Wikipedia

Shiatsu

Not to be confused withShih Tzu.

Shiatsu(/ʃiˈæts-,-ˈɑːtsuː/shee-AT-, -⁠AHT-soo;[1]Chỉ áp) is a form of Japanesebodyworkbased on concepts intraditional Chinese medicinesuch asqi meridians.Having been popularized in the twentieth century byTokujiro Namikoshi(1905–2000),[2]shiatsuderives from the older Japanese massage modality calledanma.

Shiatsu
"Shiatsu" in new-style (shinjitai)kanji
Japanese name
ShinjitaiChỉ áp
Transcriptions
RomanizationShiatsu

There is no scientificevidencethatshiatsuwill prevent or cure any disease.[3]Although it is considered a generally safe treatment—if sometimes painful—there have been reports of adverse health effects arising from its use, a few of them serious.[2]

Description

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In theJapanese language,shiatsumeans "finger pressure".Shiatsutechniques include massages with fingers, thumbs, elbows, knuckles, feet and palms;acupressure,assistedstretching;andjoint manipulationandmobilization.[4]To examine a patient, a shiatsu practitioner usespalpationand, sometimes,pulse diagnosis.

The Japanese Ministry of Health definesshiatsuas "a form of manipulation by thumbs, fingers and palms without the use of instruments, mechanical or otherwise, to apply pressure to the human skin to correct internal malfunctions, promote and maintain health, and treat specific diseases. The techniques used inshiatsuinclude stretching, holding, and most commonly, leaning body weight into various points along key channels. "[5]

The practice ofshiatsuis based on the traditional Chinese concept ofqi,which is sometimes described as an"energy flow".Qiis supposedly channeled through certain pathways in the human body, known asmeridians,causing a variety of effects.[6]Despite the fact that many practitioners use these ideas in explainingshiatsu,[7]neitherqinor meridians exist as observable phenomena.[8][9]

Efficacy

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There is no evidence thatshiatsuis of any benefit in treating cancer or any other disease, though some evidence suggests it might help people feel more relaxed.[3]In 2015, theAustralian Government's Department of Healthpublished the results of a review of alternative therapies that sought to determine if any were suitable for being covered byhealth insurance;shiatsuwas one of 17 therapies evaluated for which no clear evidence of effectiveness was found.[10]Accordingly, in 2017, the Australian government namedshiatsuas a practice that would not qualify for insurance subsidy, to ensure the best use of insurance funds.[11]

Shiatsu's claims of having a positive impact on a recipient's sense of vitality and well-being have to some extent been supported by studies where recipients reported improved relaxation, sleep, and lessened symptom severity.[2]However, the state of the evidence on its efficacy for treating any malady is poor, and one recentsystematic reviewdid not findshiatsuto be effective for any particular health condition.[12]It is generally considered safe, though some studies have reported negative effects after a treatment withshiatsu,[2]and examples of serious health complications exist including one case ofthrombosis,oneembolism,and a documented injury from a "shiatsu-type massaging machine".[13]

History

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Shiatsupractitioners believe that an energy calledkiflows through a network ofmeridiansin the body.

Shiatsuevolved fromanma,a Japanese style of massage developed in 1320 by Akashi Kan Ichi.[14][15]Anma was popularised in the seventeenth century byacupuncturistSugiyama Waichi,and around the same time the first books on the subject, including Fujibayashi Ryohaku'sAnma Tebiki( "Manual of Anma" ), appeared.[16]

Introduction page,Anma Tebiki

The Fujibayashi school carried anma into the modern age.[17]Prior to the emergence ofshiatsuinJapan,masseurs were often nomadic, earning their keep in mobile massage capacities, and paying commissions to their referrers.[citation needed]

Since Sugiyama's time, massage in Japan had been strongly associated with the blind.[18]Sugiyama, blind himself, established a number of medical schools for the blind which taught this practice. During theTokugawa period,edicts were passed which made the practice of anma solely the preserve of the blind – sighted people were prohibited from practicing the art.[14]As a result, the "blind anma" has become a popular trope in Japanese culture.[19]This has continued into the modern era, with a large proportion of the Japanese blind community continuing to work in the profession.[20]

Abdominal palpation as a Japanese diagnostic technique was developed by Shinsai Ota in the 17th century.[21][22]

During theOccupation of Japanby the Allies afterWorld War II,traditional medicine practices were banned (along with other aspects of traditional Japanese culture) byGeneral MacArthur.The ban prevented a large proportion of Japan's blind community from earning a living.[citation needed]Many Japanese entreated for this ban to be rescinded. Additionally, writer and advocate for blind rightsHelen Keller,on being made aware of the prohibition, interceded with the United States government; at her urging, the ban was rescinded.[23]

Tokujiro Namikoshi(1905–2000) founded hisshiatsucollege in the 1940s and his legacy was the state recognition ofshiatsuas an independent method of treatment in Japan. He is often credited with inventing modernshiatsu.However, the termshiatsuwas already in use in 1919, when a book calledShiatsu Ho( "finger pressure method" ) was published by Tamai Tempaku.[24]Also prior to Namikoshi's system, in 1925 the Shiatsu Therapists Association was founded, with the purpose of distancingshiatsufromanmamassage.[24][25]

Namikoshi's school taughtshiatsuwithin a framework of western medical science. A student and teacher of Namikoshi's school,Shizuto Masunaga,brought toshiatsua traditional eastern medicine and philosophic framework. Masunaga grew up in a family ofshiatsupractitioners, with his mother having studied with Tamai Tempaku.[24]He founded Zen Shiatsu and the Iokai Shiatsu Center school.[26]Another student of Namikoshi,Hiroshi Nozakifounded the Hiron Shiatsu,[27]a holistic technique ofshiatsuthat uses intuitive techniques and a spiritual approach to healing which identifies ways how to take responsibility for a healthy and happy life in the practitioner's own hands. It is practiced mainly in Switzerland, France and Italy, where its founder opened several schools.[28]

See also

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References

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  1. ^Wells, John(3 April 2008).Longman Pronunciation Dictionary(3rd ed.). Pearson Longman.ISBN978-1-4058-8118-0.
  2. ^abcdErnst, Edzard (2019).Alternative Medicine: A Critical Assessment of 150 Modalities.Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. pp. 193–194.doi:10.1007/978-3-030-12601-8.ISBN978-3-030-12600-1.S2CID34148480.
  3. ^ab"Shiatsu".Cancer Research UK.13 December 2018.
  4. ^Jarmey, Chris; Mojay, Gabriel (1991).Shiatsu: The Complete Guide.Thorsons. p. 8.ISBN9780722522431.Shiatsu therapy is a form of manipulation administered by the thumbs, fingers and palms, without the use of any instrument, mechanical or otherwise, to apply pressure to the human skin
  5. ^"Welcome to Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare".
  6. ^"Shiatsu".Cancer Research UK.13 December 2018.
  7. ^E.g.,Beresford-Cooke, Carola (2003).Shiatsu Theory and Practice: A Comprehensive Text for the Student and Professional.Churchill Livingstone.ISBN9780443070594.pp. 1–2.
  8. ^Ernst E (2013).Healing, Hype or Harm?: A Critical Analysis of Complementary or Alternative Medicine.Andrews UK Limited. p. 203.ISBN978-1-84540-712-4.Vitalism generates no testable hypotheses and can neither be proven nor disproven. Detection of a signal on any type of physical apparatus implies that the signal mush have a physical origin—it must be a form of thermal, kinetic, electrical, electromagnetic, chemical, gravitational, or nuclear energy and, be definition, part of the mechanistic universe outside of which the hypothetical vital force dwells. Equally, even though we can't observe it directly in any way, it may still be there, in the same way that God may be there or in the same way that Russel's teapot may be there.
  9. ^Ahn, AC; Colbert, AP; Anderson, BJ; Martinsen, ØG; et al. (2008)."Electrical properties of acupuncture points and meridians: A systematic review".Bioelectromagnetics.29(4): 245–56.doi:10.1002/bem.20403.PMID18240287.S2CID7001749.Based on this review, the evidence does not conclusively support the claim that acupuncture points or meridians are electrically distinguishable.
  10. ^Baggoley C."Review of the Australian Government Rebate on Natural Therapies for Private Health Insurance"(PDF).Australian Government – Department of Health. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 18 August 2020.
  11. ^Paola S (17 October 2017)."Homeopathy, naturopathy struck off private insurance list".Australian Journal of Pharmacy.
  12. ^Robinson, Nicola; Lorenc, Ava; Liao, Xing (2011)."The evidence for Shiatsu: a systematic review of Shiatsu and acupressure".BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine.11(88): 88.doi:10.1186/1472-6882-11-88.PMC3200172.PMID21982157.(cited byErnst 2019,p. 194).
  13. ^E.g.,Wada, Y.; Yanagihara, C.; Nishimura, Y. (2005)."Internal jugular vein thrombosis associated with shiatsu massage of the neck".Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry.76(1): 142–143.doi:10.1136/jnnp.2004.038521.PMC1739324.PMID15608019.(cited byErnst 2019,p. 194).
  14. ^abJōya, Moku (1985).Mock Jōya's Things Japanese.p. 55.{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help)
  15. ^Fu ren da xue (Beijing, China). Ren lei xue bo wu guan; S.V.D. Research Institute; Society of the Divine Word (1962).Folklore studies.p. 235.Retrieved11 May2012.
  16. ^Kaneko, DoAnn T (2006).Shiatsu Anma Therapy.Hmauchi.ISBN9780977212804.
  17. ^Louis Frédéric (2002).Japan Encyclopedia.Harvard University Press. pp. 28–29.ISBN978-0-674-01753-5.Retrieved11 May2012.
  18. ^Young, Jacqueline (2007).Complementary Medicine For Dummies.John Wiley & Sons. p. 99.ISBN9780470519684.
  19. ^Beresford-Cooke, Carola (2010).Shiatsu Theory and Practice.Elsevier Health Sciences.ISBN9780080982472.
  20. ^American Foundation for the Blind (1973). "The New outlook for the blind".67:178.{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal=(help)
  21. ^Carl Dubitsky (1 May 1997).Bodywork Shiatsu: Bringing the Art of Finger Pressure to the Massage Table.Inner Traditions * Bear & Company. p. 7.ISBN978-0-89281-526-5.Retrieved11 May2012.
  22. ^Kiiko Matsumoto; Stephen Birch (1988).Hara Diagnosis: Reflections on the Sea.Paradigm Publications. pp. 315–.ISBN978-0-912111-13-1.Retrieved11 May2012.
  23. ^Beresford-Cooke, Carola (2003).Shiatsu Theory and Practice: A Comprehensive Text for the Student and Professional.Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 2.ISBN9780443070594.
  24. ^abcAnderson, Sandra K. (2008).The Practice of Shiatsu.Mosby Elsevier.p. 12.ISBN978-0-323-04580-3.
  25. ^Stillerman, Elaine (2009).Modalities for Massage and Bodywork.Mosby. pp. 281–300.ISBN978-0323052559.
  26. ^Jarmey, Chris; Mojay, Gabriel (1991).Shiatsu: The Complete Guide.Thorsons. p. 6.ISBN9780722522431.
  27. ^"Hiron Shiatsu".Archived fromthe originalon 2018-04-18.Retrieved2016-01-02.
  28. ^"Archived copy"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2016-03-04.Retrieved2016-01-03.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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