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United States Marinepracticing martial arts, 2008

Martial artsare codified systems and traditions ofcombatpracticed for a number of reasons such asself-defence;militaryandlaw enforcementapplications;competition;physical, mental, and spiritual development;entertainment;and the preservation of a nation'sintangible cultural heritage.(Full article...)

Although the earliest evidence ofmartial artsgoes back millennia, the true roots are difficult to reconstruct. Inherent patterns ofhuman aggressionwhich inspire practice ofmock combat(in particularwrestling) and optimization of seriousclose combatascultural universalsare doubtlessly inherited from thepre-humanstage and were made into an "art"from theearliest emergenceof that concept. Indeed, many universals of martial art are fixed by the specifics ofhuman physiologyand not dependent on a specific tradition or era.

Specific martialtraditionsbecome identifiable inClassical Antiquity,with disciplines such asshuai jiao,Greek wrestlingor those described in theIndian epicsor theSpring and Autumn AnnalsofChina.(Full article...)

Selected articles

  • Image 1 Indian martial arts refers to the fighting systems of the Indian subcontinent. A variety of terms are used for the English phrases "Indian martial arts", deriving from ancient sources. While they may seem to imply specific disciplines (e.g. archery, armed combat), by Classical times they were used generically for all fighting systems. Among the most common terms today, śastra-vidyā, is a compound of the words śastra (weapon) and vidyā (knowledge). Dhanurveda derives from the words for bow (dhanushya) and knowledge (veda), the "science of archery" in Puranic literature, later applied to martial arts in general. The Vishnu Purana text describes dhanuveda as one of the traditional eighteen branches of "applied knowledge" or upaveda, along with shastrashāstra or military science. A later term, yuddha kalā, comes from the words yuddha meaning fight or combat and kalā meaning art or skill. The related term śastra kalā (lit. weapon art) usually refers specifically to armed disciplines. Another term, yuddha-vidyā or "combat knowledge", refers to the skills used on the battlefield, encompassing not only actual fighting but also battle formations and strategy. Martial arts are usually learnt and practiced in the traditional akharas. (Full article...)
    Indian martial artsrefers to thefighting systemsof theIndian subcontinent.A variety of terms are used for the English phrases "Indian martial arts", deriving from ancient sources. While they may seem to imply specific disciplines (e.g. archery, armed combat), by Classical times they were used generically for all fighting systems.

    Among the most common terms today,śastra-vidyā,is a compound of the wordsśastra(weapon) andvidyā(knowledge).Dhanurvedaderives from the words for bow (dhanushya) and knowledge (veda), the "science of archery" inPuranicliterature, later applied to martial arts in general. TheVishnu Puranatext describes dhanuveda as one of the traditional eighteen branches of "applied knowledge" orupaveda,along withshastrashāstraormilitary science.A later term,yuddha kalā,comes from the wordsyuddhameaning fight or combat andkalāmeaning art or skill. The related termśastra kalā(lit. weapon art) usually refers specifically to armed disciplines. Another term,yuddha-vidyāor "combat knowledge", refers to the skills used on the battlefield, encompassing not only actual fighting but also battle formations and strategy. Martial arts are usually learnt and practiced in the traditionalakharas.(Full article...)
  • Image 2 Five types of shuriken A shuriken (Japanese: 手裏剣, lit. 'hand-hidden blade') is a Japanese concealed weapon used by samurai or ninja or in martial arts as a hidden dagger or metsubushi to distract or misdirect. Shuriken are also known as throwing stars, or ninja stars, although they were originally constructed in many different shapes. The major varieties of shuriken are the bō shuriken (棒手裏剣, stick shuriken) and the hira shuriken (平手裏剣, flat shuriken) or shaken (車剣, wheel shuriken, also read as kurumaken). (Full article...)
    Five types of shuriken

    Ashuriken(Japanese:Thủ lí kiếm,lit. 'hand-hidden blade')is a Japaneseconcealed weaponused bysamuraiorninjaor inmartial artsas a hiddendaggerormetsubushito distract or misdirect.

    Shuriken are also known asthrowing stars,orninja stars,although they were originally constructed in many different shapes. The major varieties of shuriken are thebō shuriken(Bổng thủ lí kiếm,stick shuriken)and thehira shuriken(Bình thủ lí kiếm,flat shuriken)orshaken(Xa kiếm,wheel shuriken, also read askurumaken).(Full article...)
  • Image 3 Two kendōka, opponents, in the 2015 European Championships Kendo (剣道, Kendō, lit. 'sword way', 'sword path' or 'way of the sword') is a modern Japanese martial art, descended from kenjutsu (one of the old Japanese martial arts, swordsmanship), that uses bamboo swords (shinai) as well as protective armor (bōgu). It began as samurai warriors' customary swordsmanship exercises, and today it is widely practiced within Japan and has spread to many other nations across the world. (Full article...)

    Twokendōka,opponents, in the2015 European Championships
    Kendo(Kiếm đạo,Kendō,lit.'sword way', 'sword path' or 'way of the sword')is amodern Japanese martial art,descended fromkenjutsu(one of the oldJapanese martial arts,swordsmanship), that uses bamboo swords (shinai) as well as protective armor (bōgu). It began as samurai warriors' customary swordsmanship exercises, and today it is widely practiced within Japan and has spread to many other nations across the world. (Full article...)
  • Image 4 The Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) is an American mixed martial arts (MMA) promotion company based in Las Vegas, Nevada. It is owned and operated by TKO Group Holdings, a majority owned subsidiary of Endeavor Group Holdings. It is the largest MMA promotion in the world as of 2023. It produces events worldwide that showcase 11 weight divisions (eight men's and three women's) and abides by the Unified Rules of Mixed Martial Arts. , it had held over 600 events. Dana White has been its president since 2001 and CEO since 2023. Under White's stewardship, it has grown into a global multi-billion-dollar enterprise. The UFC was founded by businessman Art Davie and Brazilian martial artist Rorion Gracie, and the first event was held in 1993 at the McNichols Sports Arena in Denver, Colorado. The purpose of the UFC's early competitions was to identify the most effective martial art in a contest with minimal rules and no weight classes between competitors of different fighting disciplines. In subsequent events, more rigorous rules were created and fighters began adopting effective techniques from more than one discipline, which indirectly helped create a separate style of fighting known as present-day mixed martial arts. (Full article...)
    TheUltimate Fighting Championship(UFC) is an Americanmixed martial arts(MMA)promotion companybased inLas Vegas,Nevada. It is owned and operated byTKO Group Holdings,a majority owned subsidiary ofEndeavor Group Holdings.It is the largest MMA promotion in the world as of 2023. It produces events worldwide that showcase 11weight divisions(eight men's and three women's) and abides by theUnified Rules of Mixed Martial Arts.,it had heldover 600 events.Dana Whitehas been its president since 2001 and CEO since 2023. Under White's stewardship, it has grown into a global multi-billion-dollar enterprise.

    The UFC was founded by businessmanArt Davieand Brazilian martial artistRorion Gracie,and thefirst eventwas held in 1993 at theMcNichols Sports ArenainDenver,Colorado. The purpose of the UFC's early competitions was to identify the most effectivemartial artin a contest with minimal rules and no weight classes between competitors of different fighting disciplines. In subsequent events, more rigorous rules were created and fighters began adopting effective techniques from more than one discipline, which indirectly helped create a separate style of fighting known as present-day mixed martial arts. (Full article...)
  • Image 5 Kyuzo Mifune (left) and Kanō Jigorō (right) Judo (Japanese: 柔道, Hepburn: Jūdō, lit. 'gentle way') is an unarmed modern Japanese martial art, combat sport, Olympic sport (since 1964), and the most prominent form of jacket wrestling competed internationally. Judo was created in 1882 by Kanō Jigorō (嘉納 治五郎) as an eclectic martial art, distinguishing itself from its predecessors (primarily Tenjin Shinyo-ryu jujutsu and Kitō-ryū jujutsu) due to an emphasis on "randori" (乱取り, lit. 'free sparring') instead of kata (形, kata, pre-arranged forms) alongside its removal of striking and weapon training elements. Judo rose to prominence for its dominance over established jujutsu schools in tournaments hosted by the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department (警視庁武術大会, Keishicho Bujutsu Taikai), resulting in its adoption as the department's primary martial art. A judo practitioner is called a "judoka" (柔道家, jūdōka, lit. 'judo performer'), and the judo uniform is called "judogi" (柔道着, jūdōgi, lit. 'judo attire'). The objective of competitive judo is to throw an opponent, immobilize them with a pin, or force an opponent to submit with a joint lock or a choke. While strikes and use of weapons are included in some pre-arranged forms (kata), they are not frequently trained and are illegal in judo competition or free practice. Judo's international governing body is the International Judo Federation, and competitors compete in the international IJF professional circuit. (Full article...)

    Kyuzo Mifune(left) andKanō Jigorō(right)
    Judo(Japanese:Nhu đạo,Hepburn:Jūdō,lit. 'gentle way')is an unarmedmodern Japanese martial art,combat sport,Olympic sport (since 1964), and the most prominent form ofjacket wrestlingcompeted internationally. Judo was created in 1882 byKanō Jigorō(Gia nạp trị ngũ lang) as an eclectic martial art, distinguishing itself from its predecessors (primarilyTenjin Shinyo-ryujujutsu andKitō-ryūjujutsu) due to an emphasis on "randori"(Loạn thủ り,lit. 'free sparring') instead ofkata(Hình,kata,pre-arranged forms)alongside its removal of striking and weapon training elements. Judo rose to prominence for its dominance overestablished jujutsu schoolsin tournaments hosted by theTokyo Metropolitan Police Department( cảnh thị sảnh võ thuật đại hội,Keishicho Bujutsu Taikai), resulting in its adoption as the department's primary martial art. A judo practitioner is called a "judoka"(Nhu đạo gia,jūdōka,lit. 'judo performer'),and the judo uniform is called "judogi"(Nhu đạo trứ,jūdōgi,lit. 'judo attire').

    The objective of competitive judo is tothrowan opponent, immobilize them with apin,or force an opponent to submit with ajoint lockor achoke.Whilestrikesand use of weapons are included in some pre-arranged forms (kata), they are not frequently trained and are illegal in judo competition or free practice. Judo's international governing body is theInternational Judo Federation,and competitors compete in the international IJF professional circuit. (Full article...)
  • Image 6 Family crest of the Takeda clan. Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu (大東流 合気柔術), originally called Daitō-ryū Jujutsu (大東流柔術, Daitō-ryū Jūjutsu), is a Japanese martial art that first became widely known in the early 20th century under the headmastership of Takeda Sōkaku. Takeda had extensive training in several martial arts (including Kashima Shinden Jikishinkage-ryū and Sumo) and referred to the style he taught as "Daitō-ryū" (literally, "Great Eastern School"). Although the school's traditions claim to extend back centuries in Japanese history there are no known extant records regarding the ryū before Takeda. Whether Takeda is regarded as either the restorer or the founder of the art, the known history of Daitō-ryū begins with him. Takeda's best-known student was Morihei Ueshiba, the founder of Aikido. (Full article...)

    Family crestof theTakeda clan.
    Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu(Đại đông lưu hợp khí nhu thuật),originally calledDaitō-ryūJujutsu(Đại đông lưu nhu thuật,Daitō-ryū Jūjutsu),is aJapanese martial artthat first became widely known in the early 20th century under theheadmastershipofTakeda Sōkaku.Takeda had extensive training in several martial arts (includingKashima Shinden Jikishinkage-ryūandSumo) and referred to the style he taught as "Daitō-ryū" (literally, "Great Eastern School" ). Although the school's traditions claim to extend back centuries in Japanese history there are no known extant records regarding theryūbefore Takeda. Whether Takeda is regarded as either the restorer or the founder of the art, the known history of Daitō-ryū begins with him. Takeda's best-known student wasMorihei Ueshiba,the founder ofAikido.(Full article...)
  • Image 7 Capoeira or the Dance of War by Johann Moritz Rugendas, 1825, published in 1835 Capoeira (Portuguese pronunciation: [kapuˈe(j)ɾɐ]) is an Afro-Brazilian martial art and game that includes elements of dance, acrobatics, music and spirituality. It is known for its acrobatic and complex maneuvers, often involving hands on the ground and inverted kicks. It emphasizes flowing movements rather than fixed stances; the ginga, a rocking step, is usually the focal point of the technique. Though often said to be a martial art disguised as a dance, capoeira served not only as a form of self defense, but also as a way to maintain spirituality and culture. (Full article...)

    Capoeira or the Dance of WarbyJohann Moritz Rugendas,1825, published in 1835

    Capoeira(Portuguese pronunciation:[kapuˈe(j)ɾɐ]) is anAfro-Brazilianmartial artandgamethat includes elements of dance,acrobatics,musicand spirituality.

    It is known for its acrobatic and complex maneuvers, often involving hands on the ground and inverted kicks. It emphasizes flowing movements rather than fixed stances; theginga,a rocking step, is usually the focal point of the technique. Though often said to be a martial art disguised as a dance, capoeira served not only as a form of self defense, but also as a way to maintain spirituality and culture. (Full article...)
  • Image 8 Savate (French pronunciation: [savat]), also known as French boxing (boxe Française), is a French kickboxing combat sport that uses the hands and feet as weapons combining elements of English boxing with kicking techniques. Only foot kicks are allowed, unlike some systems such as Southeast Asian boxing or kickboxing, which allow the use of the knees or shins, but it allows strikes in any part of the body. (Full article...)

    Savate(French pronunciation:[savat]), also known asFrench boxing(boxe Française), is a Frenchkickboxingcombat sportthat uses the hands and feet as weapons combining elements of Englishboxingwithkickingtechniques.

    Only foot kicks are allowed, unlike some systems such asSoutheast Asian boxingorkickboxing,which allow the use of the knees orshins,but it allows strikes in any part of the body. (Full article...)
  • Image 9 Jujutsu training at an agricultural school in Japan around 1920 Jujutsu (/dʒuːˈdʒɪtsuː/ joo-JIT-sue; Japanese: 柔術 jūjutsu, pronounced [dʑɯꜜːʑɯtsɯ] ⓘ), also known as jiu-jitsu and ju-jitsu, is a family of Japanese martial arts and a system of close combat (unarmed or with a minor weapon) that can be used in a defensive or offensive manner to kill or subdue one or more weaponless or armed and armored opponents. It was coined by Hisamori Tenenuchi when he officially established the first school of jiu-jitsu in Japan. A subset of techniques from certain styles of jujutsu were used to develop many modern martial arts and combat sports, such as judo, aikido, sambo, ARB, Brazilian jiu-jitsu, and mixed martial arts. (Full article...)

    Jujutsu training at an agricultural school in Japan around 1920

    Jujutsu(/dʒuːˈdʒɪtsuː/joo-JIT-sue;Japanese:Nhu thuậtjūjutsu,pronounced[dʑɯꜜːʑɯtsɯ]ⓘ), also known asjiu-jitsuandju-jitsu,is a family ofJapanese martial artsand a system of close combat (unarmed or with a minor weapon) that can be used in a defensive or offensive manner to kill or subdue one or more weaponless or armed and armored opponents. It was coined by Hisamori Tenenuchi when he officially established the first school of jiu-jitsu in Japan. Asubsetof techniques from certain styles of jujutsu were used to develop many modernmartial artsandcombat sports,such asjudo,aikido,sambo,ARB,Brazilian jiu-jitsu,andmixed martial arts.(Full article...)
  • Image 10 Historically, Chinese swords are classified into two types, the jian and the dao. A Jian is a straight, double-edged sword mainly used for stabbing, and has been commonly translated into the English language as a longsword; while a dao is a single-edged sword (mostly curved from the Song dynasty forward) mainly used for cutting, and has been translated as a saber or a "knife". Bronze jians appeared during the Western Zhou period, and switched to the more durable wrought iron and steel during the late Warring States period. In modern times, the ceremonial commissioned officer's sword of the Chinese navy has been patterned after the traditional jian since 2008. Besides specialty weapons like the butterfly dao, Chinese swords are usually 70–110 cm (28–43 in) in length. However, longer swords have been found on occasion. (Full article...)

    Historically,Chinese swordsare classified into two types, thejianand thedao.AJianis a straight, double-edged sword mainly used forstabbing,and has been commonly translated into theEnglish languageas alongsword;while adaois a single-edged sword (mostly curved from theSong dynastyforward) mainly used forcutting,and has been translated as asaberor a "knife".

    Bronzejians appeared during theWestern Zhouperiod, and switched to the more durablewrought ironandsteelduring the lateWarring States period.In modern times, the ceremonialcommissioned officer's swordof theChinese navyhas been patterned after the traditionaljiansince 2008. Besides specialty weapons like thebutterflydao,Chinese swords are usually 70–110 cm (28–43 in) in length. However, longer swords have been found on occasion. (Full article...)
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Selected biography

Jigoro Kano circa 1937
Kanō Jigorō(Gia nạp trị ngũ lang,10 December 1860 – 4 May 1938)was a Japanese educator, athlete, and the founder ofjudo.Along withju-jutsu,judo was one of the firstJapanese martial artsto gain widespread international recognition, and the first to become an officialOlympic sport.Pedagogicalinnovations attributed to Kanō include the use ofblack and white belts,and the introduction ofdan rankingto show the relative ranking among members of a martial art style. Well-known mottoes attributed to Kanō include "maximum efficiency minimal effort"(Tinh lực thiện dụng,seiryoku zen'yō)and "mutual welfare and benefit"(Tự tha cộng vinh,jita kyōei).

In his professional life, Kanō was aneducator.Important postings included serving as director ofprimary educationfor theMinistry of Education(Văn bộ tỉnh,Monbushō)from 1898 to 1901, and as president of Tokyo Higher Normal School from 1900 until 1920. He was the educational founder ofNada High Schoolin Kobe, Japan. He played a key role in making judo andkendopart of the Japanese public school programs of the 1910s. (Full article...)


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Selected entertainment

Mary Komis a 2014 Indian Hindi-languagebiographicalsportsfilm based on the life of the eponymous boxerMary Kom,directed byOmung Kumarand produced byViacom18 Motion PicturesandSanjay Leela Bhansali.The film starsPriyanka Choprain the lead role, with newcomerDarshan KumarandSunil Thapain the supporting roles of her husband and mentor, respectively, and depicts Kom's journey from becoming a boxer to her victory at the2008 World Boxing ChampionshipsinNingbo.The film marks the Hindiplayback singingdebut of Chopra, who provided her vocals for a song named "Chaoro" (aMeiteilonlullaby).

Mary Komwas developed by the writerSaiwyn Quadras,who suggested the storyline to Kumar when Kom was not a familiar name in India despite hernumerous achievements.Kumar met Kom to ask her permission for the film, before her bronze medal victory at the2012 Summer Olympics,which brought her recognition. Chopra underwent extensive physical training for four months to attain a muscular physique and learned the sport and Kom's distinct boxing style.Principal photographystarted in June 2013 atFilmistan,where the boxing sequences were filmed. After plans to shoot in Kom's hometown,Manipur,were dropped due to safety concerns,Mary Komwas shot inDharamshalaandManali,where a major portion of Manipur was recreated.

The film premiered at the2014 Toronto International Film Festival,becoming the first Hindi film to be screened on the opening night of the festival. Made on a budget of₹38 crore(US$4.6 million),Mary Komwas released on 5 September 2014 to generally positive reviews with praise for Chopra's performance. Upon its release, the film recorded the highest opening weekend of all time for afemale-ledIndian film. The film was a box office success, grossing₹86.19 crore(US$10 million) at the box office.Mary Komis also ranked among the highest-grossing Indian films led by a female actor.

Mary Komreceivedseveral accoladesat award ceremonies across India. The film won theNational Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainmentand was nominated for theFilmfare Award for Best FilmandBest Actressfor Chopra. Additionally, Chopra won theScreen Awardand theProducers Guild Film Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role.


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Credit:Pierre-Yves Beaudouin

Since the 1970s, there has been a revival of traditional or reconstructed methods ofswordsmanship( kiếm thuậtgeom sul,or kiếm phápgeom beop) based on theKorean swordin theRepublic of Korea(KoreanBon Kuk GeomBeop본국검법 "National Sword Methods" ), supplementing the practice ofKumdo(the Korean adoption of modern JapaneseKendo). There are historical sources on which such reconstructions are based, dating to the 17th and 18th centuries, notably theMuyejebo( “Martial Arts Illustrations” ) of 1610, its 1759 revisionMuyeshinbo,supplemented with 12 additional fighting methods byPrince Sadowho originated the termSip Pal Ki( “Eighteen Fighting Methods” ), and the renewed revision of 1790,Muyedobotongji.(Full article...)


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The ultimate aim of martial arts is not having to use them.


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