Wikipedia

Quadruple jump

Aquadruple jumporquadis afigure skating jumpwith at least four (but fewer than five) revolutions.[1]All quadruple jumps have four revolutions, except for the quadrupleAxel,which has four and a half revolutions. The quadrupletoe loopand quadrupleSalchoware the two most commonly performed quads. Quadruple jumps have become increasingly common amongWorldandOlympiclevel men's single skaters, to the point that not performing a quad in a program has come to be seen as a severe handicap.[2][3]This phenomenon is often referred to as the "quad revolution".[4]Since 2018, quadruple jumps have also become an increasingly common feature of women's skating, although they are not allowed under the International Skating Union ( "ISU" ) rules in the ladies' short program.[4][5]The first person to land a ratified quadruple jump in competition was CanadianKurt Browningin 1988. Japanese skaterMiki Andobecame the first female to do so, in 2002.

American skaterNathan Chenperforming a quad jump during hisfree skateat the 2018Internationaux de France.

History of firsts

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Men

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The following table lists the first recorded quadruple jumps by male skaters in men'ssinglescompetition. Only successfully ratified jumps landed in an ISU sanctioned event, or officially recognized by the ISU count toward these records.

Abbr. Jump Skater Nation Event Ref.
4T Quadruple toe loop Kurt Browning Canada 1988 World Championships [6][7][8]
4S Quadruple Salchow Timothy Goebel United States 1998 Junior Grand Prix Final [9]
4Lo Quadruple loop Yuzuru Hanyu Japan 2016 Autumn Classic International [10]
4F Quadruple flip Shoma Uno Japan 2016 Team Challenge Cup [11]
4Lz Quadruple Lutz Brandon Mroz United States 2011 Colorado Springs Invitational [12]
4A Quadruple Axel Ilia Malinin United States 2022 CS U.S. International Classic [13]

Soviet skaterAlexandre Fadeevwas the first skater to attempt a quadruple jump (a quadrupletoe loop) in competition, at the1984 Winter OlympicsinSarajevo,but it was not officially recognized by the ISU because of a flawed landing.[14]

Canadian skaterKurt Browning(right), the first skater to land a quadruple jump in competition, pictured in 1989.

On March 25, 1988, at the1988 World Championshipsin Budapest, Hungary, Canadian skaterKurt Browninglanded the first ratified quadruple jump (a quadruple toe loop) in competition (with three turns on the landing).[6][7][8]Browning said: "I remember that there were a few people landing the jump (in practice) long before I did, and by watching them I was inspired to try it myself. After landing it, I certainly expected more skaters to start doing it in competition. I was surprised in the next few years when that really did not happen."[6]

At the1994 Winter Olympicsin Lillehammer, Norway, Chinese skaterZhang Minlanded the first clean quadruple (a quadruple toe loop) in Olympic competition.[citation needed]

On March 7, 1998, at the1997–98 Junior Grand Prix Finalin Lausanne, Switzerland, American skaterTimothy Goebellanded the first ratified quadrupleSalchowin combination with a double toe loop.[9][15]

On September 16, 2011, in the short program at the Colorado Springs Invitational, American skaterBrandon Mrozlanded the first ratified quadrupleLutzin a sanctioned competition.[16][17][18][19][12]On November 12, he landed a ratified quadruple Lutz at theNHK Trophy,becoming the first skater to successfully land a quadruple Lutz in international competition.[20]

On April 22, 2016, in the short program at theTeam Challenge Cupin Spokane, United States, Japanese skaterShoma Unolanded the first ratified quadrupleflipin competition.[11]

On September 30, 2016, in the short program at theAutumn Classic Internationalin Montreal, Canada, Japanese skaterYuzuru Hanyulanded the first ratified quadrupleloopin competition.[10]

The first quadruple Axel attempt was by Russian skaterArtur Dmitriev Jr.at the2018 Rostelecom Cup.He landed forward and fell, receiving both a downgrade and fall deduction.[21]Yuzuru Hanyu also attempted a quadruple Axel during the 2021–22 Japan Figure Skating Championships, although it was downgraded to a triple Axel with a two-footed landing.[22]At the 2022 Winter Olympics, Hanyu’s quadruple Axel attempt received deductions for an under-rotation and a fall[23]but was the first attempt in competition that was not downgraded to a triple Axel.[24]On September 14, 2022, in the free skate at the2022 CS U.S. International Figure Skating Classic,American skaterIlia Malininlanded the first successful quadruple Axel in competition.[13]As of May 2024, he is the only skater to successfully land the jump in competition.

Malinin is also the first skater to have successfully landed all six types of quadruple jumps in international competition,[25]as well as the first skater to land six quadruple jumps with positive grades of execution in a single free skate at an international competition. This feat was accomplished at the2024 World Figure Skating Championships in Montreal[26]

No quadruple-quadruple combination (quadruple jumps followed by quadruple loop or toe loop) or sequences (quadruple jumps followed by any quadruple jumps except for quadruple loop or toe loop) have yet been ratified. However, other quadruple combinations have been performed. Canada'sElvis Stojkolanded the first quadruple jump in combination (a quadruple toe loop-double toe loop) at the1991 World Championships.[27]Stojko also landed the first quadruple-triple combination (a quadruple toe loop-triple toe loop) at the1997–98 Champions Series Finalin December 1997.[28]Russian skaterEvgeni Plushenkoperformed the world's first quadruple-triple-double combination (a quadruple toe loop-triple toe loop-double loop) at the1999 NHK Trophy.[15]Plushenko also landed the first quadruple-triple-triple combination (a quadruple toe loop-triple toe loop-triple loop) in competition at the2002 Cup of Russia.[15]Yuzuru Hanyu landed the first quadruple-triple sequence (a quadruple toe loop-triple Axel) at the2018 Grand Prix of Helsinki.[29]

Women

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The following table lists the first recorded quadruple jumps by female skaters in women's singles competition. Only successfully ratified jumps landed in an ISU sanctioned event or officially recognized by the ISU count towards these records.

Abbr. Jump Skater Nation Event Ref.
4T Quadruple toe loop Alexandra Trusova Russia 2018 World Junior Championships [30]
4S Quadruple Salchow Miki Ando Japan 2002 Junior Grand Prix Final [31]
4Lo Quadruple loop None ratified
4F Quadruple flip Alexandra Trusova Russia 2019 Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final [32]
4Lz Quadruple Lutz 2018 JGP Armenia [33]
4A Quadruple Axel None performed

French skaterSurya Bonalywas the first female skater to attempt a quadruple jump in competition. She attempted a quad toe loop and a quad Salchow at the1990 European Championships,however the jumps were not ratified. She attempted quad jumps at four more competitions (including the1992 Winter Olympics[34]), the final being the1996 World Championships,but all were unsuccessful.

Japanese skaterMiki Ando,first female skater to land a quad in competition, pictured at the2009 World Championships.

On December 14, 2002, Japanese skaterMiki Andobecame the first female skater to land a ratified quadruple jump (a Salchow) in her free skate at the2002 Junior Grand Prix Finalin The Hague, Netherlands.[31]

On March 10, 2018, in the free skate at theWorld Junior Figure Skating Championshipsin Sofia, Bulgaria, Russian skaterAlexandra Trusovabecame the first female skater to land a ratified quadruple toe loop in competition.[30]She also became the first female skater to successfully land two quads in one free skate.

Russian skaterAlexandra Trusovawas the first female skater to land a quadruple jump in combination (a quad toe loop-triple toe loop), at theISU Junior Grand Prix in Lithuaniain September 2018.[citation needed]

The first ratified quadruple Lutz was landed by Russian skaterAnna Shcherbakovain a domestic event in October 2018.[15]On October 12, 2018, in the free skate at theJunior Grand Prixin Yerevan, Armenia,Alexandra Trusovalanded the first ratified quadruple Lutz in international competition, becoming the first woman to land the jump.[15]

On December 7, 2019, in the free skate at theGrand Prix Finalin Torino, Italy,Alexandra Trusovalanded the first ratified quadruple flip in competition.[32]

In November 2021, Russian skaterAdeliia Petrosianbecame the first female skater to attempt a quad loop in domestic competition, at the5th stage of Russian Cupqualifier, in combination with a double toe loop.[35]She landed the quad loop with a "q" call (underrotated) and tried a second quad loop but fell. At the domestic2022 Russian National Championshipson the senior level in December 2021, Petrosian landed two clean quad loops (one in combination).[36]

The first female skater to land a quadruple jump in Olympic competition was during the2022 Winter Olympics,this achievement, originally, went toKamila Valievaof theRussian Olympic Committeein theteam event women’s free skate.However, she was later disqualified followinga doping violationfrom earlier in the season, thus her achievement nullified. The achievement then was given toAlexandra Trusovaof the Russian Olympic Committee where she jumped 5 quadruple jumps during thewomen’s free skate.Anna Shcherbakova,also of Russian Olympic Committee landed quadruple jumps in the women's singles free skate as well.[34][37]At 2022 Winter Olympics,Anna Shcherbakovabecame the first woman (and the only woman as of December 2023) to land a quad flip in combination with a triple jump (triple toeloop), also the first woman to land two quad flip jumps in one program.[38]

As of 2023,no female skater has attempted a quadruple Axel in competition.

Pairs

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Pairs
Abbr. Jump Skaters Nation Event Ref.
4TW Quad twist lift Marina CherkasovaandSergei Shakrai Russia 1977 European Championships [39]
4TTh Throw quad toe loop None ratified [40]
4STh Throw quad Salchow Tiffany ViseandDerek Trent United States 2007 Trophée Eric Bompard [41]
4LoTh Throw quad loop None ratified [40]
4FTh Throw quad flip None performed
4LzTh Throw quad Lutz None ratified [40]

Inpair skatingcompetition, Russian skatersMarina CherkasovaandSergei Shakraiperformed the first ever quadrupletwist liftin competition during their free skate at the1977 European Championships.[39]

At the2002 Winter OlympicsinSalt Lake City,Utah,United States, Chinese pairs skatersShen XueandZhao Hongbobecame the first skaters to attempt athrowquadruple jump (a throw quad Salchow). She landed, then fell, and the jump was not ratified.[citation needed]On November 17, 2007, in the free skate at theTrophée Eric Bompardcompetition in Paris, France, American pairs skatersTiffany ViseandDerek Trentlanded the first ratified throw quadruple jump (a quad Salchow).[41]At the2018 Winter OlympicsinPyeongchang,South Korea, Canadian pairs skatersMeagan DuhamelandEric Radfordcompleted the first throw quadruple Salchow in Olympic competition.[42][43][44]

In 2004, Chinese pairs skatersDing YangandRen Zhongfeiattempted a throw quadruple toe loop at the Four Continents Championships; the landing was two-footed.

In 2015, Russian pairs skatersYuko KavagutiandAlexander Smirnov,at a domestic competition (1st stage of 2015 SPB Cup) became the first skaters to attempt a throw quadruple loop. The landing was two-footed, then she fell.[45]Later in 2015, Kavaguti and Smirnov performed a throw quadruple loop at the2015 Cup of China,although the landing was two-footed.[46]

Also in 2015, Canadian pairs skatersMeagan DuhamelandEric Radford,at a domestic competition (2015 Souvenir Georges-Ethier), attempted the first throw quadruple Lutz, but she fell.[citation needed]

Scoring

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The quad jump is currently the highest scoring single element in the skater's program short of performing combinations. The higher scoring for more difficult elements was put in place by the introduction of theISU Judging Systemin 2004. Before then, the technical scores for each skater were capped at 6.0.[47]The current ISU scoring for quad jumps in base values is listed below.

Base values for quad jumps[48]
Abbr. Jump Base value
4T Quad toe loop 9.5
4S Quad Salchow 9.7
4Lo Quad loop 10.5
4F Quad flip 11
4Lz Quad Lutz 11.5
4A Quad Axel 12.5

Execution

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All quadruple jumps have four revolutions, except for the quadrupleAxel,which has four and a half revolutions.[49]

A jump harness is often employed in training quads.[50]Quads require an average rotational frequency of around 340 rpm, with the peak rotational frequency usually exceeding 400 rpm.[51]The optimum height is estimated to be around 51 cm (20 in);[52]however, most skaters rarely go above 46 cm (18 in). This is partly because of the heaviness of the skates and partly because skaters have to maintain the balance between the energy put into the jump versus the energy put into the rotation.[51]The height of a quad can be between five percent and eight percent higher than a triple jump. If skaters cannot achieve the necessary height, they must spin faster to compensate.[53]Efficient body contraction is also important due to conservation ofangular momentum.[52]According to Deborah King, a professor of exercise and sports sciences atIthaca College,quads have a slightly higher angular momentum than lower difficulty jumps, but the major difference is in how skaters control themoment of inertia.[54]

Skaters usually begin rotating the jump as soon as they leave the ice,[4]but generally have less than two-thirds of a second to complete their rotation.[51]However, some skaters begin rotating their jumps before they leave the ice, which is known as pre-rotation. This technique is reliant on the skater being physically small and puts added strain on the back, thereby increasing the risk of injury. It is particularly favoured by Russian women skaters but usually fails post-puberty.[55][56]Despite being considered an example of flawed technique, it is not currently penalised by the technical panel.[57]

Greater understanding of successful jump technique has developed over time. Kurt Browning, the first skater to land a ratified quad in competition, has said that when training the jump, "we really just jumped as high as we could and pulled in as hard as we could and hoped for the best."[58]The smallest error may make the difference in the success of a quad attempt.Max Aaronhas stated that "The minute your left arm is behind you, or your three-turn is too fast, if your hips don't turn in time, if your foot isn't in the right place, anything will throw you off."[50]Research indicates that changes in arm position of even three or four degrees can significantly affect the rotational speed.[54]According toRoss Miner,the quality of the ice can also affect the success of the jump, especially for the quad Salchow.[50]

Controversy

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Performing quads, whether in practice or competition, increases the risk of injury as well as the level of wear and tear on a skater's body.[50]According to Aaron, "the force of a quadruple is huge", and practicing them means "you're going to fall a lot and take a beating".[50]There is a lack of research into the impact of quads on the joints, but the repetitive nature of jump training and the fact that skaters always land on the same foot means that skaters are at risk of developing microfractures that can become more serious with time. Because of this, some coaches try to limit the number of jump repetitions skaters do in practice.[52]

Concerns have been raised about the long-term impact of quads on the bodies of young skaters, especially girls. As of 2023,Elizabet TursynbaevaofKazakhstanandRion SumiyoshiofJapanare the only female skaters over the age of 18 to ever land a quad in competition.[55]The figure skating community remains divided about the sustainability of such jumps for women past puberty.Rafael Arutyunyan,coach of skaters such asNathan ChenandAshley Wagner,has questioned, "Will they still land these jumps at age 18 or 19? They are doing these jumps with bodies that have not developed yet, with bones that are still growing. What will they be at age 40? Will they all need new hips?"[4]His concern has been echoed by fellow coach Linda Leaver, who predicts that "it will be extremely rare for a female skater to be able to do multiple quadruple jumps past puberty". She added, "I also think careers for men will be shorter because of the stress on backs, knees, and ankles, and the body type will be more of a determinate in who can dominate the sport."[5]

The observation that pre-pubescent girls, especially, have an advantage when it comes to quads was one of the stated reasons for the original introduction in 2018 of the proposal to increase the senior category age limit in figure skating to 17. "Younger skaters are able to show more difficult elements until they are fully matured. Therefore we are currently losing Seniors [sic] skaters who are afraid they cannot compete with these younger skaters in Senior Events. "[59]This reason was also given by some who responded to the survey conducted by theISUasking whether the minimum age should be increased,[60]and was listed as a reason for the increase in the ISU FAQ on the subject.[61]

See also

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References

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Further reading

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