PCI Express

Not to be confused withPCI-XorUCIe.

For Engineering, Procurement, Construction and Installation, seeEPCI.

PCI Express(Peripheral Component Interconnect Express), officially abbreviated asPCIeorPCI-E,is a high-speedserialcomputerexpansion busstandard, meant to replace the olderPCI,PCI-XandAGPbus standards. It is the commonmotherboardinterface for personal computers'graphics cards,capture cards,sound cards,hard disk drivehost adapters,SSDs,Wi-Fi,andEthernethardware connections.PCIe has numerous improvements over the older standards, including higher maximum system bus throughput, lower I/O pin count, smaller physical footprint, better performance scaling for bus devices, a more detailed error detection and reporting mechanism (Advanced Error Reporting, AER),and nativehot-swapfunctionality. More recent revisions of the PCIe standard provide hardware support forI/O virtualization.

PCI Express

Peripheral Component Interconnect Express
Logo
Year created	2003(2003)
Created by	Intel Dell HP IBM
Supersedes	PCI PCI-X AGP
Width in bits	1 per lane(up to 16 lanes)
No.of devices	1 on each endpoint of each connection.
Speed	Dual simplex,up to 242 GB/s
Style	Serial
Hotplugging interface	Optional(support withExpressCard,OCuLink,CFexpressorU.2)
External interface	Optional(support withOCuLinkorPCI Express External Cabling)
Website	pcisig.com

Two types of PCIe slot on an Asus H81M-K motherboard

Various slots on acomputer motherboard,from top to bottom:

• PCI Express x4
• PCI Express x16
• PCI Express x1
• PCI Express x16
• Conventional PCI(32-bit, 5 V)

The PCI Express electrical interface is measured by the number of simultaneous lanes.(A lane is a single send/receive line of data, analogous to a "one-lane road" having one lane of traffic in both directions.) The interface is also used in a variety of other standards — most notably thelaptopexpansion card interface calledExpressCard.It is also used in the storage interfaces ofSATA Express,U.2(SFF-8639) andM.2.

Formal specifications are maintained and developed by thePCI-SIG(PCISpecial Interest Group) — a group of more than 900 companies that also maintains theconventional PCIspecifications.

Architecture

Example of the PCI Express topology:
white "junction boxes" represent PCI Express device downstream ports, while the gray ones represent upstream ports.

PCI Express x1 card containing a PCI Express switch (covered by a smallheat sink), which creates multiple endpoints out of one endpoint and lets multiple devices share it

The PCIe slots on a motherboard are often labeled with the number of PCIe lanes they have. Sometimes what may seem like a large slot may only have a few lanes. For instance, a x16 slot with only 4 PCIe lanes (bottom slot) is quite common.

Conceptually, the PCI Express bus is a high-speedserialreplacement of the older PCI/PCI-X bus.One of the key differences between the PCI Express bus and the older PCI is the bus topology; PCI uses a sharedparallelbusarchitecture, in which the PCI host and all devices share a common set of address, data, and control lines. In contrast, PCI Express is based on point-to-pointtopology,with separateseriallinks connecting every device to theroot complex(host). Because of its shared bus topology, access to the older PCI bus is arbitrated (in the case of multiple masters), and limited to one master at a time, in a single direction. Furthermore, the older PCI clocking scheme limits the bus clock to the slowest peripheral on the bus (regardless of the devices involved in the bus transaction). In contrast, a PCI Express bus link supportsfull-duplexcommunication between any two endpoints, with no inherent limitation on concurrent access across multiple endpoints.

In terms of bus protocol, PCI Express communication is encapsulated in packets. The work of packetizing and de-packetizing data and status-message traffic is handled by the transaction layer of the PCI Express port (described later). Radical differences in electrical signaling and bus protocol require the use of a different mechanical form factor and expansion connectors (and thus, new motherboards and new adapter boards); PCI slots and PCI Express slots are not interchangeable. At the software level, PCI Express preservesbackward compatibilitywith PCI; legacy PCI system software can detect and configure newer PCI Express devices without explicit support for the PCI Express standard, though new PCI Express features are inaccessible.

The PCI Express link between two devices can vary in size from one to 16lanes.In a multi-lane link, the packet data is striped across lanes, and peak data throughput scales with the overall link width. The lane count is automatically negotiated during device initialization and can be restricted by either endpoint. For example, a single-lane PCI Express (x1) card can be inserted into a multi-lane slot (x4, x8, etc.), and the initialization cycle auto-negotiates the highest mutually supported lane count. The link can dynamically down-configure itself to use fewer lanes, providing a failure tolerance in case bad or unreliable lanes are present. The PCI Express standard defines link widths of x1, x2, x4, x8, and x16. Up to and including PCIe 5.0, x12, and x32 links were defined as well but virtuallynever used.This allows the PCI Express bus to serve both cost-sensitive applications where high throughput is not needed, and performance-critical applications such as 3D graphics, networking (10 Gigabit Ethernetor multiportGigabit Ethernet), and enterprise storage (SASorFibre Channel). Slots and connectors are only defined for a subset of these widths, with link widths in between using the next larger physical slot size.

As a point of reference, a PCI-X (133 MHz 64-bit) device and a PCI Express 1.0 device using four lanes (x4) have roughly the same peak single-direction transfer rate of 1064 MB/s. The PCI Express bus has the potential to perform better than the PCI-X bus in cases where multiple devices are transferring data simultaneously, or if communication with the PCI Express peripheral isbidirectional.

Interconnect

A PCI Express link between two devices consists of one or more lanes, which aredual simplexchannels using twodifferential signalingpairs.

PCI Express devices communicate via a logical connection called aninterconnectorlink.A link is a point-to-point communication channel between two PCI Express ports allowing both of them to send and receive ordinary PCI requests (configuration, I/O or memory read/write) andinterrupts(INTx,MSI or MSI-X). At the physical level, a link is composed of one or morelanes.Low-speed peripherals (such as an802.11Wi-Ficard) use a single-lane (x1) link, while a graphics adapter typically uses a much wider and therefore faster 16-lane (x16) link.

Lane

A lane is composed of twodifferential signalingpairs, with one pair for receiving data and the other for transmitting. Thus, each lane is composed of four wires orsignal traces.Conceptually, each lane is used as afull-duplexbyte stream,transporting data packets in eight-bit "byte" format simultaneously in both directions between endpoints of a link.Physical PCI Express links may contain 1, 4, 8 or 16 lanes.Lane counts are written with an "x" prefix (for example, "x8" represents an eight-lane card or slot), with x16 being the largest size in common use.Lane sizes are also referred to via the terms "width" or "by" e.g., an eight-lane slot could be referred to as a "by 8" or as "8 lanes wide."

For mechanical card sizes, seebelow.

Serial bus

The bonded serialbusarchitecture was chosen over the traditional parallel bus because of the inherent limitations of the latter, includinghalf-duplexoperation, excess signal count, and inherently lowerbandwidthdue totiming skew.Timing skew results from separate electrical signals within a parallel interface traveling through conductors of different lengths, on potentially differentprinted circuit board(PCB) layers, and at possibly differentsignal velocities.Despite being transmitted simultaneously as a singleword,signals on a parallel interface have different travel duration and arrive at their destinations at different times. When the interface clock period is shorter than the largest time difference between signal arrivals, recovery of the transmitted word is no longer possible. Since timing skew over a parallel bus can amount to a few nanoseconds, the resulting bandwidth limitation is in the range of hundreds of megahertz.

Highly simplifiedtopologies of the Legacy PCI Shared (Parallel) Interface and the PCIe Serial Point-to-Point Interface

A serial interface does not exhibit timing skew because there is only one differential signal in each direction within each lane, and there is no external clock signal since clocking information isembeddedwithin the serial signal itself. As such, typical bandwidth limitations on serial signals are in the multi-gigahertz range. PCI Express is one example of the general trend toward replacing parallel buses with serial interconnects; other examples includeSerial ATA(SATA),USB,Serial Attached SCSI(SAS),FireWire(IEEE 1394), andRapidIO.In digital video, examples in common use areDVI,HDMI,andDisplayPort.

Multichannel serial design increases flexibility with its ability to allocate fewer lanes for slower devices.

Form factors

PCI Express (standard)

Intel P3608 NVMe flash SSD, PCIe add-in card

A PCI Express card fits into a slot of its physical size or larger (with x16 as the largest used), but may not fit into a smaller PCI Express slot; for example, a x16 card may not fit into a x4 or x8 slot. Some slots use open-ended sockets to permit physically longer cards and negotiate the best available electrical and logical connection.

The number of lanes actually connected to a slot may also be fewer than the number supported by the physical slot size. An example is a x16 slot that runs at x4, which accepts any x1, x2, x4, x8 or x16 card, but provides only four lanes. Its specification may read as "x16 (x4 mode)", while "mechanical @ electrical" notation (e.g. "x16 @ x4" ) is also common.The advantage is that such slots can accommodate a larger range of PCI Express cards without requiring motherboard hardware to support the full transfer rate. Standard mechanical sizes are x1, x4, x8, and x16. Cards using a number of lanes other than the standard mechanical sizes need to physically fit the next larger mechanical size (e.g. an x2 card uses the x4 size, or an x12 card uses the x16 size).

The cards themselves are designed and manufactured in various sizes. For example,solid-state drives(SSDs) that come in the form of PCI Express cards often useHHHL(half height, half length) andFHHL(full height, half length) to describe the physical dimensions of the card.

PCI card type	Dimensions height × length × width, maximum
(mm)	(in)
Full-Length	111.15 × 312.00 × 20.32	4.376 × 12.283 × 0.8
Half-Length	111.15 × 167.65 × 20.32	4.376 ×06.600 × 0.8
Low-Profile/Slim	068.90 × 167.65 × 20.32	2.731 ×06.600 × 0.8

Non-standard video card form factors

Modern (sincec. 2012) gamingvideo cardsusually exceed the height as well as thickness specified in the PCI Express standard, due to the need for more capable and quietercooling fans,as gaming video cards often emit hundreds of watts of heat.Modern computer cases are often wider to accommodate these taller cards, but not always. Since full-length cards (312 mm) are uncommon, modern cases sometimes cannot fit those. The thickness of these cards also typically occupies the space of 2 to 5PCIe slots. In fact, even the methodology of how to measure the cards varies between vendors, with some including the metal bracket size in dimensions and others not.

For instance, comparing three high-end video cards released in 2020: aSapphireRadeon RX 5700 XTcard measures 135 mm in height (excluding the metal bracket), which exceeds the PCIe standard height by 28 mm,another Radeon RX 5700 XT card byXFXmeasures 55 mm thick (i.e. 2.7 PCI slots at 20.32 mm), taking up 3 PCIe slots,while anAsusGeForce RTX 3080video card takes up two slots and measures 140.1mm × 318.5mm × 57.8mm, exceeding PCI Express's maximum height, length, and thickness respectively.

Pinout

The following table identifies the conductors on each side of theedge connectoron a PCI Express card. The solder side of theprinted circuit board(PCB) is the A-side, and the component side is the B-side.PRSNT1# and PRSNT2# pins must be slightly shorter than the rest, to ensure that a hot-plugged card is fully inserted. The WAKE# pin uses full voltage to wake the computer, but must bepulled highfrom the standby power to indicate that the card is wake capable.

PCI Express connector pinout (x1, x4, x8 and x16 variants)

Pin	Side B	Side A	Description		Pin	Side B	Side A	Description
01	+12 V	PRSNT1#	Must connect to farthest PRSNT2# pin		50	HSOp(8)	Reserved	Lane 8 transmit data, + and −
02	+12 V	+12 V	Main power pins		51	HSOn(8)	Ground
03	+12 V	+12 V			52	Ground	HSIp(8)	Lane 8 receive data, + and −
04	Ground	Ground			53	Ground	HSIn(8)
05	SMCLK	TCK	SMBusandJTAGport pins		54	HSOp(9)	Ground	Lane 9 transmit data, + and −
06	SMDAT	TDI			55	HSOn(9)	Ground
07	Ground	TDO			56	Ground	HSIp(9)	Lane 9 receive data, + and −
08	+3.3 V	TMS			57	Ground	HSIn(9)
09	TRST#	+3.3 V			58	HSOp(10)	Ground	Lane 10 transmit data, + and −
10	+3.3 V aux	+3.3 V	Aux power &Standby power		59	HSOn(10)	Ground
11	WAKE#	PERST#	Link reactivation; fundamental reset		60	Ground	HSIp(10)	Lane 10 receive data, + and −
Key notch					61	Ground	HSIn(10)
12	CLKREQ#	Ground	Clock Request Signal		62	HSOp(11)	Ground	Lane 11 transmit data, + and −
13	Ground	REFCLK+	Reference clock differential pair		63	HSOn(11)	Ground
14	HSOp(0)	REFCLK−	Lane 0 transmit data, + and −		64	Ground	HSIp(11)	Lane 11 receive data, + and −
15	HSOn(0)	Ground			65	Ground	HSIn(11)
16	Ground	HSIp(0)	Lane 0 receive data, + and −		66	HSOp(12)	Ground	Lane 12 transmit data, + and −
17	PRSNT2#	HSIn(0)			67	HSOn(12)	Ground
18	Ground	Ground			68	Ground	HSIp(12)	Lane 12 receive data, + and −
PCI Express x1 cards end at pin 18					69	Ground	HSIn(12)
19	HSOp(1)	Reserved	Lane 1 transmit data, + and −		70	HSOp(13)	Ground	Lane 13 transmit data, + and −
20	HSOn(1)	Ground			71	HSOn(13)	Ground
21	Ground	HSIp(1)	Lane 1 receive data, + and −		72	Ground	HSIp(13)	Lane 13 receive data, + and −
22	Ground	HSIn(1)			73	Ground	HSIn(13)
23	HSOp(2)	Ground	Lane 2 transmit data, + and −		74	HSOp(14)	Ground	Lane 14 transmit data, + and −
24	HSOn(2)	Ground			75	HSOn(14)	Ground
25	Ground	HSIp(2)	Lane 2 receive data, + and −		76	Ground	HSIp(14)	Lane 14 receive data, + and −
26	Ground	HSIn(2)			77	Ground	HSIn(14)
27	HSOp(3)	Ground	Lane 3 transmit data, + and −		78	HSOp(15)	Ground	Lane 15 transmit data, + and −
28	HSOn(3)	Ground			79	HSOn(15)	Ground
29	Ground	HSIp(3)	Lane 3 receive data, + and − "Power brake", active-low to reduce device power		80	Ground	HSIp(15)	Lane 15 receive data, + and −
30	PWRBRK#	HSIn(3)			81	PRSNT2#	HSIn(15)
31	PRSNT2#	Ground			82	Reserved	Ground
32	Ground	Reserved
PCI Express x4 cards end at pin 32
33	HSOp(4)	Reserved	Lane 4 transmit data, + and −
34	HSOn(4)	Ground
35	Ground	HSIp(4)	Lane 4 receive data, + and −
36	Ground	HSIn(4)
37	HSOp(5)	Ground	Lane 5 transmit data, + and −
38	HSOn(5)	Ground
39	Ground	HSIp(5)	Lane 5 receive data, + and −
40	Ground	HSIn(5)
41	HSOp(6)	Ground	Lane 6 transmit data, + and −
42	HSOn(6)	Ground
43	Ground	HSIp(6)	Lane 6 receive data, + and −		Legend
44	Ground	HSIn(6)			Ground pin		Zero volt reference
45	HSOp(7)	Ground	Lane 7 transmit data, + and −		Power pin		Supplies power to the PCIe card
46	HSOn(7)	Ground			Card-to-host pin		Signal from the card to the motherboard
47	Ground	HSIp(7)	Lane 7 receive data, + and −		Host-to-card pin		Signal from the motherboard to the card
48	PRSNT2#	HSIn(7)			Open drain		May be pulled low or sensed by multiple cards
49	Ground	Ground			Sense pin		Tied together on card
PCI Express x8 cards end at pin 49					Reserved		Not presently used, do not connect

Power

The main12Vpower supply for the PCIe slot is pins B2, B3 (side B) and pins A2, A3 (side A). Power standby3.3Vis pin B10 and A10. PCIe x1 cards can receive up to25Wand x16 graphics cards can receive up to75W,combined.

Slot power

All PCI express cards may consume up to3Aat+3.3V(9.9W). The amount of +12 V and total power they may consume depends on the form factor and the role of the card:

• x1 cards are limited to 0.5 A at +12V (6 W) and 10 W combined.
• x4 and wider cards are limited to 2.1 A at +12V (25 W) and 25 W combined.
• A full-sized x1 card may draw up to the 25 W limits after initialization and software configuration as a high-power device.
• A full-sized x16 graphics card may draw up to 5.5 A at +12V (66 W) and 75 W combined after initialization and software configuration as a high-power device.

6- and 8-pin power connectors

8-pin (left) and 6-pin (right)power connectorsused on PCI Express cards

Optional connectors add75W(6-pin) or150W(8-pin) of +12 V power for up to300Wtotal (2 × 75 W + 1 × 150 W).

• Sense0 pin is connected to ground by the cable or power supply, or float on board if cable is not connected.
• Sense1 pin is connected to ground by the cable or power supply, or float on board if cable is not connected.

Some cards use two 8-pin connectors, but this has not been standardized yet as of 2018,therefore such cards must not carry the official PCI Express logo. This configuration allows 375 W total (1 × 75 W + 2 × 150 W) and will likely be standardized by PCI-SIG with the PCI Express 4.0 standard.The 8-pin PCI Express connector could be confused with theEPS12Vconnector, which is mainly used for powering SMP and multi-core systems. The power connectors are variants of the Molex Mini-Fit Jr. series connectors.

Molex Mini-Fit Jr. part numbers

Pins	Female/receptacle on PS cable	Male/right-angle header on PCB
6-pin	45559-0002	45558-0003
8-pin	45587-0004	45586-0005, 45586-0006

6-pin power connector (75 W)			8-pin power connector (150 W)		6 pin power connector pin map   8 pin power connector pin map
Pin	Description		Pin	Description
01	+12 V		01	+12 V
02	Not connected (usually +12 V as well)		02	+12 V
03	+12 V		03	+12 V
			04	Sense1 (8-pin connected)
04	Ground		05	Ground
05	Sense		06	Sense 0 (6-pin or 8-pin connected)
06	Ground		07	Ground
			08	Ground

12VHPWR connector

This section is an excerpt from16-pin 12VHPWR connector.[edit]

12VHPWR adapter (12VHPWR output on the left, four 8-pin inputs on the right) supplied with Nvidia RTX 4090 cards

16-pin 12VHPWR connector

The16-pin 12VHPWR connectoris a standard for connectinggraphics processing units(GPUs) tocomputer power suppliesfor up to 600 W power delivery. It was introduced byNvidiain 2022 to supersede the previous 6- and 8-pin power connectors for GPUs. The stated aim was to cater to the increasing power requirements of Nvidia GPUs. The connector was formally adopted as part of PCI Express 5.

The connector was replaced by a minor revision called 12V-2x6 (H++), introduced in 2023,which changed the GPU- and PSU-side sockets to ensure that the sense pins only make contact if the power pins are seated properly. The cables and their plugs remained unchanged.

48VHPWR connector

In 2023 PCIe 5.1 CEM introduced a connector for 48 V with just two current-carrying contacts and four sense pins.The contacts are rated for 15 A continuous current.

48VHPWR pinout

Pin	Signal
P1	+48 V
P2	Ground
S1	CARD_PWR_STABLE
S2	CARD_CBL_PRES#
S3	SENSE0
S4	SENSE1

PCI Express Mini Card

AWLANPCI Express Mini Card and its connector

MiniPCI and MiniPCI Express cards in comparison

PCI Express Mini Card(also known asMini PCI Express,Mini PCIe,Mini PCI-E,mPCIe,andPEM), based on PCI Express, is a replacement for theMini PCIform factor. It is developed by thePCI-SIG.The host device supports both PCI Express andUSB2.0 connectivity, and each card may use either standard. Most laptop computers built after 2005 use PCI Express for expansion cards; however, as of 2015,many vendors are moving toward using the newerM.2form factor for this purpose.

Due to different dimensions, PCI Express Mini Cards are not physically compatible with standard full-size PCI Express slots; however, passive adapters exist that let them be used in full-size slots.

Physical dimensions

Dimensions of PCI Express Mini Cards are 30 mm × 50.95 mm (width × length) for a Full Mini Card. There is a 52-pinedge connector,consisting of two staggered rows on a 0.8 mm pitch. Each row has eight contacts, a gap equivalent to four contacts, then a further 18 contacts.Boardshave a thickness of 1.0 mm, excluding the components. A "Half Mini Card" (sometimes abbreviated as HMC) is also specified, having approximately half the physical length of 26.8 mm. There are also half size mini PCIe cards that are 30 x 31.90 mm which is about half the length of a full size mini PCIe card.

Electrical interface

PCI Express Mini Card edge connectors provide multiple connections and buses:

• PCI Express x1 (with SMBus)
• USB 2.0
• Wires to diagnostics LEDs for wireless network (i.e.,Wi-Fi) status on computer's chassis
• SIMcard forGSMandWCDMAapplications (UIM signals on spec.)
• Future extension for another PCIe lane
• 1.5 V and 3.3 V power

Mini-SATA (mSATA) variant

An Intel mSATA SSD

Despite sharing the Mini PCI Express form factor, anmSATAslot is not necessarily electrically compatible with Mini PCI Express. For this reason, only certain notebooks are compatible with mSATA drives. Most compatible systems are based on Intel's Sandy Bridge processor architecture, using the Huron River platform. Notebooks such as Lenovo's ThinkPad T, W and X series, released in March–April 2011, have support for an mSATA SSD card in theirWWANcard slot. The ThinkPad Edge E220s/E420s, and the Lenovo IdeaPad Y460/Y560/Y570/Y580 also support mSATA.On the contrary, the L-series among others can only support M.2 cards using the PCIe standard in the WWAN slot.

Some notebooks (notably theAsus Eee PC,theAppleMacBook Air,and the Dell mini9 and mini10) use a variant of the PCI Express Mini Card as anSSD.This variant uses the reserved and several non-reserved pins to implement SATA and IDE interface passthrough, keeping only USB, ground lines, and sometimes the core PCIe x1 bus intact.This makes the "miniPCIe" flash and solid-state drives sold for netbooks largely incompatible with true PCI Express Mini implementations.

Also, the typical Asus miniPCIe SSD is 71 mm long, causing the Dell 51 mm model to often be (incorrectly) referred to as half length. A true 51 mm Mini PCIe SSD was announced in 2009, with two stacked PCB layers that allow for higher storage capacity. The announced design preserves the PCIe interface, making it compatible with the standard mini PCIe slot. No working product has yet been developed.

Intel has numerous desktop boards with the PCIe x1 Mini-Card slot that typically do not support mSATA SSD. A list of desktop boards that natively support mSATA in the PCIe x1 Mini-Card slot (typically multiplexed with a SATA port) is provided on the Intel Support site.

PCI Express M.2

Main article:M.2

M.2 replaces the mSATA standard and Mini PCIe.Computer bus interfaces provided through the M.2 connector are PCI Express 3.0 or higher (up to four lanes), Serial ATA 3.0, and USB 3.0 (a single logical port for each of the latter two). It is up to the manufacturer of the M.2 host or device to choose which interfaces to support, depending on the desired level of host support and device type.

PCI Express External Cabling

PCI Express External Cabling(also known asExternal PCI Express,Cabled PCI Express,orePCIe) specifications were released by thePCI-SIGin February 2007.

Standard cables and connectors have been defined for x1, x4, x8, and x16 link widths, with a transfer rate of 250 MB/s per lane. The PCI-SIG also expects the norm to evolve to reach 500 MB/s, as in PCI Express 2.0. An example of the uses of Cabled PCI Express is a metal enclosure, containing a number of PCIe slots and PCIe-to-ePCIe adapter circuitry. This device would not be possible had it not been for the ePCIe specification.

PCI Express OCuLink

OCuLink(standing for "optical-copper link", sinceCuis thechemical symbolforcopper) is an extension for the "cable version of PCI Express". Version 1.0 of OCuLink, released in Oct 2015, supports up to 4 PCIe 3.0 lanes (3.9 GB/s) over copper cabling; afiber opticversion may appear in the future.

The most recent version of OCuLink, OCuLink-2, supports up to 16 GB/s (PCIe 4.0 x8)while the maximum bandwidth of aUSB 4cable is 10GB/s.

While initially intended for use in laptops for the connection of powerful external GPU boxes, OCuLink's popularity lies primarily in its use for PCIe interconnections in servers, a more prevalent application.

Derivative forms

Numerous other form factors use, or are able to use, PCIe. These include:

• Low-height card
• ExpressCard:Successor to thePC Cardform factor (with x1 PCIe and USB 2.0; hot-pluggable)
• PCI Express ExpressModule: A hot-pluggable modular form factor defined for servers and workstations
• XQD card:A PCI Express-based flash card standard by theCompactFlash Associationwith x2 PCIe
• CFexpresscard: A PCI Express-based flash card by the CompactFlash Association in three form factors supporting 1 to 4 PCIe lanes
• SD card: TheSD Expressbus, introduced in version 7.0 of the SD specification uses a x1 PCIe link
• XMC:Similar to theCMC/PMCform factor (VITA 42.3)
• AdvancedTCA:A complement toCompactPCIfor larger applications; supports serial based backplane topologies
• AMC:A complement to theAdvancedTCAspecification; supports processor and I/O modules on ATCA boards (x1, x2, x4 or x8 PCIe).
• FeaturePak:A tiny expansion card format (43mm × 65 mm) for embedded and small-form-factor applications, which implements two x1 PCIe links on a high-density connector along with USB, I2C, and up to 100 points of I/O
• Universal IO:A variant fromSuper Micro ComputerInc designed for use in low-profile rack-mounted chassis.It has the connector bracket reversed so it cannot fit in a normal PCI Express socket, but it is pin-compatible and may be inserted if the bracket is removed.
• M.2(formerly known as NGFF)
• M-PCIebrings PCIe 3.0 to mobile devices (such as tablets and smartphones), over theM-PHYphysical layer.
• U.2(formerly known as SFF-8639)
• SlimSAS

The PCIe slot connector can also carry protocols other than PCIe. Some9xx series Intel chipsetssupportSerial Digital Video Out,a proprietary technology that uses a slot to transmit video signals from the host CPU'sintegrated graphicsinstead of PCIe, using a supported add-in.

The PCIe transaction-layer protocol can also be used over some other interconnects, which are not electrically PCIe:

• Thunderbolt:A royalty-free interconnect standard by Intel that combinesDisplayPortand PCIe protocols in a form factor compatible withMini DisplayPort.Thunderbolt 3.0 also combines USB 3.1 and uses theUSB-Cform factor as opposed to Mini DisplayPort.
• USB4

History and revisions

While in early development, PCIe was initially referred to asHSI(forHigh Speed Interconnect), and underwent a name change to3GIO(for3rd Generation I/O) before finally settling on itsPCI-SIGnamePCI Express.A technical working group named theArapaho Work Group(AWG) drew up the standard. For initial drafts, the AWG consisted only of Intel engineers; subsequently, the AWG expanded to include industry partners.

Since, PCIe has undergone several large and smaller revisions, improving on performance and other features.

Comparison table

PCI Express link performance

Version	intro- duced	Line code		Transfer rate (per lane)	Throughput
					x1	x2	x4	x8	x16
1.0	2003	NRZ	8b/10b	2.5GT/s	0.250GB/s	0.500 GB/s	1.000 GB/s	2.000 GB/s	4.000 GB/s
2.0	2007			5.0 GT/s	0.500 GB/s	1.000 GB/s	2.000 GB/s	4.000 GB/s	8.000 GB/s
3.0	2010		128b/130b	8.0 GT/s	0.985 GB/s	1.969 GB/s	3.938 GB/s	07.877 GB/s	15.754 GB/s
4.0	2017			16.0 GT/s	1.969 GB/s	3.938 GB/s	07.877 GB/s	15.754 GB/s	031.508 GB/s
5.0	2019			32.0 GT/s	3.938 GB/s	07.877 GB/s	15.754 GB/s	31.508 GB/s	63.015 GB/s
6.0	2022	PAM-4 FEC	1b/1b 242B/256BFLIT	64.0 GT/s 32.0 GBd	7.563 GB/s	15.125 GB/s	30.250 GB/s	60.500 GB/s	121.000 GB/s
7.0	2025 (planned)			128.0 GT/s 64.0 GBd	15.125 GB/s	30.250 GB/s	60.500 GB/s	121.000 GB/s	242.000 GB/s

Notes

PCI Express 1.0a

In 2003, PCI-SIG introduced PCIe 1.0a, with a per-lane data rate of 250 MB/s and atransfer rateof 2.5 gigatransfers per second (GT/s).

Transfer rate is expressed in transfers per second instead of bits per second because the number of transfers includes the overhead bits, which do not provide additional throughput;PCIe 1.x uses an8b/10b encodingscheme, resulting in a 20% (= 2/10) overhead on the raw channel bandwidth.So in the PCIe terminology, transfer rate refers to the encoded bit rate: 2.5 GT/s is 2.5 Gbit/s on the encoded serial link. This corresponds to 2.0 Gbit/s of pre-coded data or 250 MB/s, which is referred to as throughput in PCIe.

PCI Express 1.1

In 2005, PCI-SIGintroduced PCIe 1.1. This updated specification includes clarifications and several improvements, but is fully compatible with PCI Express 1.0a. No changes were made to the data rate.

PCI Express 2.0

A PCI Express 2.0 x1 expansion card that provides USB 3.0 connectivity

PCI-SIGannounced the availability of the PCI Express Base 2.0 specification on 15 January 2007.The PCIe 2.0 standard doubles the transfer rate compared with PCIe 1.0 to 5GT/s and the per-lane throughput rises from 250 MB/s to 500 MB/s. Consequently, a 16-lane PCIe connector (x16) can support an aggregate throughput of up to 8 GB/s.

PCIe 2.0 motherboard slots are fullybackward compatiblewith PCIe v1.x cards. PCIe 2.0 cards are also generally backward compatible with PCIe 1.x motherboards, using the available bandwidth of PCI Express 1.1. Overall, graphic cards or motherboards designed for v2.0 work, with the other being v1.1 or v1.0a.

The PCI-SIG also said that PCIe 2.0 features improvements to the point-to-point data transfer protocol and its software architecture.

Intel's first PCIe 2.0 capable chipset was theX38and boards began to ship from various vendors (Abit,Asus,Gigabyte) as of 21 October 2007.AMD started supporting PCIe 2.0 with itsAMD 700 chipset seriesand nVidia started with theMCP72.All of Intel's prior chipsets, including theIntel P35chipset, supported PCIe 1.1 or 1.0a.

Like 1.x, PCIe 2.0 uses an8b/10b encodingscheme, therefore delivering, per-lane, an effective 4 Gbit/s max. transfer rate from its 5 GT/s raw data rate.

PCI Express 2.1

PCI Express 2.1 (with its specification dated 4 March 2009) supports a large proportion of the management, support, and troubleshooting systems planned for full implementation in PCI Express 3.0. However, the speed is the same as PCI Express 2.0. The increase in power from the slot breaks backward compatibility between PCI Express 2.1 cards and some older motherboards with 1.0/1.0a, but most motherboards with PCI Express 1.1 connectors are provided with a BIOS update by their manufacturers through utilities to support backward compatibility of cards with PCIe 2.1.

PCI Express 3.0

PCI Express 3.0 Base specification revision 3.0 was made available in November 2010, after multiple delays. In August 2007, PCI-SIG announced that PCI Express 3.0 would carry a bit rate of 8gigatransfersper second (GT/s), and that it would be backward compatible with existing PCI Express implementations. At that time, it was also announced that the final specification for PCI Express 3.0 would be delayed until Q2 2010.New features for the PCI Express 3.0 specification included a number of optimizations for enhanced signaling and data integrity, including transmitter and receiver equalization,PLLimprovements, clock data recovery, and channel enhancements of currently supported topologies.

Following a six-month technical analysis of the feasibility of scaling the PCI Express interconnect bandwidth, PCI-SIG's analysis found that 8 gigatransfers per second could be manufactured in mainstream silicon process technology, and deployed with existing low-cost materials and infrastructure, while maintaining full compatibility (with negligible impact) with the PCI Express protocol stack.

PCI Express 3.0 upgraded theencoding schemeto 128b/130b from the previous8b/10b encoding,reducing the bandwidth overhead from 20% of PCI Express 2.0 to approximately 1.54% (= 2/130). PCI Express 3.0's 8 GT/s bit rate effectively delivers 985 MB/s per lane, nearly doubling the lane bandwidth relative to PCI Express 2.0.

On 18 November 2010, the PCI Special Interest Group officially published the finalized PCI Express 3.0 specification to its members to build devices based on this new version of PCI Express.

PCI Express 3.1

In September 2013, PCI Express 3.1 specification was announced for release in late 2013 or early 2014, consolidating various improvements to the published PCI Express 3.0 specification in three areas: power management, performance and functionality.It was released in November 2014.

PCI Express 4.0

On 29 November 2011, PCI-SIG preliminarily announced PCI Express 4.0,providing a 16 GT/s bit rate that doubles the bandwidth provided by PCI Express 3.0 to 31.5 GB/s in each direction for a 16-lane configuration, while maintaining backward andforward compatibilityin both software support and used mechanical interface.PCI Express 4.0 specs also bring OCuLink-2, an alternative toThunderbolt.OCuLink version 2 has up to 16 GT/s (16GB/s total for x8 lanes),while the maximum bandwidth of a Thunderbolt 3 link is 5GB/s.

In June 2016 Cadence, PLDA and Synopsys demonstrated PCIe 4.0 physical-layer, controller, switch and other IP blocks at the PCI SIG’s annual developer’s conference.

Mellanox Technologiesannounced the first 100Gbit/s network adapter with PCIe 4.0 on 15 June 2016,and the first 200Gbit/s network adapter with PCIe 4.0 on 10 November 2016.

In August 2016,Synopsyspresented a test setup with FPGA clocking a lane to PCIe 4.0 speeds at theIntel Developer Forum.Their IP has been licensed to several firms planning to present their chips and products at the end of 2016.

On the IEEE Hot Chips Symposium in August 2016IBMannounced the first CPU with PCIe 4.0 support,POWER9.

PCI-SIG officially announced the release of the final PCI Express 4.0 specification on 8 June 2017.The spec includes improvements in flexibility, scalability, and lower-power.

On 5 December 2017 IBM announced the first system with PCIe 4.0 slots, Power AC922.

NETINT Technologies introduced the firstNVMeSSD based on PCIe 4.0 on 17 July 2018, ahead of Flash Memory Summit 2018

AMDannounced on 9 January 2019 its upcomingZen 2-based processors and X570 chipset would support PCIe 4.0.AMD had hoped to enable partial support for older chipsets, but instability caused by motherboard traces not conforming to PCIe 4.0 specifications made that impossible.

Intel released their first mobile CPUs with PCI Express 4.0 support in mid-2020, as a part of theTiger Lakemicroarchitecture.

PCI Express 5.0

Three PCIe 5.0 x16 (two at x16 and one at x8 throughput) and two PCIe 4.0 x16 slots (one at 4 and one at x8 throughput) on a 2023 workstation mainboard

In June 2017, PCI-SIG announced the PCI Express 5.0 preliminary specification.Bandwidth was expected to increase to 32GT/s, yielding 63GB/s in each direction in a 16-lane configuration. The draft spec was expected to be standardized in 2019.Initially,25.0 GT/swas also considered for technical feasibility.

On 7 June 2017 at PCI-SIG DevCon, Synopsys recorded the first demonstration of PCI Express 5.0 at 32 GT/s.

On 31 May 2018, PLDA announced the availability of their XpressRICH5 PCIe 5.0 Controller IP based on draft 0.7 of the PCIe 5.0 specification on the same day.

On 10 December 2018, the PCI SIG released version 0.9 of the PCIe 5.0 specification to its members, and on 17 January 2019, PCI SIG announced the version 0.9 had been ratified, with version 1.0 targeted for release in the first quarter of 2019.

On 29 May 2019, PCI-SIG officially announced the release of the final PCI Express 5.0 specification.

On 20 November 2019,Jiangsu Huacunpresented the first PCIe 5.0 Controller HC9001 in a 12 nm manufacturing process.Production started in 2020.

On 17 August 2020, IBM announced thePower10processor with PCIe 5.0 and up to 32 lanes per single-chip module (SCM) and up to 64 lanes per double-chip module (DCM).

On 9 September 2021, IBM announced the Power E1080 Enterprise server with planned availability date 17 September.It can have up to 16 Power10 SCMs with maximum of 32 slots per system which can act as PCIe 5.0 x8 or PCIe 4.0 x16.Alternatively they can be used as PCIe 5.0 x16 slots for optional optical CXP converter adapters connecting to external PCIe expansion drawers.

On 27 October 2021, Intel announced the 12th Gen Intel Core CPU family, the world's first consumer x86-64 processors with PCIe 5.0 (up to 16 lanes) connectivity.

On 22 March 2022, Nvidia announced Nvidia Hopper GH100 GPU, the world's first PCIe 5.0 GPU.

On 23 May 2022, AMD announced its Zen 4 architecture with support for up to 24 lanes of PCIe 5.0 connectivity on consumer platforms and 128 lanes on server platforms.

PCI Express 6.0

On 18 June 2019, PCI-SIG announced the development of PCI Express 6.0 specification. Bandwidth is expected to increase to 64GT/s, yielding 128GB/s in each direction in a 16-lane configuration, with a target release date of 2021.The new standard uses 4-levelpulse-amplitude modulation(PAM-4) with a low-latencyforward error correction(FEC) in place ofnon-return-to-zero(NRZ) modulation.Unlike previous PCI Express versions, forward error correction is used to increase data integrity and PAM-4 is used as line code so that two bits are transferred per transfer. With 64GT/s data transfer rate (raw bit rate), up to 121GB/s in each direction is possible in x16 configuration.

On 24 February 2020, the PCI Express 6.0 revision 0.5 specification (a "first draft" with all architectural aspects and requirements defined) was released.

On 5 November 2020, the PCI Express 6.0 revision 0.7 specification (a "complete draft" with electrical specifications validated via test chips) was released.

On 6 October 2021, the PCI Express 6.0 revision 0.9 specification (a "final draft" ) was released.

On 11 January 2022, PCI-SIG officially announced the release of the final PCI Express 6.0 specification.

On 18 March 2024, Nvidia announced Nvidia Blackwell GB100 GPU, the world's first PCIe 6.0 GPU.

PAM-4coding results in a vastly higherbit error rate(BER) of 10⁻⁶(vs. 10⁻¹²previously), so in place of 128b/130b encoding, a 3-way interlacedforward error correction(FEC) is used in addition tocyclic redundancy check(CRC). A fixed 256 byteFlow Control Unit(FLIT) block carries 242 bytes of data, which includes variable-sized transaction level packets (TLP) and data link layer payload (DLLP); remaining 14 bytes are reserved for 8-byte CRC and 6-byte FEC.3-wayGray codeis used in PAM-4/FLIT mode to reduce error rate; the interface does not switch to NRZ and 128/130b encoding even when retraining to lower data rates.

PCI Express 7.0

On 21 June 2022, PCI-SIG announced the development of PCI Express 7.0 specification.It will deliver 128 GT/s raw bit rate and up to 242 GB/s per direction in x16 configuration, using the samePAM4signaling as version 6.0. Doubling of the data rate will be achieved by fine-tuning channel parameters to decrease signal losses and improve power efficiency, but signal integrity is expected to be a challenge. The specification is expected to be finalized in 2025.

On 2 April 2024, PCI-SIG announced the release of PCIe 7.0 specification version 0.5; PCI Express 7.0 remains on track for release in 2025.

Extensions and future directions

Some vendors offer PCIe over fiber products,with active optical cables (AOC) for PCIe switching at increased distance in PCIe expansion drawers,or in specific cases where transparent PCIe bridging is preferable to using a more mainstream standard (such asInfiniBandorEthernet) that may require additional software to support it.

Thunderboltwas co-developed byIntelandAppleas a general-purpose high speed interface combining a logical PCIe link withDisplayPortand was originally intended as an all-fiber interface, but due to early difficulties in creating a consumer-friendly fiber interconnect, nearly all implementations are copper systems. A notable exception, theSony VAIO ZVPC-Z2, uses a nonstandard USB port with an optical component to connect to an outboard PCIe display adapter. Apple has been the primary driver of Thunderbolt adoption through 2011, though several other vendorshave announced new products and systems featuring Thunderbolt. Thunderbolt 3 forms the basis of theUSB4standard.

Mobile PCIespecification (abbreviated toM-PCIe) allows PCI Express architecture to operate over theMIPI Alliance'sM-PHYphysical layer technology. Building on top of already existing widespread adoption of M-PHY and its low-power design, Mobile PCIe lets mobile devices use PCI Express.

Draft process

There are 5 primary releases/checkpoints in a PCI-SIG specification:

• Draft 0.3 (Concept): this release may have few details, but outlines the general approach and goals.
• Draft 0.5 (First draft): this release has a complete set of architectural requirements and must fully address the goals set out in the 0.3 draft.
• Draft 0.7 (Complete draft): this release must have a complete set of functional requirements and methods defined, and no new functionality may be added to the specification after this release. Before the release of this draft, electrical specifications must have been validated via test silicon.
• Draft 0.9 (Final draft): this release allows PCI-SIG member companies to perform an internal review for intellectual property, and no functional changes are permitted after this draft.
• 1.0 (Final release): this is the final and definitive specification, and any changes or enhancements are through Errata documentation and Engineering Change Notices (ECNs) respectively.

Historically, the earliest adopters of a new PCIe specification generally begin designing with the Draft 0.5 as they can confidently build up their application logic around the new bandwidth definition and often even start developing for any new protocol features. At the Draft 0.5 stage, however, there is still a strong likelihood of changes in the actual PCIe protocol layer implementation, so designers responsible for developing these blocks internally may be more hesitant to begin work than those using interface IP from external sources.

Hardware protocol summary

The PCIe link is built around dedicated unidirectional couples of serial (1-bit), point-to-point connections known aslanes.This is in sharp contrast to the earlier PCI connection, which is a bus-based system where all the devices share the same bidirectional, 32-bit or 64-bit parallel bus.

PCI Express is alayered protocol,consisting of atransaction layer,adata link layer,and aphysical layer.The Data Link Layer is subdivided to include amedia access control(MAC) sublayer. The Physical Layer is subdivided into logical and electrical sublayers. The Physical logical-sublayer contains a physical coding sublayer (PCS). The terms are borrowed from theIEEE 802networking protocol model.

Physical layer

Connector pins and lengths

Lanes	Pins		Length
	Total	Variable	Total	Variable
0x1	2×18 =036	2×07 =014	25 mm	07.65 mm
0x4	2×32 =064	2×21 =042	39 mm	21.65 mm
0x8	2×49 =098	2×38 =076	56 mm	38.65 mm
0x16	2×82 = 164	2×71 = 142	89 mm	71.65 mm

An open-end PCI Express x1 connector lets longer cards that use more lanes be plugged while operating at x1 speeds.

The PCIe Physical Layer (PHY,PCIEPHY,PCI Express PHY,orPCIe PHY) specification is divided into two sub-layers, corresponding to electrical and logical specifications. The logical sublayer is sometimes further divided into a MAC sublayer and a PCS, although this division is not formally part of the PCIe specification. A specification published by Intel, the PHY Interface for PCI Express (PIPE),defines the MAC/PCS functional partitioning and the interface between these two sub-layers. The PIPE specification also identifies thephysical media attachment(PMA) layer, which includes theserializer/deserializer (SerDes)and other analog circuitry; however, since SerDes implementations vary greatly amongASICvendors, PIPE does not specify an interface between the PCS and PMA.

At the electrical level, each lane consists of two unidirectionaldifferential pairsoperating at 2.5, 5, 8, 16 or 32Gbit/s, depending on the negotiated capabilities. Transmit and receive are separate differential pairs, for a total of four data wires per lane.

A connection between any two PCIe devices is known as alink,and is built up from a collection of one or morelanes.All devices must minimally support single-lane (x1) link. Devices may optionally support wider links composed of up to 32 lanes.This allows for very good compatibility in two ways:

• A PCIe card physically fits (and works correctly) in any slot that is at least as large as it is (e.g., a x1 sized card works in any sized slot);
• A slot of a large physical size (e.g., x16) can be wired electrically with fewer lanes (e.g., x1, x4, x8, or x12) as long as it provides the ground connections required by the larger physical slot size.

In both cases, PCIe negotiates the highest mutually supported number of lanes. Many graphics cards, motherboards andBIOSversions are verified to support x1, x4, x8 and x16 connectivity on the same connection.

The width of a PCIe connector is 8.8 mm, while the height is 11.25 mm, and the length is variable. The fixed section of the connector is 11.65 mm in length and contains two rows of 11 pins each (22 pins total), while the length of the other section is variable depending on the number of lanes. The pins are spaced at 1 mm intervals, and the thickness of the card going into the connector is 1.6 mm.

Data transmission

PCIe sends all control messages, including interrupts, over the same links used for data. The serial protocol can never be blocked, so latency is still comparable to conventional PCI, which has dedicated interrupt lines. When the problem of IRQ sharing of pin based interrupts is taken into account and the fact that message signaled interrupts (MSI) can bypass an I/O APIC and be delivered to the CPU directly, MSI performance ends up being substantially better.

Data transmitted on multiple-lane links is interleaved, meaning that each successive byte is sent down successive lanes. The PCIe specification refers to this interleaving asdata striping.While requiring significant hardware complexity to synchronize (ordeskew) the incoming striped data, striping can significantly reduce the latency of then^thbyte on a link. While the lanes are not tightly synchronized, there is a limit to thelane to lane skewof 20/8/6 ns for 2.5/5/8 GT/s so the hardware buffers can re-align the striped data.Due to padding requirements, striping may not necessarily reduce the latency of small data packets on a link.

As with other high data rate serial transmission protocols, the clock isembeddedin the signal. At the physical level, PCI Express 2.0 utilizes the8b/10b encodingscheme(line code) to ensure that strings of consecutive identical digits (zeros or ones) are limited in length. This coding was used to prevent the receiver from losing track of where the bit edges are. In this coding scheme every eight (uncoded) payload bits of data are replaced with 10 (encoded) bits of transmit data, causing a 20% overhead in the electrical bandwidth. To improve the available bandwidth, PCI Express version 3.0 instead uses128b/130bencoding (1.54% overhead).Line encodinglimits the run length of identical-digit strings in data streams and ensures the receiver stays synchronised to the transmitter viaclock recovery.

A desirable balance (and thereforespectral density) of 0 and 1 bits in the data stream is achieved byXORinga knownbinary polynomialas a "scrambler"to the data stream in a feedback topology. Because the scrambling polynomial is known, the data can be recovered by applying the XOR a second time. Both the scrambling and descrambling steps are carried out in hardware.

Dual simplex in PCIe means there are two simplex channels on every PCIe lane. Simplex means communication is only possible in one direction. By having two simplex channels, two-way communication is made possible. One differential pair is used for each channel.

Data link layer

The data link layer performs three vital services for the PCIe link:

1. sequence the transaction layer packets (TLPs) that are generated by the transaction layer,
2. ensure reliable delivery of TLPs between two endpoints via an acknowledgement protocol (ACKandNAKsignaling) that explicitly requires replay of unacknowledged/bad TLPs,
3. initialize and manage flow control credits

On the transmit side, the data link layer generates an incrementing sequence number for each outgoing TLP. It serves as a unique identification tag for each transmitted TLP, and is inserted into the header of the outgoing TLP. A 32-bitcyclic redundancy checkcode (known in this context as Link CRC or LCRC) is also appended to the end of each outgoing TLP.

On the receive side, the received TLP's LCRC and sequence number are both validated in the link layer. If either the LCRC check fails (indicating a data error), or the sequence-number is out of range (non-consecutive from the last valid received TLP), then the bad TLP, as well as any TLPs received after the bad TLP, are considered invalid and discarded. The receiver sends a negative acknowledgement message (NAK) with the sequence-number of the invalid TLP, requesting re-transmission of all TLPs forward of that sequence-number. If the received TLP passes the LCRC check and has the correct sequence number, it is treated as valid. The link receiver increments the sequence-number (which tracks the last received good TLP), and forwards the valid TLP to the receiver's transaction layer. An ACK message is sent to remote transmitter, indicating the TLP was successfully received (and by extension, all TLPs with past sequence-numbers.)

If the transmitter receives a NAK message, or no acknowledgement (NAK or ACK) is received until a timeout period expires, the transmitter must retransmit all TLPs that lack a positive acknowledgement (ACK). Barring a persistent malfunction of the device or transmission medium, the link-layer presents a reliable connection to the transaction layer, since the transmission protocol ensures delivery of TLPs over an unreliable medium.

In addition to sending and receiving TLPs generated by the transaction layer, the data-link layer also generates and consumes data link layer packets (DLLPs). ACK and NAK signals are communicated via DLLPs, as are some power management messages and flow control credit information (on behalf of the transaction layer).

In practice, the number of in-flight, unacknowledged TLPs on the link is limited by two factors: the size of the transmitter's replay buffer (which must store a copy of all transmitted TLPs until the remote receiver ACKs them), and the flow control credits issued by the receiver to a transmitter. PCI Express requires all receivers to issue a minimum number of credits, to guarantee a link allows sending PCIConfig TLPs and message TLPs.

Transaction layer

PCI Express implements split transactions (transactions with request and response separated by time), allowing the link to carry other traffic while the target device gathers data for the response.

PCI Express uses credit-based flow control. In this scheme, a device advertises an initial amount of credit for each received buffer in its transaction layer. The device at the opposite end of the link, when sending transactions to this device, counts the number of credits each TLP consumes from its account. The sending device may only transmit a TLP when doing so does not make its consumed credit count exceed its credit limit. When the receiving device finishes processing the TLP from its buffer, it signals a return of credits to the sending device, which increases the credit limit by the restored amount. The credit counters are modular counters, and the comparison of consumed credits to credit limit requiresmodular arithmetic.The advantage of this scheme (compared to other methods such as wait states or handshake-based transfer protocols) is that the latency of credit return does not affect performance, provided that the credit limit is not encountered. This assumption is generally met if each device is designed with adequate buffer sizes.

PCIe 1.x is often quoted to support a data rate of 250 MB/s in each direction, per lane. This figure is a calculation from the physical signaling rate (2.5gigabaud) divided by the encoding overhead (10 bits per byte). This means a sixteen lane (x16) PCIe card would then be theoretically capable of 16x250 MB/s = 4 GB/s in each direction. While this is correct in terms of data bytes, more meaningful calculations are based on the usable data payload rate, which depends on the profile of the traffic, which is a function of the high-level (software) application and intermediate protocol levels.

Like other high data rate serial interconnect systems, PCIe has a protocol and processing overhead due to the additional transfer robustness (CRC and acknowledgements). Long continuous unidirectional transfers (such as those typical in high-performance storage controllers) can approach >95% of PCIe's raw (lane) data rate. These transfers also benefit the most from increased number of lanes (x2, x4, etc.) But in more typical applications (such as aUSBorEthernetcontroller), the traffic profile is characterized as short data packets with frequent enforced acknowledgements.This type of traffic reduces the efficiency of the link, due to overhead from packet parsing and forced interrupts (either in the device's host interface or the PC's CPU). Being a protocol for devices connected to the sameprinted circuit board,it does not require the same tolerance for transmission errors as a protocol for communication over longer distances, and thus, this loss of efficiency is not particular to PCIe.

Efficiency of the link

As for any network-like communication links, some of the raw bandwidth is consumed by protocol overhead:

A PCIe 1.x lane for example offers a data rate on top of the physical layer of 250 MB/s (simplex). This is not the payload bandwidth but the physical layer bandwidth – a PCIe lane has to carry additional information for full functionality.

Gen 2 Transaction Layer Packet

Layer	PHY	Data Link Layer	Transaction			Data Link Layer	PHY
Data	Start	Sequence	Header	Payload	ECRC	LCRC	End
Size (Bytes)	1	2	12 or 16	0 to 4096	4 (optional)	4	1

The Gen2 overhead is then 20, 24, or 28 bytes per transaction.

Gen 3 Transaction Layer Packet

Layer	PHY	Data Link Layer	Transaction Layer			Data Link Layer
Data	Start	Sequence	Header	Payload	ECRC	LCRC
Size (Bytes)	4	2	12 or 16	0 to 4096	4 (optional)	4

The Gen3 overhead is then 22, 26 or 30 bytes per transaction.

The${\text{Packet Efficiency}}={\frac {\text{Payload}}{{\text{Payload}}+{\text{Overhead}}}}$for a 128 byte payload is 86%, and 98% for a 1024 byte payload. For small accesses like register settings (4 bytes), the efficiency drops as low as 16%.

The maximum payload size (MPS) is set on all devices based on smallest maximum on any device in the chain. If one device has an MPS of 128 bytes,alldevices of the tree must set their MPS to 128 bytes. In this case the bus will have a peak efficiency of 86% for writes.

Applications

AsusNvidia GeForce GTX 650 Ti, a PCI Express 3.0 x16 graphics card

TheNvidiaGeForce GTX 1070, a PCI Express 3.0 x16 Graphics card

Intel82574L Gigabit EthernetNIC,a PCI Express x1 card

AMarvell-basedSATA 3.0controller, as a PCI Express x1 card

PCI Express operates in consumer, server, and industrial applications, as a motherboard-level interconnect (to link motherboard-mounted peripherals), a passive backplane interconnect and as anexpansion cardinterface for add-in boards.

In virtually all modern (as of 2012) PCs, from consumer laptops and desktops to enterprise data servers, the PCIe bus serves as the primary motherboard-level interconnect, connecting the host system-processor with both integrated peripherals (surface-mounted ICs) and add-on peripherals (expansion cards). In most of these systems, the PCIe bus co-exists with one or more legacy PCI buses, for backward compatibility with the large body of legacy PCI peripherals.

As of 2013,PCI Express has replacedAGPas the default interface for graphics cards on new systems. Almost all models ofgraphics cardsreleased since 2010 byAMD(ATI) andNvidiause PCI Express. Nvidia used the high-bandwidth data transfer of PCIe for itsScalable Link Interface(SLI) technology, which allowed multiple graphics cards of the same chipset and model number to run in tandem, allowing increased performance.This interface has, since, been discontinued. AMD has also developed a multi-GPU system based on PCIe calledCrossFire.AMD, Nvidia, and Intel have released motherboard chipsets that support as many as four PCIe x16 slots, allowing tri-GPU and quad-GPU card configurations.

External GPUs

Theoretically, external PCIe could give a notebook the graphics power of a desktop, by connecting a notebook with any PCIe desktop video card (enclosed in its own external housing, with a power supply and cooling); this is possible with an ExpressCard orThunderboltinterface. An ExpressCard interface providesbit ratesof 5 Gbit/s (0.5 GB/s throughput), whereas a Thunderbolt interface provides bit rates of up to 40 Gbit/s (5 GB/s throughput).

In 2006,Nvidiadeveloped theQuadro Plexexternal PCIe family ofGPUsthat can be used for advanced graphic applications for the professional market.These video cards require a PCI Express x8 or x16 slot for the host-side card, which connects to the Plex via aVHDCIcarrying eight PCIe lanes.

In 2008, AMD announced theATI XGPtechnology, based on a proprietary cabling system that is compatible with PCIe x8 signal transmissions.This connector is available on the Fujitsu Amilo and the Acer Ferrari One notebooks. Fujitsu launched their AMILO GraphicBooster enclosure for XGP soon thereafter.Around 2010 Acer launched the Dynavivid graphics dock for XGP.

In 2010, external card hubs were introduced that can connect to a laptop or desktop through a PCI ExpressCard slot. These hubs can accept full-sized graphics cards. Examples include MSI GUS,Village Instrument's ViDock,the AsusXG Station,Bplus PE4H V3.2 adapter,as well as more improvised DIY devices.However such solutions are limited by the size (often only x1) and version of the available PCIe slot on a laptop.

The Intel Thunderbolt interface has provided a new option to connect with a PCIe card externally. Magma has released the ExpressBox 3T, which can hold up to three PCIe cards (two at x8 and one at x4).MSI also released the Thunderbolt GUS II, a PCIe chassis dedicated for video cards.Other products such as the Sonnet's Echo Expressand mLogic's mLink are Thunderbolt PCIe chassis in a smaller form factor.

In 2017, more fully featured external card hubs were introduced, such as the Razer Core, which has a full-length PCIe x16 interface.

Storage devices

AnOCZRevoDriveSSD,a full-height x4 PCI Express card

See also:SATA ExpressandNVMe

The PCI Express protocol can be used as data interface toflash memorydevices, such asmemory cardsandsolid-state drives(SSDs).

TheXQD cardis a memory card format utilizing PCI Express, developed by the CompactFlash Association, with transfer rates of up to 1 GB/s.

Many high-performance, enterprise-class SSDs are designed as PCI ExpressRAID controllercards.Before NVMe was standardized, many of these cards utilized proprietary interfaces and custom drivers to communicate with the operating system; they had much higher transfer rates (over 1 GB/s) and IOPS (over one million I/O operations per second) when compared to Serial ATA orSASdrives.For example, in 2011 OCZ and Marvell co-developed a native PCI Express solid-state drive controller for a PCI Express 3.0 x16 slot with maximum capacity of 12 TB and a performance of to 7.2 GB/s sequential transfers and up to 2.52 million IOPS in random transfers.

SATA Expresswas an interface for connecting SSDs through SATA-compatible ports, optionally providing multiple PCI Express lanes as a pure PCI Express connection to the attached storage device.M.2is a specification for internally mounted computerexpansion cardsand associated connectors, which also uses multiple PCI Express lanes.

PCI Express storage devices can implement bothAHCIlogical interface for backward compatibility, andNVM Expresslogical interface for much faster I/O operations provided by utilizing internal parallelism offered by such devices. Enterprise-class SSDs can also implementSCSI over PCI Express.

Cluster interconnect

Certaindata-centerapplications (such as largecomputer clusters) require the use of fiber-optic interconnects due to the distance limitations inherent in copper cabling. Typically, a network-oriented standard such as Ethernet orFibre Channelsuffices for these applications, but in some cases the overhead introduced byroutableprotocols is undesirable and a lower-level interconnect, such asInfiniBand,RapidIO,orNUMAlinkis needed. Local-bus standards such as PCIe andHyperTransportcan in principle be used for this purpose,but as of 2015,solutions are only available from niche vendors such asDolphin ICS,and TTTech Auto.

Competing protocols

Other communications standards based on high bandwidth serial architectures includeInfiniBand,RapidIO,HyperTransport,Intel QuickPath Interconnect,theMobile Industry Processor Interface(MIPI), andNVLink.Differences are based on the trade-offs between flexibility and extensibility vs latency and overhead. For example, making the system hot-pluggable, as with Infiniband but not PCI Express, requires that software track network topology changes.

Another example is making the packets shorter to decrease latency (as is required if a bus must operate as a memory interface). Smaller packets mean packet headers consume a higher percentage of the packet, thus decreasing the effective bandwidth. Examples of bus protocols designed for this purpose are RapidIO and HyperTransport.

PCI Express falls somewhere in the middle,targeted by design as a system interconnect (local bus) rather than a device interconnect or routed network protocol. Additionally, its design goal of software transparency constrains the protocol and raises its latency somewhat.

Delays in PCIe 4.0 implementations led to theGen-Zconsortium, the CCIX effort and an openCoherent Accelerator Processor Interface(CAPI) all being announced by the end of 2016.

On 11 March 2019, Intel presentedCompute Express Link (CXL),a new interconnect bus, based on the PCI Express 5.0 physical layer infrastructure. The initial promoters of the CXL specification included:Alibaba,Cisco,Dell EMC,Facebook,Google,HPE,Huawei,IntelandMicrosoft.

Integrators list

The PCI-SIG Integrators List lists products made by PCI-SIG member companies that have passed compliance testing. The list include switches, bridges, NICs, SSDs, etc.

See also

• Active State Power Management(ASPM)
• Peripheral Component Interconnect(PCI)
• PCI configuration space
• PCI-X(PCI Extended)
• PCI/104-Express
• PCIe/104
• Root complex
• Serial Digital Video Out(SDVO)
• List of device bit rates § Main buses
• UCIe
• Compute Express Link(CXL)

Further reading

• Budruk, Ravi; Anderson, Don; Shanley, Tom (2003), Winkles, Joseph ‘Joe’ (ed.),PCI Express System Architecture,Mind share PC system architecture, Addison-Wesley,ISBN978-0-321-15630-3,1120 pp.
• Solari, Edward; Congdon, Brad (2003),Complete PCI Express Reference: Design Implications for Hardware and Software Developers,Intel,ISBN978-0-9717861-9-6,1056 pp.
• Wilen, Adam; Schade, Justin P; Thornburg, Ron (April 2003),Introduction to PCI Express: A Hardware and Software Developer's Guide,Intel,ISBN978-0-9702846-9-3,325 pp.

External links

• Media related toPCIeat Wikimedia Commons
• PCI-SIG Specifications