Wikipedia

Saxony

This article is about the modern federal state in Germany. For other uses, seeSaxony (disambiguation).
"Sachsen" redirects here. For various ships, seeSachsen(ship).For the German naval class, seeSachsen-class frigate.

Saxony,[a]officially theFree State of Saxony,[b]is a landlockedstate of Germany,bordering the states ofBrandenburg,Saxony-Anhalt,Thuringia,andBavaria,as well as the countries ofPolandand theCzech Republic.Its capital isDresden,and its largest city isLeipzig.Saxony is thetenth largestof Germany's sixteen states, with an area of 18,413 square kilometres (7,109 sq mi), and thesixth most populous,with more than 4 million inhabitants.

Free State of Saxony
Freistaat Sachsen(German)
Freischdaad Saggsn(Upper Saxon)
Swobodny stat Sakska(Upper Sorbian)
State
Flag of Free State of Saxony
Flag
Coat of arms of Free State of Saxony
Coat of arms
Anthem:Sachsenlied[de]
Coordinates:51°1′37″N13°21′32″E/ 51.02694°N 13.35889°E/51.02694; 13.35889
CountryGermany
CapitalDresden
Largest cityLeipzig
Government
• BodyLandtag of Saxony
•Minister-PresidentMichael Kretschmer(CDU)
• Governing partiesCDU/Greens/SPD
•Bundesrat votes4 (of 69)
•Bundestag seats38 (of 736)
Area
• Total18,415.66 km2(7,110.33 sq mi)
Population
(31 December 2018)
• Total4,077,937
• Density220/km2(570/sq mi)
DemonymSaxon
GDP
[1]
• Total€146.511 billion (2022)
• Per capita€35,909 (2022)
Time zoneUTC+1(CET)
• Summer (DST)UTC+2(CEST)
ISO 3166 codeDE-SN
NUTS RegionDED
HDI(2021)0.933[2]
very high·8th of 16
Websitewww.sachsen.de/en/
Map
Map

The termSaxonyhas been in use for more than a millennium. It was used for the medievalDuchy of Saxony,theElectorate of Saxonyof theHoly Roman Empire,theKingdom of Saxony,and twice for a republic. The first Free State of Saxony was established in 1918 as a constituent state of theWeimar Republic.AfterWorld War II,it was under Soviet occupation before it became part of communistEast Germanyand was abolished by the government in 1952. FollowingGerman reunification,the Free State of Saxony was reconstituted with enlarged borders in 1990 and became one of the fivenew statesof the Federal Republic of Germany.

The area of the modern state of Saxony should not be confused withOld Saxony,the area inhabited bySaxons.Old Saxony corresponds roughly to the modern German states ofLower Saxony,Saxony-Anhalt,and the Westphalian portion ofNorth Rhine-Westphalia.Historically the region of Saxony has sometimes been referred to as Upper Saxony or Obersachsen in German to distinguish it from Lower Saxony.

The state is also home to a minority ofSorbs,aWest Slavicethnic group native to the area, numbering an estimated 80,000 people.[3]

History

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Main article:History of Saxony

Saxony has a long history as aduchy,anelectorateof theHoly Roman Empire(theElectorate of Saxony), and finally as akingdom(theKingdom of Saxony). In 1918, after Germany's defeat inWorld War I,its monarchy was overthrown and a republican form of government was established under the current name. The state was broken up into smaller units during communist rule (1949–1989), but was re-established on 3 October 1990 on the reunification ofEastandWest Germany.

Prehistory

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In prehistoric times, the territory of present-day Saxony was the site of some of the largest of the ancient central Europeanmonumental temples,dating from the fifth century BC. Notable archaeological sites have been discovered in Dresden and the villages of Eythra andZwenkaunear Leipzig. TheGermanicpresence in the territory of today's Saxony is thought to have begun in the first century BC.

Parts of Saxony were possibly under the control of the Germanic KingMarobodduring the Roman era. By the late Roman period, several tribes known as theSaxonsemerged, from which the subsequent state(s) draw their name.

Stem Duchy of Saxony

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Main articles:Old Saxony,Duchy of Saxony,andSorbian March

The territory of modern day Saxony and partly of Thuringia since the late 6th century became populated byPolabian Slavs(most prominently tribe ofSorbs), being conquered byFranciawhich organizedSorbian March.[4][5]A legacy of this period is the modern ethnic group ofSorbsin Saxony. Eastern and western[6]parts of present Saxony were ruled byBohemiaat various times between 1075 and 1635 (with some intermissions), andSchirgiswalde(Upper Sorbian:Šěrachów;Czech:Šerachov) remained a Bohemian exclave until 1809. Eastern parts were also ruled by Poland between 1002 and 1032, by theDuchy of Jawor,the southwesternmost duchy of fragmentedPiast-ruled Poland, from 1319 to 1346,[7][8]and byHungaryfrom 1469 to 1490,[9]andPechern(Upper Sorbian:Pěchč) was part of theDuchy of Żagań,one of theLower Silesianduchies formed in the course of the medieval fragmentation of Poland,[10]remaining under the Piast dynasty until 1472.

Henry the Lion(with his wifeMatilda of England, Duchess of Saxony) being crowned as theDuke of Saxony

The first medievalDuchy of Saxonywas a lateEarly Middle Ages"Carolingianstem duchy",which emerged around the start of the 8th century AD and grew to include the greater part of NorthernGermany,what are now the modern German states ofBremen,Hamburg,Lower Saxony,North Rhine-Westphalia,Schleswig-HolsteinandSaxony-Anhalt.Saxons converted to Christianity during this period, withCharlemagneoutlawing pagan practices.[11]This geographical region is unrelated to present-day Saxony but the name moved southwards due to certain historical events (see below).

Holy Roman Empire

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Main article:Electorate of Saxony

The territory of the Free State of Saxony became part of theHoly Roman Empireby the 10th century, when the dukes of Saxony were also kings (or emperors) of the Holy Roman Empire, comprising theOttonian,or Saxon, dynasty. TheMargravate of Meissenwas founded in 985 as afrontier march,that soon extended to theKwisa(Queis) river to the east and as far as the Ore Mountains. In the process ofOstsiedlung,settlement of German farmers in the sparsely populated area was promoted. Around this time, theBillungs,aSaxonnoble family, received extensive lands in Saxony. The emperor eventually gave them the title ofdukes of Saxony.AfterDuke Magnusdied in 1106, causing the extinction of the male line of Billungs, oversight of the duchy was given toLothar of Supplinburg,who also became emperor for a short time.

In 1137, control of Saxony passed to theGuelphdynasty, descendants of Wulfhild Billung, eldest daughter of the last Billung duke, and the daughter of Lothar of Supplinburg. In 1180 large portions west of the Weser were ceded to theBishops of Cologne,while some central parts between the Weser and the Elbe remained with the Guelphs, becoming later the Duchy ofBrunswick-Lüneburg.The remaining eastern lands, together with the title of Duke of Saxony, passed to anAscaniandynasty (descended fromEilika Billung,Wulfhild's younger sister) and were divided in 1260 into the two small states ofSaxe-LauenburgandSaxe-Wittenberg.The former state was also namedLower Saxony,the latterUpper Saxony,thence the later names of the twoImperial CirclesSaxe-Lauenburg and Saxe-Wittenberg. Both claimed the Saxonelectoral privilegefor themselves, but theGolden Bull of 1356accepted only Wittenberg's claim, with Lauenburg nevertheless continuing to maintain its claim. In 1422, when the Saxon electoral line of the Ascanians became extinct, the AscanianEric V of Saxe-Lauenburgtried to reunite the Saxon duchies.

However,Sigismund,King of the Romans,had already granted MargraveFrederick IV the WarlikeofMeissen(House of Wettin) an expectancy of the Saxon electorate in order to remunerate his military support. On 1 August 1425 Sigismund enfeoffed the Wettinian Frederick as Prince-Elector of Saxony, despite the protests of Eric V. Thus the Saxon territories remained permanently separated.

TheElectorate of Saxonywas then merged with the much larger WettinianMargraviate of Meissen;however, it used the higher-ranking title Electorate of Saxony and even the Ascanian coat-of-arms for the entire monarchy.[12]Thus Saxony came to includeDresdenandMeissen.Hence, the territory of the modern Free State of Saxony shares the name with the old Saxon stem duchy for historical and dynastic reasons rather than any significant ethnic, linguistic or cultural connection. In the 18th and 19th centuries Saxe-Lauenburg was colloquially called theDuchy of Lauenburg,which was held in a personal union by theElectorate of Hanoverfrom the 18th century to the Napoleonic wars, and in a personal union with Denmark (along with neighbouringHolsteinandSchleswig) for much the 19th century. In 1876 it was absorbed intoPrussiaas theDuchy of Lauenburg districtof theProvince of Schleswig-Holstein).

Foundation of the second Saxon state

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TheElectorate of Saxonywithin theHoly Roman Empire(1618)

Saxe-Wittenberg, mostly in modernSaxony-Anhalt,became subject to themargravate of Meissen,ruled by theWettindynasty in 1423. This established a new and powerful state, occupying large portions of the present Free State of Saxony, Thuringia, Saxony-Anhalt and Bavaria (Coburg and its environs). Although the centre of this state was far to the southeast of the former Saxony, it came to be referred to asUpper Saxonyand then simplySaxony,while the former Saxon territories in the north were now known asLower Saxony(the modern termNiedersachsenderiving from this).

In 1485, Saxony was split in theTreaty of Leipzig.A collateral line of the Wettin princes received what later becameThuringiaand founded several small states there (seeErnestine duchies). Since these princes were allowed to use the Saxon coat of arms, in many towns of Thuringia, the coat of arms can still be found in historical buildings.

The remaining Saxon state became still more powerful, receivingUpperandLower Lusatiain thePeace of Prague (1635).It also became known in the 18th century for its cultural achievements, although it was politically weaker thanPrussiaandAustria,states which oppressed Saxony from the north and south, respectively.

Between 1697 and 1763, two successiveElectors of Saxonywere also electedKings of Polandinpersonal union.Many landmarks in Saxony date from this period and contain remnants of the former close Polish-Saxon relation, such as thecoat of arms of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealthon the facades and in the interiors of palaces, churches, edifices, etc. (e.g.Zwinger,Dresden Cathedral,Moritzburg Castle), and on numerous mileposts, and the close political and cultural relationship persisted well into the 19th century, with Saxony being the place of preparations for the PolishKościuszko Uprisingagainst thepartitioningpowers,[13]and one of the chief destinations for Polish refugees from partitioned Poland, including the artistic and political elite, such as composerFrédéric Chopin,war heroJózef Bemand writerAdam Mickiewicz.[14]

In 1756, Saxony joined a coalition of Austria,FranceandRussiaagainst Prussia.Frederick II of Prussiachose to attack preemptively and invaded Saxony in August 1756, precipitating theThird Silesian War(part of theSeven Years' War). The Prussians quickly defeated Saxony and incorporated theSaxon armyinto thePrussian Army.At the end of the Seven Years' War, Saxony recovered its independence in the 1763Treaty of Hubertusburg.

19th century

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The Kingdom of Saxony after theCongress of Vienna
Further information:Kingdom of Saxony

In 1806, French EmperorNapoleonabolished theHoly Roman Empireand established the Electorate of Saxony as a kingdom in exchange for military support. TheElectorFrederick Augustus III accordingly became KingFrederick Augustus I of Saxony.Frederick Augustus remained loyal to Napoleon during the wars that swept Europe in the following years; he was taken prisoner and his territories were declared forfeit by the allies in 1813, after the defeat of Napoleon. Prussia intended the annexation of Saxony but the opposition ofAustria,France, and theUnited Kingdomto this plan resulted in the restoration of Frederick Augustus to his throne at theCongress of Viennaalthough he was forced to cede the northern part of the kingdom to Prussia, which led to the loss of nearly 60% of the Saxon territory,[15]and 40% of its population. Most of these lands were merged with theDuchy of Magdeburg,theAltmarkand some smaller territories to become the PrussianProvince of Saxony,a predecessor of the modern state ofSaxony-Anhalt.Lower Lusatiaand part of the former Saxe-Wittenberg territory became part of theProvince of Brandenburgand the northeastern part ofUpper Lusatiabecame part of theProvince of Silesia.TherumpKingdom of Saxony had roughly the same extent as the present state, albeit slightly smaller.

Saxony before the Congress of Vienna compared to present day Saxony

Meanwhile, in 1815, the Kingdom of Saxony joined theGerman Confederation.[16]In the politics of the Confederation, Saxony was overshadowed by Prussia and Austria. KingAnthony of Saxonycame to the throne of Saxony in 1827. Shortly thereafter, liberal pressures in Saxony mounted and broke out in revolt during 1830—ayear of revolutionin Europe.[16]The revolution in Saxony resulted in a constitution for the Kingdom of Saxony that served as the basis for its government until 1918.[16]

During the1848–49 constitutionalist revolutions in Germany,Saxony became a hotbed of revolutionaries, with anarchists such asMikhail Bakuninand democrats includingRichard WagnerandGottfried Sempertaking part in theMay Uprising in Dresdenin 1849. (Scenes of Richard Wagner's participation in the May 1849 uprising in Dresden are depicted in the 1983 movieWagnerstarringRichard Burtonas Richard Wagner.) The May uprising in Dresden forced KingFrederick Augustus II of Saxonyto concede further reforms to the Saxon government.[16]

In 1854 Frederick Augustus II's brother, KingJohn of Saxony,succeeded to the throne. A scholar, King John translatedDante.[16]King John followed a federalistic and pro-Austrian policy throughout the early 1860s until the outbreak of theAustro-Prussian War.During that war, Prussian troops overran Saxony without resistance and then invaded AustrianBohemia.[17]After the war, Saxony was forced to pay an indemnity and to join theNorth German Confederationin 1867.[18]Under the terms of the North German Confederation, Prussia took over control of the Saxon postal system, railroads, military and foreign affairs.[18]In theFranco-Prussian Warof 1870, Saxon troops fought together with Prussian and other German troops against France.[18]In 1871, Saxony joined the newly formedGerman Empire.[18]

20th century

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The Free State of Saxony 1945–1952

After KingFrederick Augustus III of Saxonyabdicated on 13 November 1918, Saxony, remaining a constituent state of Germany (Weimar Republic), became the Free State of Saxony under a new constitution enacted on 1 November 1920. In October 1923, when theCommunist Party of Germanyentered theSocial Democratic-led government in Dresden withhidden revolutionary intentions,the Reich government under ChancellorGustav Stresemannused aReichsexekutionto send troops into Saxony to remove the Communists from the government.[19]The state retained its name and borders during the Nazi era as aGau(Gau Saxony), but lost its quasi-autonomous status and its parliamentary democracy.

DuringWorld War II,under the secret Nazi programmeAktion T4,an estimated 15,000 people suffering from mental and physical disabilities, as well as a number of concentration camp inmates, were murdered atSonnenstein killing centrenearPirna.Numerous subcamps of theBuchenwald,FlossenburgandGross-Rosenconcentration camps were operated in Saxony.[20][21][22]

As the war drew to its end, U.S. troops under GeneralGeorge Pattonoccupied the western part of Saxony in April 1945, whileSoviet troops occupiedthe eastern part. That summer, the entire state was handed over to Soviet forces as agreed in theLondon Protocol of September 1944.Britain, the US, and the USSR then negotiated Germany's future at thePotsdam Conference.Under thePotsdam Agreement,all German territory East of theOder-Neisse linewas annexed by Poland and the Soviet Union, and, unlike in the aftermath ofWorld War I,the annexing powers were allowed to expel the inhabitants. During the following three years,PolandandCzechoslovakia expelledGerman-speaking people from their territories, and some of these expellees came to Saxony. Only a small area of Saxony lying east of theNeisseRiver and centred around the town ofReichenau(Bogatynia) was annexed by Poland. Traditional close relations of Saxony with neighbouring German-speakingEgerlandwere thus completely destroyed, making the border of Saxony along theOre Mountainsa linguistic border.

Part of the formerPrussianprovince of Lower Silesialay west of theOder-Neisse lineand therefore was separated from the bulk of its former province; theSoviet Military Administration in Germany(SVAG) merged this territory into Saxony.[23]This former Silesian territory broadly corresponded with the Upper Lusatian territory annexed by Prussia in 1815.

On20 October 1946, SVAG organised elections for the Saxon state parliament(Landtag), but many people were arbitrarily excluded from candidacy and suffrage, and the Soviet Union openly supported theSocialist Unity Party of Germany(SED). The new minister-presidentRudolf Friedrichs(SED), had been a member of theSPDuntil April 1946. He met his Bavarian counterparts in the U.S. zone of occupation in October 1946 and May 1947, but died suddenly in mysterious circumstances the following month. He was succeeded byMax Seydewitz,a loyal follower ofJoseph Stalin.[citation needed]

TheGerman Democratic Republic(East Germany), including Saxony, was established in 1949 out of theSovietzone ofOccupied Germany,becoming aconstitutionally socialist state,part ofCOMECONand theWarsaw Pact,under the leadership of theSED.In 1952 the government abolished the Free State of Saxony, and divided its territory into threeBezirke:Leipzig,Dresden,andKarl-Marx-Stadt(formerly and currentlyChemnitz). Areas aroundHoyerswerdawere also part of theCottbus Bezirk.

The Free State of Saxony was reconstituted with slightly altered borders in 1990, followingGerman reunification.Besides the formerly Silesian area of Saxony, which was mostly included in the territory of the new Saxony, the free state gained further areas north ofLeipzigthat had belonged toSaxony-Anhaltuntil 1952.

Geography

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Topography

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See also:List of mountains and hills of SaxonyandNatural regions of Saxony

The highest mountain in Saxony is theFichtelberg(1,215 m) in theWestern Ore Mountains.

Rivers

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See also:List of rivers of Saxony
Topographic map of Saxony

There are numerous rivers in Saxony. TheElbeis the most dominant one. TheNeissedefines the border between Saxony and Poland. Other rivers include theMuldeand theWhite Elster.

Largest cities and towns

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See also:List of cities in Saxony by population

The largest cities and towns in Saxony according to the 31 July 2022 estimate are listed below.[24]Leipzig forms aconurbationwithHalle,known asBallungsraum Leipzig/Halle.[25]The latter city is located just across the border ofSaxony-Anhalt.Leipzig shares, for instance, anS-trainsystem (known asS-Bahn Mitteldeutschland)[26]and an airport[27]with Halle.

Rank City Population
1 Leipzig 612,441
2 Dresden 560,648
3 Chemnitz 246,537
4 Zwickau 87,027
5 Plauen 64,419
6 Görlitz 56,443
7 Freiberg 40,271
8 Freital 39,576
9 Pirna 38,771
10 Bautzen 38,331

Politics

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Michael Kretschmer, Minister President since 2017

Saxony is a parliamentary democracy. AMinister Presidentheads the government of Saxony.Michael Kretschmerhas been Minister President since 13 December 2017.

2024 state election

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Main article:2024 Saxony state election
PartyParty-listConstituencyTotal
seats		+/–
Votes%SeatsVotes%Seats
Christian Democratic Union749,21631.9115805,23134.4327423
Alternative for Germany719,27430.6313794,17633.9628413
Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht277,17311.8115148,3506.34015New
Social Democratic Party172,0027.339144,4076.17091
Alliance 90/The Greens119,9645.114119,0165.09266
The Left104,8884.474149,1206.38268
Free Voters53,0082.260113,0424.83111
Free Saxons52,1952.22012,7710.55000
Action Party for Animal Welfare23,5761.00000
Free Democratic Party21,0030.89033,6441.44000
Die PARTEI19,8700.8502,6070.11000
Pirate Party6,8420.29000
Bündnis Deutschland6,7530.2909720.0400New
Values Union6,4690.2801,8190.0800New
Grassroots Democratic Party of Germany4,4830.1907020.0300New
Alliance C4,3680.19000
V-Partei33,2860.14000
Ecological Democratic Party1,9660.0803220.01000
Civil Rights Movement Solidarity1,5800.0707520.03000
Team Zastrow6,9840.30000
Solutions for our region2,1520.09000
Party of Progress2480.01000
We Are Leipzig3820.02000
Independents2,0380.09000
Total2,347,916100.00602,338,735100.0060120–
Valid votes2,347,91699.162,338,73598.78
Invalid/blank votes19,7830.8428,9641.22
Total votes2,367,699100.002,367,699100.00
Registered voters/turnout3,181,01374.433,181,01374.43

Members of the state government

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See also:Second Kretschmer cabinetandList of ministers-president of Saxony
Government office Picture Name Party State Secretary Party
Minister President
Michael Kretschmer CDU
First Deputy of the Minister President
Wolfram Günther B'90/Die Grünen
Saxon State Ministry for Energy, Climate protection, Environment und Agriculture(SMEKUL) Gerd Lippold

Gisela Reetz

B'90/Die Grünen
Second Deputy of the Minister President
Martin Dulig SPD
Saxon State Ministry for Economic Affairs, Labour and Transport(SMWA) Hartmut Mangold

Ines Fröhlich

SPD
Saxon State Ministry of the Interior(SMI)
Roland Wöller CDU Thomas Rechentin
Head of office 		CDU
Saxon State Ministry of Finance(SMF) Hartmut Vorjohann CDU Dirk Diedrichs
Head of office 		non-party
Saxon State Ministry of Justice and for Democracy, European Affairs and Equality(SMJ)
Katja Meier B'90/Die Grünen Mathias Weilandt

Gesine Märtens

B'90/Die Grünen
Saxon State Ministry of Education(SMK)
Christian Piwarz CDU Herbert Wolff CDU
Saxon State Ministry of Science(SMWK)
Sebastian Gemkow CDU Andrea Franke CDU
Saxon State Ministry of Culture and Tourism(SMWK)
Barbara Klepsch CDU
Saxon State Ministry of Social Affairs(SMS)
Petra Köpping SPD Uwe Gaul
(until July 5, 2021)
Sebastian Vogel
(since July 6, 2021)
Dagmar Neukirch
 SPD
Saxon State Ministry of Regional Development(SMR)
Thomas Schmidt CDU Frank Pfeil non-party
Head of theSaxon State Chancelleryand State Minister of Federal matters and Media Oliver Schenk CDU Thomas Popp
Digital Administration and Administrative modernization (Member of the state government)

Conrad Clemens
Authorized representative of the free state Saxony to the federal government of Germany

 CDU

2024 European Parliament Election

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In the2024 European Parliament election,AfDreceived the highest percentage of votes in Saxony, winning 31.8% of the ballots. The other states where AfD has become the strongest party areThuringia,Saxony-Anhalt,Mecklenburg-Vorpommern,andBrandenburg.These four states were part ofEast Germanylike Saxony. Compared to the last election, AfD increased their votes in Saxony which was 25.3% in the2019 European Parliament election.[28][29]

CDU/CSUreceived 21.8% of the votes in Saxony and became the second strongest party in the 2024 EP election.BSWwas in the third place by receiving 12.6% of the votes.The Leftlost a significant proportion of their votes compared to the 2019 election. Their votes regressed from 11.7% to 4.9%.[30]

Federal politics

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Saxony has 16constituenciesfor theBundestag.

Administration

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Saxony is divided into 10 districts:

Map of Saxony's 10 districts

1.Bautzen(BZ)
2.Erzgebirgskreis(ERZ)
3.Görlitz(GR)
4.Leipzig(L)
5.Meissen(MEI) (Meissen)
6.Mittelsachsen(FG)
7.Nordsachsen(TDO)
8.Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge(PIR)
9.Vogtlandkreis(V)
10.Zwickau(Z)

In addition, three cities have the status of anurban district(German:kreisfreie Städte):

  1. Chemnitz(C)
  2. Dresden(DD)
  3. Leipzig(L)

Between 1990 and 2008, Saxony was divided into the three regions (Regierungsbezirke) ofChemnitz,Dresden,andLeipzig.After the2008 Saxony district reform,these regions – with some alterations of their respective areas – were calledDirektionsbezirke.In 2012, the authorities of these regions were merged into one central authority, theLandesdirektion Sachsen[de].

Demographics

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Population change

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Saxony is a densely populated state if compared with more rural German states such asBavariaorLower Saxony.However, the population has declined over time. The population of Saxony began declining in the 1950s due to emigration, a process which accelerated after the fall of theBerlin Wallin 1989. After bottoming out in 2013, the population has stabilized due to increased immigration and higher fertility rates. The cities of Leipzig, Dresden and Chemnitz, and the towns of Radebeul and Markkleeberg in their vicinity, have seen their populations increase since 2000. The following tables illustrate the foreign resident populations and the population of Saxony from 1816 to 2022:

Significant foreign resident populations as of 31 December[31]
Nationality Population (2022) | Population (2023)
Ukraine 61,795 65,750
Syria 31,310 37,985
Poland 23,730 25,170
Romania 15,725 16,200
Afghanistan 9,270 14,605
Russia 11,620 13,985
Vietnam 9,735 10,020
Turkey 7,130 9,790
Czech Republic 8,840 9,745
India 7,675 8,670
Historical population
YearPop.±%
18161,200,000—
18371,652,114+37.7%
18491,894,431+14.7%
18582,122,148+12.0%
18712,556,244+20.5%
18802,972,805+16.3%
18853,182,003+7.0%
18903,502,684+10.1%
18953,787,688+8.1%
19004,202,216+10.9%
19054,508,601+7.3%
19104,806,661+6.6%
19144,986,000+3.7%
YearPop.±%
19194,670,311−6.3%
19254,996,138+7.0%
19395,158,329+3.2%
19465,558,566+7.8%
19505,682,802+2.2%
19645,463,571−3.9%
19705,419,187−0.8%
19815,152,857−4.9%
19904,775,873−7.3%
20004,384,192−8.2%
20114,056,799−7.5%
20224,038,131−0.5%

Birthrate

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The average number of children per woman in Saxony was 1.60 in 2018, the fourth-highest rate of all German states.[32]Within Saxony, the highest is theBautzendistrict with 1.77, while Leipzig is the lowest with 1.49. Dresden's fertility rate of 1.58 is the highest of all German cities with more than 500,000 inhabitants.

Sorbian population

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Saxony is home to theSorbs.There are currently between 45,000 and 60,000 Sorbs living in Saxony (Upper Lusatia region).[33][34]Today's Sorb minority is the remainder of the Slavic population that settled throughout Saxony in the early Middle Ages and over time slowly assimilated into the German speaking society. Many geographic names in Saxony are of Sorbic origin (including the three largest citiesChemnitz,DresdenandLeipzig). The Sorbic language and culture are protected by special laws and cities and villages in eastern Saxony that are inhabited by a significant number of Sorbian inhabitants have bilingual street signs and administrative offices provide service in both, German and Sorbian. The Sorbs enjoy cultural self-administration which is exercised through theDomowina.FormerMinister PresidentStanislaw Tillichis of Sorbian ancestry and has been the first leader of a German state from a national minority.

Religion

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Religion in Saxony – 2011
religion fraction
EKD Protestants
 
 21.4%
Roman Catholics
 
 3.8%
Evangelische Freikirchen
 
 0.9%
Orthodox churches
 
 0.3%
Other religions
 
 1.0%
Unaffiliated
 
 72.6%

As of 2011, 72.6% of people are not affiliated with any religion. TheProtestant Church in Germanyrepresents the largestChristiandenomination in the state, adhered to by 21.4% of the population. Members of theRoman Catholic Churchformed a minority of 3.8%. About 0.9% of the Saxons belonged to an Evangelicalfree church(Evangelische Freikirche,i.e. various Protestants outside the EKD), 0.3% to Orthodox churches and 1% to other religious communities, while 72.6% did not belong to any public-law religious society.[35]TheMoravian Church(see above) still maintains its religious centre in Herrnhut and it is there where 'TheDaily Watchwords' (Losungen) are selected each year which are in use in many churches worldwide. In particular in the larger cities, there are numerous smaller religious communities. The internationalChurch of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saintshas a presence in theFreiberg Germany Templewhich was the first of its kind in Germany, opened in 1985 even before its counterpart in Western Germany. It now also serves as a religious center for the church members in Poland, the Czech Republic,Slovakia,andHungary.[36]In Leipzig, there is a significantBuddhistcommunity, which mainly caters to the population of Vietnamese origin, with one Buddhist temple built in 2008 and another one currently under construction.[37]TheSikhfaith also maintains a presence in Saxony's three largest cities with three (though small)Gurdwara.[38]

Economy

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TheGross domestic product(GDP) of the state was 124.6 billion euros in 2018, accounting for 3.7% of German economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 28,100 euros or 93% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 85% of the EU average. The GDP per capita was the highest of the states of the former GDR.[39]Saxony has a "very high"Human Development Indexvalue of 0.930 (2018), which is at the same level as Denmark.[2]Within Germany Saxony isranked 9th.

Unemployment rate
Year %
1999 17.2
2000 17.0
2001 17.5
2002 17.8
2003 17.9
2004 17.8
2005 18.3
2006 17.0
2007 14.7
2008 12.8
2009 12.9
Year %
2010 11.8
2011 10.6
2012 09.8
2013 09.8
2014 08.8
2015 08.2
2016 07.5
2017 06.7
2018 06.0
2019 05.5

Saxony has, after Saxony Anhalt,[40]the most vibrant economy of the states of the formerEast Germany(GDR). Its economy grew by 1.9% in 2010.[41]Nonetheless, unemployment remains above the German average. The eastern part of Germany, excludingBerlin,qualifies as an "Objective 1" development-region within theEuropean Union,and was eligible to receive investment subsidies up to 30% until 2013.[42]FutureSAX,a business plan competition and entrepreneurial support organisation, has been in operation since 2002.[43]

Microchip-makers near Dresden have given the region the nickname "Silicon Saxony".The publishing and porcelain industries of the region are well known, although their contributions to the regional economy are no longer significant. Today, the automobile industry, machinery production, and services mainly contribute to the economic development of the region.

Saxony reported an average unemployment of 5.5% in 2019.[44]

The Leipzig area, which until recently was among the regions with the highest unemployment rate, could benefit greatly from investments byPorscheandBMW.With theVW Phaetonfactory in Dresden, and many parts suppliers, the automobile industry has again become one of the pillars of Saxon industry, as it was in the early 20th century.Zwickauis another major Volkswagen location.Freiberg,a former mining town, has emerged as a foremost location for solar technology. Dresden and some other regions of Saxony play a leading role in some areas of international biotechnology, such as electronic bioengineering. While these high-technology sectors do not yet offer a large number of jobs, they have stopped or even reversed thebrain drainthat was occurring until the early 2000s in many parts of Saxony.[45]Regional universities have strengthened their positions by partnering with local industries.Glashütteis the birthplace of theGerman watchmaking industryand home to highly regarded watch manufacturers such asA. Lange & SöhneandGlashütte Original.

International trade

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Saxony is a strongly export-oriented economy. In 2018, exports amounted to 40.48 billion euros while imports stood at 24.41 billion euros. The largest export partner of Saxony isChinawith an amount of 6.72 billion euros, while the second largest export market are the United States with 3.59 billion.[46]The largest exporting sectors are the automobile industry and mechanical engineering.

In April 2022, Saxony received about 84% of its imported oil and gas from Russia while nationally Germany only imported about one third from Russia.[47]This is mainly due to the pipeline network, which since the time of the GDR has been strongly integrated with the Soviet Union, similar to other states of Eastern Europe.[48]

Tourism

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Saxony is a renownedtourist destination in Germany.The cities of Dresden and Leipzig are two of Germany's most visited cities.[49]Areas along the border with the Czech Republic, such as theLusatian Mountains,Ore Mountains,Saxon Switzerland,andVogtland,attract significant numbers of visitors. In addition, Saxony has well-preserved historic towns such asGörlitz,Bautzen,Freiberg,Pirna,MeissenandStolpenas well as numerous castles and palaces. New tourist destinations are developing, notably in theLusatian Lake District.[50]

Education

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Saxony's school system belongs to the most excelling ones in Germany. It has been ranked first in the German school assessment (Bildungsmonitor) for several years.[51]

Saxony has four large universities, sixFachhochschulen(Universities of Applied Sciences) and sixart schools.

TU Dresdenis the largest university in Saxony.

TheDresden University of Technology(TU Dresden), founded in 1828, is one of Germany's oldest universities. With 36,066 students as of 2010, it is the largestuniversityin Saxony and one of the ten largest universities in Germany. It is a member ofTU9,a consortium of nine leading German Institutes of Technology.

Leipzig Universityis one of the oldest universities in the world and thesecond-oldestuniversity (by consecutive years of existence) in Germany, founded in 1409. Famous alumni includeLeibniz,Goethe,Ranke,Nietzsche,Wagner,Cai Yuanpei,Angela Merkel,Raila Odinga,Tycho Brahe,and nine Nobel laureates are associated with this university.

With over 11,000 students, theChemnitz University of Technologyis the third largest university in Saxony.

Established in 1765, theFreiberg University of Mining and Technology,located in the former mining town ofFreiberg,is the oldest university of mining and metallurgy in the world.[52]

Saxony is home to severalMax Planck Institutesand research institutions of theFraunhofer Society.

One of the two main campuses of theGerman National Libraryis located in Leipzig.

Culture

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Saxony is part ofCentral Germanyas a cultural area. As such, throughout German history it played an important role in shapingGerman culture.

Languages

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Boundary sign ofBautzen/ Budyšin inGermanandUpper Sorbian.Many place names in eastern Saxony are derived from Sorbian.

The most commonpatoisspoken in Saxony are combined in the group of "ThuringianandUpper Saxon dialects".Due to the inexact use of the term" Saxon dialects "in colloquial language, the Upper Saxon attribute has been added to distinguish it fromOld SaxonandLow Saxon.Other German dialects spoken in Saxony are the dialects of theOre Mountains,which have been affected by Upper Saxon dialects, and the dialects of the Vogtland, which are more affected by theEast Franconianlanguages.

Upper Sorbian(aWest Slavic language) is spoken in the parts ofUpper Lusatiathat are inhabited by the Sorbian minority. The Germans in Upper Lusatia speak distinct dialects of their own (Lusatian dialects).

Motherland of the Reformation

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Saxony is often seen as themotherlandof theReformation.[53]It was predominantlyLutheranProtestantfrom theReformationuntil the late 20th century.

TheElectoral Saxony,a predecessor of today's Saxony, was the original birthplace of the Reformation. Theelectorwas Lutheran starting in 1525. The Lutheran church was organized through the late 1510s and the early 1520s. It wasofficially establishedin 1527 byJohn the Steadfast.Although some of the sites associated withMartin Lutheralso lie in the current state of Saxony-Anhalt (includingWittenberg,EislebenandMansfeld), today's Saxony is usually viewed as the formal successor to what used to be Luther's country back in the 16th century (i.e. the Electoral Saxony).

Martin Luther personally oversaw the Lutheran church in Saxony and shaped it consistently withhis own views and ideas.The 16th, 17th and 18th centuries were heavily dominated byLutheran orthodoxy.In addition, theReformed faithmade inroads with the so-calledcrypto Calvinists,but was strongly persecuted in an overwhelmingly Lutheran state. In the 17th century,Pietismbecame an important influence. In the 18th century, theMoravian Churchwas set up onCount von Zinzendorf's property atHerrnhut.From 1525, the rulers were traditionally Lutheran and widely acknowledged asdefenders of the Protestant faith,although – beginning withAugustus II the Strong,who was required to convert to Roman Catholicism in 1697 in order to become King of Poland – its monarchs were exclusively Roman Catholic. That meant Augustus and the subsequent Electors of Saxony, who were Roman Catholic, ruled over a state with an almost entirely Protestant population.

In 1925, 90.3% of the Saxon population was Protestant, 3.6% was Roman Catholic, 0.4% was Jewish and 5.7% was placed in other religious categories.[54]

After World War II, Saxony was incorporated into East Germany which pursued a policy ofstate atheism.After 45 years of Communist rule, the majority of the population has become unaffiliated. Nonetheless, even during this time Saxony remained an important place of religious dialogue and it was atMeissenwhere the agreement on mutual recognition between the German Evangelical Church and theChurch of Englandwas signed in 1988.[55]

Sports

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Red Bull ArenainLeipzig

In 2020, there were 4,447 registered sports clubs of various disciplines with over 600,000 members in Saxony.[56]The most popular sport in Saxony isfootball.WithRB Leipzigthere is one Saxon team playing in theBundesligaas well as the EuropeanChampions League.Leipzig is notable for a longstanding football tradition, a Leipzigteamhaving been the first national football champion in German history. Another popular sport ishandballwithSC DHfK Leipzigplaying in theBundesliga.On a local level sports such astable tennis,cycling,mountaineeringandvolleyballare popular.

Rock climbing

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See also:Saxon Switzerland climbing region

Saxony prides itself to have been one of the first places in the world where modern recreational rock climbing was developed.Falkensteinrock in the area ofBad Schandauis considered to be the place were the German rock climbing tradition started in 1864.

Winter sports

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The Ore Mountains in southern Saxony are traditionally a region of winter sports. The ski ressort ofOberwiesenthalis the highest town of Germany, at an altitude of 900 m, though the surrounding mountains do not reach the same height as in the alpine areas ofSouthern Germany.Thus, climate change is posing a certain threat to the development of winter sports business. There are a number of training facilities for the German Winter Olympics' team in the region.

Art

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The 'Dresden Green Diamond' – the largest natural green diamond – is part of the collection of theGreen Vault.

The two major cultural centers of Saxony areDresdenandLeipzig.The two cities have each a unique character which is reflecting the role they played throughout Saxon and German history, Dresden being a political center while Leipzig has been a major trading city. Thus, Dresden is well known for the art collections of the former Saxon kings (Dresden State Art Collectionswith theGreen VaultandZwingeras the most well-known parts).

Leipzig on the other hand never had a royal court, so its culture is borne largely by its citizens. The city is famous for its relationship with classical music and names likeJohann Sebastian Bach,MendelssohnorWagnerare linked to it. Over the past decades the city became famous for its modern art scene, most notably the Neue Leipziger Schule (New Leipzig School) with artists such asNeo Rauch.

Porcelain

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Saxony was the first place in Europe to develop and produce whiteporcelain,a luxury good until then imported only from China. TheMeissen Porcelainmanufactory has been producing porcelain since 1710. It is one of the world's leading porcelain manufacturers and one of the oldest and most internationally known German luxury brands.[57]

Cuisine

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Main article:Saxon cuisine

Saxon cuisine encompasses regional cooking traditions of Saxony. In general the cuisine is very hearty and features many peculiarities of Mid-Germany such as a great variety ofsauceswhich accompany themain dishand the fashion to serve potato dumplings (Klöße/Knödel) as aside dishinstead ofpotatoes,pastaorrice.Also muchfreshwater fishis used in Saxon cuisine. The area around Dresden is home to the easternmost wine region in Germany (see:Saxony (wine region)).

Anthem

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Saxony (as other German states) has its own anthem, dating back to the monarchy of the 19th century. 'Gott segne Sachsenland' (God save Saxony) is based on the melody ofGod save the King.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^German:Sachsen[ˈzaksn̩]ⓘ;Upper Saxon:Saggsn;Upper Sorbian:Sakska
  2. ^German:Freistaat Sachsen[ˈfʁaɪʃtaːtˈzaksn̩];Upper Saxon:Freischdaad Saggsn;Upper Sorbian:Swobodny stat Sakska[ˈswɔbɔdnɨˈstatˈsakska]

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Bibliography

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  • Pollock, James K.; Thomas, Homer (1952).Germany in Power and Eclipse.New York, NY: Dylan Hill.
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