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September 1968

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The following events occurred inSeptember 1968:

September 30, 1968: The Boeing 747 is introduced to the public
September 24, 1968:60 Minutesdebuts with Mike Wallace and Harry Reasoner
September 3, 1968: Longtime Portuguese dictator Salazar injures his head
September 6, 1968: Kingdom of Swaziland granted independence

September 1,1968 (Sunday)

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  • In the first reforms after the August 20 invasion by the Soviet Union and theWarsaw Pact,the Czechoslovakian Communist Party more than doubled its Central Committee from 87 members to 194, and increased its Presidium from 11 members to 21. Party First SecretaryAlexander Dubcek,PremierOldrich Cernik,and National Assembly PresidentJosef Smrkovsky,who had all been arrested after the invasion and held prisoner in the Soviet Union, were elected to the new Presidium and retained their positions.[1]
  • Austria received its first deliveries ofnatural gasfrom the Soviet Union with the opening of a pipeline across the Czechoslovakian border with Austria, fulfilling a June 1 agreement as the first Western European country to agree to a long term purchase of Soviet energy resources.[2]
  • Born:Mohamed Atta,Egyptian-born terrorist who led the hijacking ofAmerican Airlines Flight 11and destroyed theNorth Tower of the World Trade Centerduring theSeptember 11 attacks,killing himself and 1,493 people on that day; inKafr el-Sheikh,United Arab Republic (nowEgypt)[3][4]

September 2,1968 (Monday)

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  • TheBimini Road,an underwater rock formation composed of large, rectangular limestone blocks in an almost straight line that runs for 0.5 miles (0.80 km), was discovered by three divers off of the coast of the North Bimini island in the Bahamas.[5][6]

September 3,1968 (Tuesday)

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  • António de Oliveira Salazar,the 79-year-oldPrime Minister of Portugaland that nation's dictator since 1932, was seriously injured at his beach resort home inEstorilwhen thedeck chairhe was sitting in collapsed and his head struck the floor. Salazar had a cerebral hemorrhage and, by Friday, was showing signs of a stroke. He went into a coma and would be replaced on September 27.[7]
  • The crash of a Bulgarian airliner killed 42 of the 82 passengers on board, and all but two members of the crew of five, while attempting to land atBourgason a flight fromDresdeninEast Germany.Most of the people on board were East German tourists who were on their way to a vacation at theBlack Searesort.[8]
  • SirLeonard Williams,who had recently been knighted after retiring as the general secretary of Britain's Labour Party, took office as the secondGovernor-General of Mauritius,replacingSir John Rennie.[9]
  • Died:Juan José Castro,73, Argentinian classical composer and conductor

September 4,1968 (Wednesday)

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The AAP cluster as visualized by personnel of NASA's Office of Manned Space Flight in Washington in September 1968

September 5,1968 (Thursday)

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  • To preserve its monopoly on the American telephone system, theAT&T Corporationintroduced a small device that CEO H. I. Romnes called the "protective coupling arrangement" (PCA). On June 26, theCarterfone decisionhad been issued by the U.S.Federal Communications Commissionallowing other companies to connect directly to the AT&T telephone network. AT&T then changed the electronic signals required for access; customers would be able to connect non-AT&T devices (such as modems or facsimile machines) to the AT&T network, but only if they paid a monthly lease for the PCA that could transmit the required electronic signal. In displaying the device and announcing the new policy to AT&T executives, Romnes said "We welcome competition... the more, the merrier... our intent is to make interfaces as simple and inexpensive as possible."[14]

September 6,1968 (Friday)

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September 7,1968 (Saturday)

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  • Two different protests were made against theMiss Americabeauty pageant inAtlantic City, New Jersey,one against sexism, the other against racism. Activist and authorRobin Morganand 100 members of the feminist organizationNew York Radical Womenorganized the "No More Miss America"protest and picketed outside ofConvention Hallwhile the pageant went on inside.[18]Among the events were the crowning of a live sheep (followed by the parade of the ewe, dressed in a bikini and a "Miss America" sash along the famousAtlantic City Boardwalk) and the planned burning of the contents of a "Freedom Trash Can" with high-heeled shoes, women'sbrassieres,girdles, false eyelashes and copies of magazines likePlayboy.[19]A description, by reporter Lindsy Van Gelder and theNew York Postof the bonfire plan as the first "bra burning" protest[20]attracted reporters, but an Atlantic City ordinance prohibited the setting of fires on the wooden Boardwalk. The event was one of the first large demonstrations ofSecond Wave Feminismas theWomen's Liberationmovement began to attract national media attention.[21]
  • On the same day of the protests,Judith FordofIllinoiswas crowned as Miss America for 1969 at Convention Hall, but on the same evening, the very firstMiss Black Americapageant took place at the nearby Ritz Carlton Hotel, initially to call attention to the lack of African American contestants in the pageant and in the state pageants that determined the winners.Saundra Williamsof Pennsylvania was crowned hours after Ford won the Miss America title.[22]
  • The Banana Splits Adventure Hourbegan airing onNBCas a collaboration ofSid and Marty Krofftwith theHanna-BarberaCompany. Marking the start of a trend in the American television networks away from violent programming to slapstick comedy and music, the show featured four costumed animal characters — Fleegle, Bingo, Drooper and Snork— who played instruments in a rock group. The show would run for 2 seasons, airing its last episode 15 months later on December 13, 1969.
  • Geoff Vowden,a forward forBirmingham City F.C.,was put into the second half of a soccer football game againstHuddersfield Town A.F.C.to replace starterRon Wylie,and scored three goals in the Blues' 5–1 win over the Terriers, becoming the first substitute player inEnglish Football Leaguehistory to achieve ahat-trick.[23][24]
  • Born:Marcel Desailly,Ghana-born centre-back and midfielder for the French national soccer football team from 1993 to 2004; inAccra
  • Died:Lucio Fontana,69, Argentine-born Italian painter and sculptor

September 8,1968 (Sunday)

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  • After a ceasefire of almost 11 months, theWar of AttritionbetweenEgyptandIsrael(the period between the 1967 and 1973 wars) erupted into large scale fighting as the Egyptian Army began firing artillery shells against Israeli Defense Force positions on the opposite side of theSuez Canal.Over the course of three weeks, 10 Israeli soldiers were killed and 18 wounded.[25]Israel would retaliate on October 30 with a helicopter raid on two of the Suez Canal bridges and an electricity substation on the Nile River; as a result of the shelling, Israel would fortify its side of the canal and theBar Lev Linewould be completed in March.[26]
  • In peace talks in Paris, aimed at negotiating an end to theVietnam War,U.S. negotiatorW. Averell Harrimanhad his first private meeting with his counterpart from North Vietnam,Lê Đức Thọ.The two diplomats conferred, along with their interpreters, at the Paris suburb ofVitry-sur-Seine.[27]
  • Born:

September 9,1968 (Monday)

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  • The very firstUS Opentennis tournament was held, as a successor to the U.S. National Championship, a Grand Slam event that had been limited to amateurs.Virginia WadedefeatedBillie Jean Kingto win the women's singles; both had become professional players earlier in the year.Bob LutzandStan Smith,both amateurs, won the men's doubles over the team of Arthur Ashe (amateur) andAndrés Gimeno(pro).Maria BuenoandMargaret CourtbeatRosemary Casalsand King in the women's doubles; all four were pros.
  • Still playing as an amateur,Arthur Ashe,an African-American and a lieutenant in theUnited States Army,won his firstGrand Slamtournament, theUS Open,by defeating professionalTom Okkerof the Netherlands in the best-of-five finals, 14–12, 5–7, 6–3, 3–6, 6–3. Okker, however, was awarded the $14,000 prize money for the highest finish by a professional because Ashe was ineligible to receive it as an amateur.[28]Ashe would turn professional the following year and would win the Australian Open in 1970 and Wimbledon in 1975.[29]
  • ThePryor Mountains Wild Horse Rangewas established as the first area in the United States set aside as a refuge formustangs,the Americanwild horse.The U.S. Department of the Interior designated 39,650 acres (160.5 km2) of isolated mountain terrain (almost 62 square miles) in Montana and Wyoming as a protected area.[30]
  • Born:Lila Downs,Grammy Award-winning Mexican singer and multilingual songwriter; inTlaxiaco

September 10,1968 (Tuesday)

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Kissinger
  • Harvard UniversityprofessorHenry Kissingerbegan a relationship with Republican presidential nomineeRichard Nixonwith a telephone call to the Nixon campaign's foreign policy adviser,Richard V. Allen,offering his services that would lead to Kissinger's appointment as President Nixon's National Security Adviser and, later, as the U.S. Secretary of State.[31]According to a 1983 book by investigative journalistSeymour Hersh,The Price of Power: Kissinger in the Nixon White House,Allen recounted later that Kissinger said that he had many friends who were involved in the Paris Peace Talks on behalf of President Lyndon Johnson, and began providing the Nixon campaign with classified information from the talks.[32]In 2016, notes from another Nixon adviser,H. R. Haldeman,would confirm suspicion that Nixon had used Kissinger's information to sabotage the peace talks in the days before the election.[33]
  • Maranatha Baptist Collegebegan its very first classes, with 173 students and 27 faculty, inWatertown, Wisconsin.[34]
  • Born:

September 11,1968 (Wednesday)

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  • Ninety-five people, including French Army GeneralRené Cogny,were killed whenAir France Flight 1611crashed into the Mediterranean during its scheduled approach toNiceafter departure from the island ofCorsica.[35]Before the impact in the sea, 12 miles (19 km) off the coast of theCap d'Antibes,the pilot radioed that there was a fire on board theCaravelle jet.
  • Convicted Japanese murdererIwao Hakamadawas sentenced to death by hanging, in a ruling by a panel of three judges. After spending more than 45 years ondeath row,Hakamada would be released on March 27, 2014, and granted a retrial based on evidence of police and prosecutor misconduct.
  • The government of India announced its plans to createMeghalaya,a new autonomous territory out of the southwestern hill country of the existing state ofAssam,though it would require anamendment to the Indian constitution.[36]Meghalaya would become the 20th state of India in 1972.
  • Top military advisorEarle Wheeleradvised U.S. PresidentLyndon Johnsonnot to halt bombing against military targets over the remaining areas of North Vietnam still under pressure of American bombing.[37]
  • Born:Gary "Litefoot" Davis,American actor, rap artist and American Indian activist; inUpland, California[38]
  • Died:
    • Tommy Armour,71, Scottish-born American professional golfer who overcame World War I injuries to become a champion player; winner of the U.S. Open (1927), the PGA Championship (1930) and the British Open (1931).
    • GeneralRené Cogny,64, retired French Army officer who commanded French forces in Vietnam at the time of the 1954 sacking ofDien Bien Phu,was among the 95 people killed on Flight 1611.

September 12,1968 (Thursday)

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September 13,1968 (Friday)

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  • Albaniawithdrew from the Warsaw Pact three weeks after theWarsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia.The Albanian government had ceased participating in Warsaw Pact maneuvers six years earlier.[42]Enver Hoxha,the premier of Albania, declared that "The Warsaw Treaty no longer serves socialism and peace", Hoxha said, "it no longer serves the cause of the working class and proletarian internationalism, and it has lost the ideological and class basis on which it was created. It now serves the revisionist bourgeoisie, it serves the big-power chauvinistic narrow interests of the Soviet revisionist leadership as well as the U.S.—Soviet counter-revolutionary alliance for the domination of the world."[43]
  • In the largest industrial merger in the United Kingdom up to that time,General Electric Company(GEC) acquired the assets ofEnglish Electricwith the approval of theIndustrial Reorganisation Corporation.[44]The acquisition agreement had been signed by GEC and English Electric on September 6.[45]
  • A crowd of 300,000 anti-government demonstrators in Mexico City carried out theLa Marcha del Silencio— the "Silence March", approaching the National Palace quietly, but ominously, without shouting protest slogans as a show of the marchers' self-discipline and anti-violent aims.[46]
  • Born:Bernie Williams,Puerto Rican baseball player; inSan Juan
  • Died:U.S. Army Major GeneralKeith L. Ware,52, World War IIMedal of Honorrecipient, was killed along with seven other people when his helicopter was shot down overSouth Vietnam.[47]He would be posthumously awarded theDistinguished Service Cross.

September 14,1968 (Saturday)

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  • The AmericanCBStelevision network unveiled its lineup of non-violent musical comedies withThe Archie Show,bringing the teenage characters from the popularArchie Comicsto TV, and giving them instruments to play as a rock band, "The Archies". The new formula of cartoons and pop music was so successful that one of the Archies' recordings that had started on the animated show, "Sugar, Sugar",reached number one on theBillboard Hot 100of best-selling songsthe following year,and would stay there for four weeks.
  • With a 5–4 victory over the Oakland A's,Detroit TigerspitcherDenny McLainwon his 30th game of the 1968 season and became the first Major League Baseball pitcher to win 30 games since 1934.Dizzy Dean,the last 30-game winner and formerSt. Louis Cardinalspitcher, was on hand in Detroit to congratulate McLain's achievement.[48]As of 2017, no other major league pitchers have had 30 wins.

September 15,1968 (Sunday)

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September 16,1968 (Monday)

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  • After more than two weeks of criticismfor its August 28 decision to not include mixed-race batsmanBasil D'Oliveira,one of England's bestcricketplayers, on theEngland cricket team's tour ofSouth Africa,theMarylebone Cricket Clubreversed itself. D'Oliveira, aCape Colouredman, was a South African native and a naturalized British citizen, and the white-minority government of South Africa prohibited the mixing of races in sporting events as part of itsapartheidpolicy. His inclusion came only after another batsman,Tom Cartwright,was injured in a club match.[52]The next day, South Africa's Prime Minister,B. J. Vorster,canceled England's visit, declaring, "Whereas we are, and always have been, prepared to play host to the Marylebone Cricket Club, we are not prepared to receive a team thrust on us by people whose interests are not the game, but to gain political objectives which they do not even attempt to hide."[53]Vorster denied that he was a racist, or that South Africa put pressure on the English selectors, saying "We behaved very correctly, very correctly. We rightly left it to MCC to make their choice... they made their choice on merit, so they said, time and again... but the moment the decision was known, there was an outcry, an outcry because a certain gentleman of colour was omitted on merit by the MCC selection committee... and from then on it was political bodyline bowling all the way until today."[54]
  • Presidential candidateRichard Nixonbroke precedent by joining the many celebrities who had cameo appearances on the popularRowan & Martin's Laugh-Inshow to utter the show's catchphrase, "Sock it to me", as the program opened its second season. Nixon's appearance was a pre-recorded, three-second clip where Nixon awkwardly feigned surprise and asked, "Sock it to me???"[55]A contemporary report, made afterNewsweekmagazine broke the surprise, noted that "Only a few years ago it would have been inconceivable that a candidate for President of the United States would appear on a television variety show",[56]and a historian would note more than 40 years later that the clip "made explicit the historic juncture between presidential politics and popular entertainment" by "using entertainment television to bypass the press and actively construct a public image of a likable, popular personality to assert his political legitimacy."[57]
  • Born:Marc Anthony(stage name for Marco Antonio Muñiz), Hispanic-American singer and Grammy Award winner; inNew York City

September 17,1968 (Tuesday)

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Diahann Carroll and Marc Copage inJulia
  • Julia,described by one critic as "the first non-Negro-stereotype TV situation comedy to star a Negro actress",[58]premiered at 8:30 Eastern time on the NBC television network and began a three-season run. Actress and singerDiahann Carrollportrayed Julia Baker, a recently widowed black nurse, withLloyd Nolanin a supporting role as Baker's white boss and Marc Copage as her 6-year-old son, Corey. Another child actor, Michael Link, appeared as Corey's white friend, Earl J. Waggedorn.Hal Kanterwas the creator-producer of a show that was generally praised by television critics. One critic noted that the situation comedy "is very low pressure, admirably without alaugh track,and weaves in warmth, bite and a social needle... of course it must deal at times with black-white relationships, but it is not, and does not pretend to be, a social tract ", adding," It has been suggested by some that 'Julia' is not going to give a true representation of Negro life, and that may very well be so. On the other hand it might be argued that white situation comedies hardly give a true representation of white life in the United States. This may not be anything to cheer about overall, but it seems unfair to expect 'Julia' to solve all the world's problems. "[59]Another critic noted that the premiere episode's "frequent reference to skin color... is rather unusual", acknowledging that "Before this, there wasI Spy,but that series blandly ignored the fact thatBill Cosbywas a Negro ", and noting that the sitcom" shapes up as a benign, light half hour, brightened by Miss Carroll's good looks and charm and warmed by the cute little boy who plays her son. "[60]
  • TheU.S. Department of Statesent a letter to the Foreign Ministry of thePeople's Republic of China(by way of the Chinese embassy in Poland), proposing that the two nations, then enemies, begin discussing the possibility of establishing diplomatic relations and exchanging ambassadors. Two days later, "to the amazement of the U.S. side", China responded favorably, claiming that it wanted to "maintain friendly relations with all states, regardless of social system, on the basis of 1954's"Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence".[61]
  • With the endorsement of theUnited Nations,the Western half of the island ofNew Guineawas formally incorporated intoIndonesiaas that nation's 26th province,Irian Jaya.In 2000, the name of Irian Jaya would be changed toPapua(not to be confused with the independent Republic ofPapua New Guinea) on the other half of the island, and limited autonomy would be granted to the westernmost part of the province as West Papua.[62]
  • TheDetroit Tigerswon theAmerican Leaguepennant to reach baseball'sWorld Seriesafter the second-placeBaltimore Orioleslost to theBoston Red Sox,2–0. The Orioles, 10 games behind the first place Tigers with only nine games left in the season, were mathematically eliminated 30 minutes before the Tigers beat theNew York Yankees,2–1.[63]
  • Supporting development work in theApollo Applications Program(AAP) was eliminated, except that of an urgent or critical nature. This reduction in program supporting development work was the result of budget restrictions when available appropriated funds were reduced from $32.0 million to $18.2 million forApolloand AAP.[10]
  • Born:Anastacia(Anastacia Lyn Newkirk), American singer-songwriter and philanthropist; inChicago
  • Died:

September 18,1968 (Wednesday)

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  • The AmericanIntelsat III F-1,also known as "Atlantic 3" and as the largestcommunications satellitedesigned up to that time, was destroyed along with the newDelta Mrocket. Although Delta rockets had been successfully launched 25 times in a row, the more powerful Delta M version failed on its maiden flight, exploding "in a ball of reddish-orange flame" after its gyroscopic system failed only 20 seconds after liftoff fromCape Kennedy.Atlantic 3 had been intended to relay live telecasts of the upcoming Summer Olympic Games from Mexico City to Western Europe, and its loss would require European networks to hastily change their plans.[65]
  • Candlestick Parkin San Francisco had its secondno-hitterbaseball game in as many days.St. Louis Cardinals'Ray Washburnpitched a no-hitter to beat theSan Francisco Giants,2–0, a day after the Giants'Gaylord Perryhad a no-hit 1–0 win over the Cardinals.[66]The only other venue for two no-hitters in two days had beenSportsman's Parkin St. Louis on May 6 and 7, 1917, in two wins by theSt. Louis Brownsover theChicago White Sox.
  • The Soviet space probeZond 5made its closest approach to theMoon,coming within 1,950 kilometres (1,210 mi) of the lunar surface in a circumnavigation (using lunar gravity) rather than multiple orbits, then began its return to Earth, where theJodrell Bankobservatory in England noted the achievement. "Only at this point", an author would note later, "did the Soviets actually admit to having launched the mission!"[67]
  • San Francisco State Universitybecame the first American college to institute a "black studies"program of classes in response to student protests. Starting with UCLA the next semester, other colleges and universities would follow suit.[68]
  • Born:Toni Kukoč,Croatian professional basketball forward who starred in EuroLeague competition and later in the NBA; inSplit, Croatia,Yugoslavia
  • Died:Franchot Tone,63, American film actor; of lung cancer[69]

September 19,1968 (Thursday)

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September 20,1968 (Friday)

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  • William Henry Furman,an African American criminal defendant who would become the appellant in the landmark U.S. Supreme Court case ofFurman v. Georgia,was tried, convicted and sentenced to death for murder in a one-day trial inSavannah.Furman's sentence of death in the electric chair would be appealed upward and lead to the Supreme Court's decision, on June 28, 1972, effectively voiding the death sentences of all prisoners who were awaiting execution in the United States.[75]
  • Tragedy struck theFarnborough Airshow,the United Kingdom's largest air exposition and second largest in the world, for the first time since 1952 when a French Air ForceBreguet Atlanticcrashed into the offices of the Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE) while performing a display. One of the RAE's civilian maintenance staff was killed, as were all five members of the crew.[76][77]
  • Eastern AirlinesFlight 950 was hijacked during its flight fromSan Juan, Puerto RicotoMiami,and diverted toHavana,marking the eighth hijacking of an airplane to Cuba in 1968.
  • Born:
  • Died:Max Fremerey,79, German major general who guided the tank assault on Stalingrad during World War II

September 21,1968 (Saturday)

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  • The police television seriesAdam-12,starringMartin MilnerandKent McCordas Los Angeles Police Department officers Pete Malloy and Jim Reed, began the first of seven seasons on the NBC network. Created byJack WebbandR. A. Cinader,Adam-12differed from previous police dramas because it followed the officers on routine calls rather than having a case to solve, as in Webb'sDragnetseries. Critics were generally negative; one critic said thatAdam-12was one of four weekend shows and that "None, unhappily, seems destined to set the TV world on fire";[78]another critic wrote that the show "was so corny, it was embarrassing... How Jack Webb could allow his name to be connected with this little inanity is beyond comprehension", and added that "Except for one well-shot car crash",Adam-12"had as much interest as a police docket on a slow night."[79]Nevertheless, the show would prove to be a surprise success, running for seven seasons, and would pave the way for future shows where cameras followed real police crews on patrol, such as the pre-recorded 1990s Fox Network showCops,and the live broadcasts of police patrols onLive PDin 2017.
  • The Soviet Union uncrewed lunar spaceshipZond 5was recovered intact, in the southern Indian Ocean, roughly 105 kilometres (65 mi) from the nearest Soviet Navy ship and several hundred miles southeast ofMauritius.[67]The Zond probe had missed its planned landing site after it re-entered Earth's gravity at a steep angle, and was the first to be recovered on water rather than on land. The first return of an object to Earth after a circumnavigation of theMoonled to speculation that the Soviets were planning a crewed mission to land cosmonauts on the Moon before the United States could do so.[80]However, U.S. presidential science adviserDonald Hornigwould inform President Johnson that the reports about Zond 5 "grossly exaggerated the importance and significance of this event" and that "we are at least one year ahead of the Soviets" in reaching the Moon. Sources differ as to whether the capsule's collection of biological specimens (bacteria, seeds, plants, flies, worms and turtles) did[50]or did not[81]survive atmospheric re-entry.[82]
  • Born:Ricki Lake,American television talk show host and film actress; inHastings-on-Hudson, New York
  • Died:Charles R. Jackson,65, American novelist, died of an overdose of barbiturates. Jackson was best known for his 1944 bestseller about an alcoholic writer,The Lost Weekend,which would be adapted to an Academy Award-winning film of the same name, and had a 1967 bestseller withA Second-Hand Life.At the time of his death, Jackson had completed 300 pages of a never-finished sequel toThe Lost Weekend.[83][84]

September 22,1968 (Sunday)

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September 23,1968 (Monday)

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  • Lucille Ballpremiered her third television situation comedy in a row, asHere's Lucydebuted with Ball and co-starGale Gordonas different characters than they had played onThe Lucy Show,which was as a prime-time rerun a week earlier. Formerly "Lucy Carmichael", Ball now played "Lucy Carter"; she was still a widowed mother with a son and a daughter, working as a secretary for Gordon's character. This time, however, her children (Kim and Craig) were portrayed by Ball's real-life children,Lucie ArnazandDesi Arnaz Jr.Gordon, formerly "Mr. Mooney", was now "Harry Carter", Lucy's brother-in-law. "It seems that we've seen this all before", a critic noted, "but when Lucille Ball plays it, it is valid and funny."[88]Another wrote that "Unfortunately, there was nothing unique about the opening show", and described the first episode as "silly and tedious and even an all out Lucy could not improve it."[89]
  • Mayberry R.F.D.premiered as a continuation ofThe Andy Griffith Show,with Sheriff Andy Taylor (Andy Griffith) appearing in the opening episode and marrying Helen Crump (Aneta Corsaut), then moving away with his son Opie (Ron Howard). Most of the previous show's cast remained for the new series, includingFrances Bavier(Aunt Bee),George LindseyandJack Dodson.Ken Berrywas the new lead actor as a new character, Sam Jones, andBuddy Fosterportrayed his son Mike. WithDon Knottsreprising his role as Barney Fife for the first episode,Mayberry R.F.D.was the most-watched show of the week. A critic noted that "Berry has his work cut out for him to keep life as interesting and funny in Mayberry as Sheriff Andy has for the past eight seasons."[90]
  • From September 23 to 26, a preliminary design review for theApollo Telescope Mount(ATM) was held at MSFC. Working groups composed of scientists, engineers, andastronautscovered specific areas such as pointing control, electrical and electronic support equipment, mission operations requirements, mechanical and thermal considerations, instrumentation, communications, control and display equipment, crew station, experiments, and quality and reliability during testing and manufacture.[10]
  • Georgios Papadopoulos,the Prime Minister and leader of the military government of Greece, ordered the release of seven political opponents who had been held in exile on various "remote Greek island villages" for 16 months, including former Prime MinistersPanagiotis KanellopoulosandGeorgios Papandreou.The others set free were former government ministersGeorgios Mavros,Georgios Rallis,Stelios Allamanis, Demetrios Papaspyrou and Iakovos Diamantopoulos.[91]
  • The third and final phase of theTet Offensive—Phase III— came to an end with the withdrawal of the North Vietnamese Army's 5th, 7th and 9th infantry fromTây Ninh ProvinceandBình Long Province,more than six weeks after the August 17 attack on 27 South Vietnamese cities and towns, as well as 47 airfields and 100 outposts.[92]
  • Born:
  • Died:Padre Pio(Francesco Forgione), 81, Roman Catholic monk and hospital founder who received the stigmata in 1918 after a vision of Jesus; his death came 50 years and three days after the miracle, and the stigmata disappeared soon after his death. He would be canonized in 2002 as Saint Pius of Pietrelcina.[93]

September 24,1968 (Tuesday)

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  • TheCBStelevision news show60 Minutes,produced byDon Hewittmade its debut at 10:00 Eastern time, withMike WallaceandHarry Reasoneras the hosts. One critic acknowledged Hewitt's attempt to make the program "look as much as possible as a magazine" and concluded that it "was bright and breezy and went a long way in bridging the great gap between the ha-ha of TV entertainment and the dolorous solemnity of public affairs programs".[94]The first story on the first show was a report about the Republican and Democratic national conventions from August, comparing and contrasting the reactions of both Richard Nixon and Hubert Humphrey to their respective nominations for the presidency.[95]The program would begin its 50th consecutive season in 2017.
  • The Mod Squadbegan a five-season run on ABC with a 90-minute made-for-television movie to introduce the characters. One critic noted that "ABC 'stretched' the initial episode... and may have cost the series its life in doing it", adding that "the tedium endured by minutes of posing by the cast are bound to make dial turners out of many viewers."[96]
  • Jorge Pacheco Areco,thePresident of Uruguay,formally instituted censorship of the press in the South American nation.[97]
  • Died:Thakin Than Tun,57, Burmese politician who had been the Chairman of the Communist Party of Burma since 1950, assassinated by a government agent.[98]

September 25,1968 (Wednesday)

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  • Democratic Party presidential nomineeHubert H. Humphreyproposed a series of three candidate debates with RepublicanRichard M. Nixonand American Independent candidateGeorge C. Wallace,telling students atPepperdine Collegein Los Angeles that if the candidates could "be heard together on the same platform in the same towns at the same time.... we wouldn't be voting on who has the most razzledazzle, the most money or the most slogans."[99]Nixon, who had a 43% to 28% lead over Humphrey in opinion polls and who had performed poorly in presidential debates in 1960, declined the proposal two days later.[100]
  • In a move to block a vote on the approval ofAbe FortasasChief Justice of the United Statesin a U.S. Senate that had a 63 to 37 advantage for the Democrats, Republican U.S. SenatorRobert P. Griffinbegan afilibuster,leading off with a 50-page long speech against the nomination.[101]Although the Democrats had enough votes to confirm Fortas, they fell short of the 67 votes needed for a two-thirds vote forclotureto end a filibuster. Ultimately, Fortas would withdraw his name as the filibuster continued, andWarren Burgerwould be nominated by Nixon in 1969.
  • Communist political parties, outlawed inWest Germanysince 1956 (while being the ruling party inEast Germanysince 1949), became legal again as theDeutsche Kommunistische Partei(KPD or German Communist Party) was founded. East Germany's Communist organization, theSocialist Unity Party of Germany(Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands) funded West Germany's KPD until the reunification of Germany in 1990.
  • Here Come the Brides,a television western set in 1864 and inspired by the actualMercer Girlsproject started byAsa Mercerto bring women from the eastern United States to the Pacific Northwest, began a two-season run on ABC. ActorRobert Brownstarred as Jason Bolt, the analog to Asa Mercer.
  • Born:

September 26,1968 (Thursday)

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  • The long running CBS police dramaHawaii Five-Opremiered on CBS at 8:00 p.m. and began a 12-season run and 284-episode run that would last until April 5, 1980. The hour-long series had been preceded by a pilot which had been shown by CBS on September 20 as a made-for-television movie; the pilot would be edited into two episodes shown at the end of the first season.Jack Lordappeared as Steve McGarrett, Commander of the Five-0 Task Force. Critical reaction to the series was favorable, as the AP writer described it as "a welcome addition to the network's schedule— a fast-paced, sharply produced police series with good acting an added plus in the authentic island background", in that it was filmed entirely on location in Hawaii.[102]A historian would note later that "What madeHawaii Five-Ounique right from the beginning was that it was filmed entirely on location... great care was taken to actually make the exotic scenery a character in and of itself. "[103]Competing against ABC'sBewitchedand NBC'sIronside,Five-Ohad poor ratings at first, but got enough additional viewers after a shift to 10:00 Wednesday night and would be renewed for a second season. Its record as the longest-running crime show in television history would be broken byLaw & Orderin 2003.
  • Censorship of plays was abolished in the United Kingdom as theTheatres Act 1968,approved on July 26, went into effect and ended the existence of the position of Examiner of Plays in theLord Chamberlain's Officeafter 230 years. With the government approval no longer required, the rock musicalHair(which included a scene with a fully nude cast) made its British premiere onLondon's West Endat theShaftesbury Theatre.[104][105]
  • What would become known as the "Brezhnev Doctrine"— that every Communist nation outside the USSR had the duty to intervene in the affairs of other socialist nations in order to protect" the entire Communist movement "— was announced in an article in the Communist Party newspaperPravda,written by party official Sergei Kovalev and titled "Sovereignty and the International Obligations of Socialist Countries".[106]
  • TheDeutsche Kommunistische Partei(DKP or German Communist Party) was founded inFrankfurt-am-MaininWest Germanyto replace the former Communist Party of Germany that had been banned in 1956.[107]
  • Brazil's military government enacted Decree-Law No. 63,283 to become "the first country in the world to licensepublic relations",although public relations businesses had not yet come into existence.[108]
  • Born:
  • Died:Daniel Johnson Sr.,53, Canadian politician andPremier of Quebecsince 1966; of a heart attack inManicouagan, Quebec,on the day that he was scheduled to dedicate the world's largest multi-arch dam, the Manicouagan-5 Dam (nicknamed "Manic 5" ).[109]Johnson apparently died an hour before he was discovered at his cottage at 7:00 in the morning; the ceremony went on as scheduled, but a plaque that proclaimed that he had poured the last bucket of concrete into Manic 5 remained veiled.[110]The structure would be renamed theDaniel-Johnson Damsoon afterward.

September 27,1968 (Friday)

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  • In London, KingHussein of Jordanand his adviser,Zaid Al-Rifaimet secretly with threeIsraeliofficials for peace negotiations a year after theSix-Day Warof 1967.[111]Labor MinisterYigal Allon,Foreign MinisterAbba Eban,andYaakov Herzog(chief adviser to Israel's Prime MinisterLevi Eshkolhad agreed to King Hussein's suggestion that they all meet in the United Kingdom to discuss Allon's peace proposal, theAllon Plan,that would have returned half of the capturedWest Bankto Jordanian control. The Allon Plan, however, was contingent upon the recognition of Israel's right to exist by its Arab neighbors, and the parties would not agree.
  • After 36 years as the absolute ruler of andPrime Minister of Portugal,Antonio de Oliveira Salazarwas removed from office when doctors concluded that he would not be able to recover from a stroke that he had suffered earlier in the month. Portugal's President,Américo Tomás,replaced Salazar with a former Portuguese government official,Marcelo Caetano.[112]Salazar would eventually wake up from his coma, "but was not told of his removal because his doctors feared the shock would kill him" and, as such, he spent the remaining 20 months of his life "believing that he still controlled the country."[113]
  • TheBrussels Convention,specifically the Convention on Jurisdiction and the Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters, was opened for signature by the six member states of theEuropean Economic Community(Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and West Germany) as the parties agreed to give full faith and credit to court judgments of the member nations. As new nations joined the EEC and then theEuropean Union,they would accept the Brussels Convention as well and it is now applicable in 28 European nations.[114]
  • Born:Mari Kiviniemi,41stPrime Minister of Finlandfrom 2010 to 2011; inSeinäjoki

September 28,1968 (Saturday)

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  • TheAtlanta Chiefsbeat theSan Diego Toros,3 to 0, to win thefirst championshipof theNorth American Soccer League,the highest level professional soccer football league in the United States.[115]The championship was decided based on the combined score of two games, one in each team's home stadium, and the September 21 meeting at San Diego had finished in a 0 to 0 tie. The second game took place atAtlanta Stadium,the home of the NFL Falcons, the NL Braves and the Chiefs, and had an attendance of 14,994 people.
  • All 57 people on board aPan African Airlinesairliner were killed inNigeria,along with one person on the ground, when the propeller drivenDouglas C-54Bclipped the tops of two 50 foot (15 m) high trees while making its approach toPort Harcourton a nighttime flight fromLagos.In addition to the passengers, the plane was also carrying a cargo of munitions that exploded upon impact and caused a massive fire that killed the plane's occupants and one person in a village near the airport.[116]
  • King FaisalofSaudi Arabiaissued a royal decree ordering the distribution of uncultivated farmland, in plots of 10 hectares (25 acres) apiece, to any Saudi Arabian citizen who agreed to use it to grow crops; the plan, however, "failed to significantly expand the area under cultivation" in the desert kingdom.[117]
  • Born:
  • Died:Norman Brookes,90, Australian tennis champion who won the men's singles at Wimbledon in1907and1914,and the Australian Open in1911.

September 29,1968 (Sunday)

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  • The cause of action that would lead to the landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision inUnited States v. United States District Court— referred to more often as "the Keith case" because it was a challenge to an order by U.S. District Court JudgeDamon Keith— arose when a dynamite bomb was exploded outside of an office inAnn Arbor, Michigan,used for recruitment by the CIA. Nobody was injured, but, after an investigation that includedwiretapping,the blast was traced to three American men who would be indicted for conspiracy to destroy government property. Judge Keith's order, that the U.S. government must disclose its evidence even to a subversive group, would be challenged, and lead to a unanimous 1972 ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court that would require a warrant for electronic surveillance by the United States against American citizens.[120]
  • Pierre Mulele,a former Congolese government minister who had led theSimba rebellionagainst the government of theDemocratic Republic of the Congoin 1964, voluntarily returned to his homeland after being offered amnesty by Congo's PresidentJoseph Mobutu.Three days after coming home (and being honored at a welcoming reception), Mulele was arrested and charged with being a "war criminal", at which point President Mobutu said that the amnesty did not apply to war crimes. Convicted of the charges, Mulele was executed by a firing squad on October 7.[121]
  • By a reported 97 percent margin, voters in areferendumin Greece overwhelmingly approved a constitution giving stronger powers to the military junta led by ColonelGeorge Papadopoulos,and approved Article 138, which formally suspended basic individual rights such as freedom of the press, the right of assembly, and protection from previously illegal searches, or arbitrary arrest and imprisonment. Greece remained a monarchy, but King Constantine II was stripped of most of his powers.[122]
  • Born:Samir Soni,Indian television actor; inNew Delhi

September 30,1968 (Monday)

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  • Trailing Republican candidateRichard M. Nixonin presidential preference polls, Democratic Party candidate and U.S. Vice PresidentHubert H. Humphreymade the decision to come out against U.S. President Johnson's policy on the Vietnam War. FromSalt Lake CityinUtah,Humphrey delivered a speech pledging that if elected, he would halt U.S. bombing of North Vietnam unconditionally; his prepared remarks said "I would be willing to stop the bombing" and, as he spoke, he changed it to "I would stop the bombing."[123]Humphrey also stated that any bombing halt would not be without conditions, he added that prior to a cessation, he "would place key importance on evidence—direct or indirect, by word or deed—of Communist willingness to restore the demilitarized zone between South and North Vietnam." He further stated that he "would support the resumption of bombing if the North Vietnamese were to show bad faith,[124]the immediate impact was that donations to the Humphrey campaign would increase. "[125]President Johnson explained the fallacy of unilaterally halting the bombing of military targets in North Vietnam without any assurances from Hanoi in a phone call to Richard Nixon that same day.[126]
  • TheBoeing 747,the largest passenger aircraft ever built up to that time, was rolled out to the public and the media at an event atBoeing's test facility,Paine Field,atEverett, Washington.[127][128]The first of the wide-bodied airliners referred to as a "jumbo jet",the 747-100 was 80 feet (24 m) longer, 20 feet (6.1 m) taller, and had a wingspan 50 feet (15 m) wider than the next largest airliner, theBoeing 707,and could carry 360 or more passengers, twice as many as the 707.[129]The rolled-out model had the insignia of 28 different airlines that had placed orders for the new plane.

References

edit
  1. ^"Presidium Enlarged By Czechs",Pittsburgh Post-Gazette,September 2, 1968, p1
  2. ^"Austria and the End of the Prague Spring: Neutrality in the Crucible", by Stefan Karner and Peter Ruggenthaler, inThe Prague Spring and the Warsaw Pact Invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968,ed. by Günter Bischof, et al. (Rowman & Littlefield, 2010) p433
  3. ^"9/11 mystery: What was Atta doing on 9/10?".NBC News.September 7, 2006.Archivedfrom the original on February 27, 2015.RetrievedMarch 6,2015.
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  5. ^Daniel Smith,100 Things They Don't Want You To Know: Conspiracies, Mysteries and Unsolved Crimes(Quercus Publishing, 2015)
  6. ^Valentine, J. M., 1969, "Archaeological enigmas of Florida and the Western Bahamas", inMuse News(June, 1969), pp. 26-29, 41-47
  7. ^"Salazar, António de Oliveira", inHistorical Dictionary of Portugal,by Douglas L. Wheeler and Walter C. Opello Jr. (Scarecrow Press, 2010) p240
  8. ^"Bulgarian Plane Crashes; 50 Die",Pittsburgh Press,September 4, 1968, p1
  9. ^"Mauritius, Republic of", inHeads of States and Governments: A Worldwide Encyclopedia of Over 2,300 Leaders, 1945 through 1992,ed. by Harris M. Lentz (Routledge, 2013) p1798
  10. ^abcThis article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain.Brooks, Courtney G.; Ertel, Ivan D.; Newkirk, Roland W."PART II: Apollo Application Program -January 1967 to December 1968.".SKYLAB: A CHRONOLOGY.NASA Special Publication-4011.NASA.pp. 142–143.Retrieved11 May2023.
  11. ^"Congo Ousts President".Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.September 5, 1968. p. 2.
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  25. ^Moshe Gat,In Search of a Peace Settlement: Egypt and Israel Between the Wars, 1967–1973(Palgrave Macmillan, 2012) p44
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  28. ^"Ashe Wins U.S. Open Singles Title— Top-Seeded Pros Are Outclassed— Okker Collects $14,000 For Losing Title",Pittsburgh Post-Gazette,September 10, 1968, p27
  29. ^Eric Allen Hall,Arthur Ashe: Tennis and Justice in the Civil Rights Era(Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014)
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  34. ^"The Miracle of Maranatha",Maranatha Baptist University website
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  38. ^"Gary Davis - Department of Energy".energy.gov.
  39. ^"Reds Display Pueblo Crew",Honolulu Advertiser,September 13, 1968, p1
  40. ^"Will Power Makes Motorized Arm Operate for Amputees", by Harry Nelson,|work=Los Angeles Times|date=September 13, 1968| p1
  41. ^"'Boston Arm' Thought Into Movement",Pittsburgh Post-Gazette,September 14, 1968, p23
  42. ^"Albania Quitting Soviet Bloc",Pittsburgh Post-Gazette,September 13, 1968, p1
  43. ^Richard Szawlowski,The System of the International Organizations of the Communist Countries(A. W. Sijthoff Publishing, 1976) pp5-6
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  47. ^"General Dies in Copter Crash",Pittsburgh Post-Gazette,September 14, 1968, p4
  48. ^"Tiger Rally Gives McLain 30th Victory, 5—4; Feat First In 34 Years",Pittsburgh Press,September 15, 1968, p4-1
  49. ^"Cardinals Clinch NL Pennant",Pittsburgh Post-Gazette,September 16, 1968, p32
  50. ^ab"Zond (probe)", inEncyclopedia of Space and Astronomy,by Joseph A. Angelo (Infobase Publishing, 2014) p666
  51. ^"Swedes Vote Back Social Democrats",Pittsburgh Post-Gazette,September 16, 1968, p2
  52. ^"D'Oliveira will go to South Africa after all",The Guardian(London), September 17, 1968, p1
  53. ^"South Africa Blocks Tour By Britons",Des Moines (IA) Tribune,September 18, 1968, p52
  54. ^"Mr Vorster bans tour by MCC's 'political' team",The Guardian(London), September 18, 1968, p1
  55. ^"They've Found New Ways To Say 'Sock It To Me'", by Richard K. Shull,Indianapolis News,September 17, 1968, p14
  56. ^"Nixon to blare out 'Sock it to me' on TV",Oneonta (NY) Star,September 16, 1968, p1
  57. ^Kathryn Cramer Brownell,Showbiz Politics: Hollywood in American Political Life(University of North Carolina Press, 2014) pp188-190
  58. ^Harris, Harvey (September 18, 1968). "'Julia' Bows as Widow-Son Story Heavy on Chuckles and 'Heart'".Philadelphia Inquirer.p. 17.We use the qualifying adjectives because nobody at NBC or elsewhere seems to mention ABC'sBeulahin whichEthel Watersplayed the title role 18 years ago.
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  60. ^"New Diahann Carroll Show Familiar Situation Comedy".Asbury Park Press.New Jersey. AP columnist. September 18, 1968. p. 29.
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  63. ^"It'll Be Detroit and St. Louis in Series As Tigers Nip Yankees, Orioles Lose".Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.September 18, 1968. p. 44.
  64. ^"Armand Blanchonnet".Olympedia.OlyMADMen.Retrieved11 May2023.
  65. ^"Satellite Destroyed In Blazing Fireball",Pittsburgh Post-Gazette,September 19, 1968, p2
  66. ^Tom Schott and Nick Peters,The Giants Encyclopedia(Sports Publishing LLC, 2003) p435
  67. ^abWesley T. Huntress Jr. and Mikhail Ya Marov,Soviet Robots in the Solar System: Mission Technologies and Discoveries(Springer, 2011) pp174-175
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  86. ^"Two Airliners Carrying 135 Are Hijacked",Pittsburgh Post-Gazette,September 23, 1968, p1
  87. ^"Parliaments News – BBC News".
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  91. ^"7 Top Greek Politicians Freed".Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.September 24, 1968. p. 1.
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  94. ^"From Sunset To Ennui, New Shows Kept Coming", by Richard K. Shull,Indianapolis News,September 25, 1968, p19
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  96. ^"Television Scout", by Joan Crosby,Pittsburgh Press,September 24, 1968, p55
  97. ^Laud Humphreys,Terrorism and Democratic Stability(Routledge, 2017) p92
  98. ^Bertil Lintner,Burma in Revolt: Opium and Insurgency since 1948(Silkworm Books, 1999)
  99. ^"Humphrey Urges 3-Way Debates",Pittsburgh Post-Gazette,September 26, 1968, p6
  100. ^"Nixon Nixes Off-The-Air HHH Debate",Pittsburgh Post-Gazette,September 27, 1968, p1
  101. ^"FORTAS FIGHT OPENS IN SENATE FILIBUSTER— Griffin Cites 'Cronyism' As Issue",Pittsburgh Press,September 25, 1968, p1
  102. ^"'Hawaii Five-O' Fast-Paced", AP report by Cynthia Lowry, inCumberland (MD) Evening Times,September 27, 1968, p5
  103. ^Douglas Snauffer,Crime Television(Greenwood Publishing, 2006) p58
  104. ^James Woodfield,English Theatre in Transition 1881–1914(Routledge, 2015)
  105. ^Nigel Yates,Love Now, Pay Later?: Sex And Religion In The Fifties And Sixties(Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 2011)
  106. ^Arnold Beichman,The Long Pretense: Soviet Treaty Diplomacy from Lenin to Gorbachev(Transaction Publishers, 1991) p210
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  108. ^"Brazil", by Paulo Nassar, et al., inLatin American and Caribbean Perspectives on the Development of Public Relations: Other Voices,ed. by Tom Watson (Springer, 2014) p20
  109. ^"Province, nation and world mourn Johnson on death of Premier at 53 in Manicougan",Montreal Gazette,September 27, 1968, p1
  110. ^The plaque they left veiled ",Ottawa Citizen,September 26, 1968, p1
  111. ^Gershom Gorenberg,The Accidental Empire: Israel and the Birth of the Settlements, 1967–1977(Macmillan, 2007)
  112. ^"Caetano Takes Over In Portugal",Pittsburgh Post-Gazette,September 28, 1968, p1
  113. ^"Portugal, Republic of", inHeads of States and Governments: A Worldwide Encyclopedia of Over 2,300 Leaders, 1945 through 1992,ed. by Harris M. Lentz (Routledge, 2013) p654
  114. ^Robert E. Lutz,A Lawyer's Handbook for Enforcing Foreign Judgments in the United States and Abroad(Cambridge University Press, 2006) p315
  115. ^"Atlanta Soccer Champ; Blanks San Diego, 3-0",Arizona Republic(Phoenix), September 29, 1968, p11
  116. ^Ranter, Harro."ASN Aircraft accident Douglas C-54B-1-DC (DC-4) N90427 Port Harcourt Airport (PHC)".aviation-safety.net.
  117. ^"The Dogma of Development: Techopolities and Power in Saudi Arabia", by Toby C. Jones, inSaudi Arabia in Transition: Insights on Social, Political, Economic and Religious Change,ed. by Bernard Haykel, et al. (Cambridge University Press, 2015) p38
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  119. ^Formula 1 Yearbook 1998-99.Dempsey Parr. 1998. p. 24.ISBN9781840843880.
  120. ^David Gardner Chardavoyne,United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan: People, Law, and Politics(Wayne State University Press, 2012) pp306-308
  121. ^Stephen L. Weigert,Traditional Religion and Guerrilla Warfare in Modern Africa(Springer, 1995) pp63-64
  122. ^"New Greek Constitution Gets Approval of Voters",Pittsburgh Post-Gazette,September 30, 1968, p2
  123. ^"Vietnam Bombing Halt Speech Turning Point for Humphrey", by Harry Kelly, AP report inPittsburgh Post-Gazette,October 7, 1968, p1
  124. ^"Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968, Volume VII, Vietnam, September 1968–January 1969 - Office of the Historian".history.state.gov.
  125. ^"Humphrey Vows Bombing Halt— 'Acceptable Risk,' He Says in Move From LBJ Side",Pittsburgh Post-Gazette,October 1, 1968, p1
  126. ^"Telephone conversation # 13432, sound recording, LBJ and RICHARD NIXON, 9/30/1968, 6:45PM · Discover Production".discoverlbj.org.
  127. ^"Boeing rolls out its 'jumbo' jet",Honolulu Star-Bulletin,September 30, 1968, p1
  128. ^"Boeing Rolls Out Its 747 Jumbo Jet".Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.October 1, 1968. p. 9 – via news.google.com.
  129. ^Michael Haenggi,Boeing Widebodies(Motorbooks International, 2003) pp9-10
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