterogers,described initially in CBC's fall schedule preview as "a 15-minute puppet show" shown three days a week.[62]Hosted byFred Rogers,the show would soon be described as "one of the freshest, most intelligent puppet shows to come along in quite a while."[63]The host had appeared onPittsburghas a local offering when educational television stationWQEDwent on the air on April 1, 1954, withChildren's Cornerand had continued until 1957 as "the community-educational station's most original and popular show".[64]
  • The National Committee of Liberation, an anti-apartheid paramilitary organization inSouth Africa,destroyed an electrical transformer to cause a blackout inJohannesburgin the most effective sabotage act by the NCL up to that time.[65]
  • NASA awarded a contract for $36,200,018 toInternational Business Machines Corporationto provide the ground-based computer system forProjects GeminiandApolloas part of the MSC'sIntegrated Mission Control Center.[6]
  • At the National Photographic Interpretation Center (NPIC), analysis of the 928 images, taken the day before by the U-2 over flight, showed that offensive missiles and launchers had been placed in Cuba.[66]
  • Wally Schirra was awarded theNASA Distinguished Service Medalin a ceremony at his hometown,Oradell, New Jersey.[8]
  • A high frequency direction finding system study was initiated for Project Mercury.[8]
  • Born:

October 16,1962 (Tuesday)

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October 17,1962 (Wednesday)

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October 18,1962 (Thursday)

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  • U.S. President Kennedy and Secretary of StateDean Ruskmet at the White House with Soviet Foreign MinisterAndrei Gromykoand Soviet Ambassador to the U.S.Anatoly Dobrynin.Gromyko told Kennedy that Soviet operations in Cuba were purely defensive, and Kennedy did not tell Gromyko that the U.S. had discovered that the Soviets had nuclear missiles in Cuba.[69]
  • The Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party approved plans for GeneralZhang Guohuato lead thePeople's Liberation Armyto launch a large self-defensive counterattack on India, to take place on October 20.[80]
  • Born:Min Ko Naing,Burmese student leader and political dissident; inYangon

October 19,1962 (Friday)

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  • Wesley L. Hjornevik,MSC Assistant Director for Administration, told MSC senior staff that the cut of $27,000,000 for MSC's FY 1963 budget for the Gemini program (from $687 million to $660 million) meant that theparaglider,Agena,and allrendezvousequipment would have to be dropped from the program. The uncrewedfirst Gemini flightwas rescheduled forDecember 1963,with the second two-man mission to follow three months later, and subsequent flights at two-month intervals. The first Agena targeting mission would happen no sooner thanAugust 1964.This four-month delay required a large-scale reprogramming of Gemini development work.[6]
  • U.S. President Kennedy met with theJoint Chiefs of Staffto discuss the military options for responding to the missiles in Cuba. USAF Chief of Staff GeneralCurtis LeMayadvocated bombing of the missile sites in Cuba, while Defense SecretaryRobert McNamararecommended a blockade of ships approaching the island.[81]Ultimately, Kennedy, who would spend the day at scheduled speeches in Ohio and Illinois, would opt to blockade Cuba rather than to start a war.[70]
  • McDonnell Aircraft Corporationreported that all tests had been completed for spacecraft 20, allocated for the Mercury 9 orbital mission.[8]
  • Anime pioneerTatsuo Yoshidafounded the companyTatsunoko Productionin Tokyo.
  • Born:Evander Holyfield,American boxer, undisputed World Heavyweight champion between 1990 and 1992, World Boxing Association champion three times between 1993 and 2001; inAtmore, Alabama

October 20,1962 (Saturday)

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  • In theSino-Indian War,a force of 30,000 Chinese troops stopped Indian troops' invasion and overran the outnumbered Indian force that had been ordered into the disputed area. Within days the Chinese Army had gained control of five bridges over the Namkha Chu River and by October 28 were 10 miles (16 km) inside India's territory.[82][83]The first wave of attacks began at 5:00 a.m.Indian Standard Time,thirty minutes after Chinese radio broadcast an announcement of the victory.[84]The populations of the two nations (670 million forChinaand 450 million forIndia) represented one-third of the world's three billion people in 1962, promptingNewsweekmagazine to headline an article in its October 29 edition, "A Third of the World at War". During the week that followed, it appeared that the number might increase to half of the world at war, with theSoviet Union(210 million) and theUnited States(180 million) in a showdown over Cuba, potentially bringing the total to 1.5 billion people at war in the world's four largest nations.
  • Both the United States and the Soviet Union conducted high-altitude nuclear tests, already scheduled, even as U.S. President Kennedy was deciding on a confrontation between the two nations over the missiles in Cuba. The U.S. exploded a weapon 91 miles (146 km) over the Pacific Ocean, and the USSR followed two days later with a blast 93 miles (150 km) over Kazakhstan. The Joint Chiefs of Staff raised the nuclear alert status to DEFCON 3.[85]

October 21,1962 (Sunday)

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  • Ranger 5,a spacecraft designed to transmit pictures of the lunar surface to Earth stations during a period of 10 minutes of flight prior to impacting on the Moon, malfunctioned, ran out of power and ceased operation, after passing within 725 kilometres (450 mi) of the Moon.[86][87]
  • The sinking of the Norwegian passenger shipMV Sanct Svithunkilled 33 of the 79 people on board. The ship had run aground off the Vikna Islands and was refloated, then sank as it got back underway.[88]
  • The1962 Seattle World's Fair(officially, the "Century 21 Exposition" ) closed in Seattle after a six-month run.[89]

October 22,1962 (Monday)

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  • At 7:00 p.m. Washington time, U.S. President John F. Kennedy announced in a nationally broadcast address that "unmistakable evidence has established the fact that a series of offensive missile sites" had been established in Cuba by the Soviet Union "to provide a nuclear strike capability against the Western Hemisphere". He announced "a strict quarantine on offensive military equipment under shipment to Cuba" and warned that any launch of a nuclear missile from Cuba would require "a full retaliatory response upon the Soviet Union". Kennedy implored, "I call upon Chairman Khrushchev to halt and eliminate this clandestine, reckless and provocative threat to world peace and to stable relations between our nations."[90][91][92]
  • ColonelOleg Penkovsky,who had secretly been passing Soviet secrets to the United Kingdom, was arrested by the KGB. He would be convicted of treason and executed on May 16, 1963.[93]
  • The city ofEden Prairie, Minnesota,a suburb in the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area, was incorporated.[94]
  • Born:Robert Odenkirk,American actor, comedian, and filmmaker best known for his role asSaul GoodmanonBreaking Badand its spin-offBetter Call Saul;inBerwyn[95]

October 23,1962 (Tuesday)

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  • In the "Spiegelaffair",publisherRudolf Augsteinof the West German news magazineDer Spiegel,was arrested along with Assistant Chief Editor Conrad Ahlers on charges of treason after the magazine's October 10 issue had published information about the NATO maneuver "Fallex 62".Der Spiegelhad reported that the West German military was poorly prepared to defend against an invasion from the East.[44]Other arrests followed, leading to protests by West Germans against the suppression of freedom of the press. Augstein and Ahlers would be released on February 7, 1963.[96]
  • As the American blockade of Cuba from Soviet ships was set, the 450 ships of the U.S. Atlantic Fleet and 200,000 personnel prepared for a confrontation, including defense if the Soviets tried an airlift over the blockade.[97]The Soviet freighterPolotaviawas identified as the first ship that would reach the quarantine line.[98]
  • Major GeneralLeighton Davis,Department of Defenserepresentative for Project Mercury Support Operations, reported that support operation planning was underway for the Mercury 1-day mission.[8]
  • Art Blakeybegan recordingCaravanat the Plaza Sound Studio in New York City, his first album for Riverside Records, with whom he had signed earlier in the month.

October 24,1962 (Wednesday)

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  • Mars 2MV-4 No.1(or Sputnik 22) was launched by the Soviet Union, with the intention of making a flyby of the planetMarsand transmitting back images to the earth.[99]When the engines were reignited in order to take the probe from parking orbit toward Mars, the satellite exploded, and debris fell to earth for the next four months.[100]
  • The U.S. Navy blockade against Soviet ships began at 10:00 a.m. Washington, D.C. time (1500 hrs UTC and 6:00 p.m. in Moscow). Some of the Cuban-bound Soviet freighters altered their courses to avoid the confrontation, while others proceeded.[101][102]
  • James Brownrecorded hisLive at the Apolloalbum.[103]

October 25,1962 (Thursday)

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October 25, 1962: U.S. and USSR in confrontation at U.N. Security Council
  • At a meeting of theUnited Nations Security Council,American AmbassadorAdlai Stevensonconfronted Soviet AmbassadorValerian Zorinwith photographs of missile sites in Cuba and angrily asked, "Do you, Ambassador Zorin, deny that the USSR has placed and is placing medium and intermediate range missiles and sites in Cuba? Yes or no? Don't wait for the translation. Yes or no?" Zorin laughed and then said, "I am not in an American courtroom, sir, and therefore I do not wish to answer a question that is put to me in the fashion in which a prosecutor puts questions. In due course, you will have your reply."[104]
  • At 6:50 a.m., the AmericandestroyersUSSJoseph P. Kennedy, Jr.(DD-850)and theUSSJohn R. Pierce(DD-753)made the first enforcement of the blockade, stopping and boarding the Soviet-chartered shipMarcula,400 miles (640 km) from Cuba. After spending two hours searching theMarculaand determining that its cargo of trucks, paper, sulfur and auto parts provided no threat, the Navy allowed the ship to proceed with its cargo.[105]
  • Abdul Monem Khanwas appointed as theGovernor of East Pakistanby Pakistan's President,Muhammad Ayub Khan.During his rule from 1962 to 1968, Governor Monem Khan's strict rule of the more than 60,000,000 East Pakistan residents eventually led to the province separating from the rest of Pakistan as the nation ofBangladesh.[106]
  • Tropical Storm Harrietwas first observed by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center, just off the east coast ofThailand.It crossed into the Indian Ocean, and, during landfall itsstorm surge,flooded the Laem Talumphuk peninsula inNakhon Si Thammarat Province.Typhoon Harriet killed 769 people, with another 142 missing and 252 seriously injured.[107]
  • Ugandawas admitted to membership of theUnited Nations.[108]
  • Born:Borys Kolesnikov,Deputy Prime Minister of Ukrainefrom 2010 to 2012; in Zhdanov, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union (nowMariupol,Ukraine)

October 26,1962 (Friday)

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October 27,1962 (Saturday)

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Major Anderson
  • At 11:19 a.m. Washington time, USAF MajorRudolf Andersonbecame the only combatant fatality of theCuban Missile Crisiswhen his U-2 airplane was shot down by a surface-to-air missile while he was flying over Cuba. Soviet Army Major Ivan Gerchenov had been ordered to fire missiles, from a station near the city ofBanes,at "Target Number 33".[110]On the other hand, Fidel Castro would say in 1964 that the Cubans, not the Soviets, had fired the missile, and a former Castro aide,Carlos Franqui,would write in 1984 that Castro himself had pushed the button to launch the missile.[111]The Joint Chiefs recommended to President John F. Kennedy that the U.S. should attack Cuba within 36 hours to destroy the Soviet missiles. At Washington, General Taylor recommended an air attack on the Banes site, but immediate action was not taken.[112][113]
  • Hours later, the SovietsubmarineB-59was detected by U.S. Navy destroyers in the Atlantic Ocean, and one of the ships began dropping explosivedepth chargesto force the sub to surface. Thirty years later, a communications intelligence officer on theB-59would report that Captain Valentin Savitsky ordered a nuclear-armed torpedo to be armed for firing at the U.S. ships, and that the second-in-command,Vasily Arkhipov,persuaded Savitsky to surface instead.[114]
  • Heart of Midlothian F.C.defeatedKilmarnock F.C.1–0 in the1962 Scottish League Cup Finalat Hampden Park, Glasgow.

October 28,1962 (Sunday)

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  • TheCuban Missile Crisiscame to an end when, at 5:00 p.m. Moscow time (10:00 a.m. in Washington),Radio Moscowbroadcast the text of the message from Soviet Prime MinisterNikita Khrushchevto U.S. PresidentJohn F. Kennedy."Dear Mr. President," Khrushchev's letter began, "I have received your message of October 27. I express my satisfaction and thank you for the sense of proportion you have displayed and for realization of the responsibility which now devolves on you for the preservation of the peace of the world." Khrushchev went on to say, "I regard with great understanding your concern and the concern of the United States people in connection with the fact that the weapons you describe as offensive are formidable weapons indeed. Both you and we understand what kind of weapons these are. In order to eliminate as rapidly as possible the conflict which endangers the cause of peace, to give an assurance to all people who crave peace, and to reassure the American people, who, I am certain, also want peace, as do the people of the Soviet Union, the Soviet Government, in addition to earlier instructions on the discontinuation of further work on weapons construction sites, has given a new order to dismantle the arms which you described as offensive, and to crate and return them to the Soviet Union."[115]In an agreement worked out by Khrushchev and Kennedy with the assistance of U.N. Secretary-GeneralU Thant,the U.S. pledged not to invade Cuba, and to remove Jupiter missiles that had been placed inTurkeynear its border with the USSR.[116]
  • In France, areferendumwas held to decide on whether the election of the President of France should be done directly through universal suffrage. The proposal for constitutional change was approved by 62.25% of those voting.[117]

October 29,1962 (Monday)

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October 30,1962 (Tuesday)

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October 31,1962 (Wednesday)

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References

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  1. ^"TV This Evening".Miami News.October 1, 1962. p. 6B.
  2. ^Newcomb, Horace(2004).Encyclopedia of Television.CRC Press.p. 463.
  3. ^"TV High-Lights".Linton Daily Citizen.Linton, Indiana.UPI.October 1, 1962. p. 4.
  4. ^"Have a Ball with these 9 fascinating facts about 'The Lucy Show'".Me-TV Network.
  5. ^'Lucy' Bounces Back on TV; Less Noise, But Same Stuff ",Atlanta Journal,October 2, 1962, p.18
  6. ^abcdefghThis article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain.Grimwood, James M.; Hacker, Barton C.; Vorzimmer, Peter J."PART I (B) Concept and Design January 1962 through December 1962".Project Gemini Technology and Operations - A Chronology.NASA Special Publication-4002.NASA.Retrieved23 March2023.
  7. ^"A Long, Long Trip From Cotton Fields".Miami News.October 2, 1962. p. 1.
  8. ^abcdefghijkThis article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain.Grimwood, James M."PART III (B) Operational Phase of Project Mercury June 1962 through June 12, 1963".Project Mercury - A Chronology.NASA Special Publication-4001.NASA.Retrieved23 March2023.
  9. ^Polmar, Norman;Moore, Kenneth J. (2004).Cold War Submarines: The Design and Construction of U.S. and Soviet Submarines.Potomac Books.p. 203.
  10. ^Ricklefs, M. C.(2002).A History of Modern Indonesia Since C. 1200.Stanford University Press.p. 328.
  11. ^McMaster, H. R.(1998).Dereliction of Duty: Johnson, McNamara, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the Lies That Led to Vietnam.HarperCollins.p. 22.
  12. ^Berumen, Frank (2014).Latino image makers in Hollywood: performers, filmmakers and films since the 1960s.Jefferson, North Carolina:McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers.p. 178.ISBN978-1-4766-1411-3.
  13. ^Asian Recorder. K. K. Thomas at Recorder Press, 1962. vol. 8
  14. ^Dini, Paul;Kidd, Chipp(1998).Batman Animated.New York: HarperEntertainment. p. 22.ISBN0-06-107327-X.
  15. ^"Denmark".Velo News.Inside Communications Incorporated: 15. 1998.
  16. ^Dachau and the Nazi Terror 1933-1945: Studies and reports.Dachauer Hefte.2002. p. 236.
  17. ^"'HALLELUJAH!' Says Schirra ".Miami News.October 3, 1962. p. 1.
  18. ^"Blast Kills 20 In New York".Miami News.October 3, 1962. p. 1.
  19. ^"'I Did No Wrong'-- Alston ".Miami News.October 4, 1962. p. 2D.
  20. ^Nite, Norm;Newman, Ralph; Crespo, Charles (1982).Rock on: The video revolution, 1979-1984.Harper & Row.p. 223.
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