Wikipedia

Tamale

(Redirected fromTamales)
This article is about the traditional Mesoamerican dish. For the city in Ghana, seeTamale, Ghana.
"Tamal" redirects here. For other uses, seeTamal (disambiguation).
Not to be confused withTomalley.

Atamale,inSpanishtamal,is a traditionalMesoamericandish made ofmasa,a dough made fromnixtamalizedcorn,which issteamedin a corn husk orbanana leaves.[1]The wrapping can either be discarded prior to eating or used as a plate. Tamales can be filled with meats,cheeses,fruits, vegetables, herbs,chilies,or any preparation according to taste, and both the filling and the cooking liquid may be seasoned.

Tamales
Wrapped and unwrappedtamales oaxaqueños(fromOaxaca,Mexico) filled withmole negroand chicken
CourseMain course
Place of originGuatemalaandMexico
Region or stateMesoamerica
Main ingredientsCorn (maize)masa,banana leaves,Corn husks
VariationsCorunda,Guajolota,Uchepos,Zacahuil
Similar dishesHumitas,pamonha,Hallaca

Tamaleis ananglicizedversion of the Spanish wordtamal(plural:tamales).[2]Tamalcomes from theNahuatltamalli.[3]

The English "tamale" is aback-formationfromtamales,with English speakers applying English pluralization rules, and thus interpreting the-e-as part of thestem,rather than part of the pluralsuffix-es.[4]

Tamales served to honor the birth of a child. (Florentine Codex)

Origin

edit

Tamales originated inMesoamericaas early as 8000 to 5000 BC.[1]

The preparation of tamales is likely to have spread from the indigenous cultures inGuatemalaandMexicoto the rest of Latin America. According to archaeologistsKarl Taube,William Saturno,andDavid Stuart,tamales may date from around 100 AD. They found pictorial references in theMural of San Bartolo,in Petén, Guatemala.[5]

TheAztecandMayacivilizations, as well as theOlmecandToltecbefore them, used tamales as easily portable food for hunting trips, traveling large distances, and nourishing their armies.[1]Tamales were also considered sacred, as they were seen as the food of the gods.[6]The Aztec, Maya, Olmecs, and Toltecs as peoples considered corn as a central part of their cultural identity, so tamales played a large part in their rituals and festivals.[7]

Mesoamerica

edit

Aztec

edit

The different forms of Tamales eaten and sold in Aztec markets are well documented in the extensiveFlorentine Codexwritten by ReverendBernardino de Sahagún.In book X he describes how Aztec tamales used a variety of corn for their flour base and were cooked in earth ovens, orolla,which were heated by the steam of dried cane grown and harvested for the express purpose of cooking tamales. Fillings would consist of meat (turkey, fish, frog,axolotl,gopher), fruit, bean, squash seed, turkey egg and even no filling.[8]They would be seasoned with chilis or seeds if they were savory and honey if they were sweet.[9]

Tamales also held great religious and spiritual importance within Aztec culture. It was customary for Aztec women to stay up for two to three days cooking tamales before a wedding. (Codex, Book IX). In terms of festivities, the most notable wasUauhquiltamalcualiztli,which was celebrated during the 18th month of thecalendar round.The name of the celebration translates to 'The Eating of Tamales Stuffed with Amaranth Greens' and was a celebration of the fire deityIxcozauhqui.[9]Another significant ritual for the Aztecs was the feast ofAtamalcualiztli(eating of water tamales). This ritual, held every eight years for a whole week, was done by eating tamales without any seasoning, spices, or filling, which allowed the maize freedom from being overworked in the usual tamale cooking methods.[10]

The Fenton Vase

Maya (pre-Columbian)

edit

In the present day, it is common in certain Maya areas to steam tamales in a spherical vessel known as atamalero,as opposed to boiling them,this practice has been linked back to the Classic Maya period due to the presence of boiler scale in Classic Maya pottery.[11]The other common method of cooking tamales was on acomalwhich is a large flat stone, this method is also used to cook tortillas. In addition to the leaves of plantain and banana which are commonly used today, Mayan tamales were commonly wrapped in the leaves of avocado orpiperplants, which would be gathered by men during the rainy season.[11]While meat and fish were the customary fillings of tamales of this era, squash seeds and flowers, and greens such aschaya,orchipilinwere also common. FrayDiego de Landa Calderónalso spoke of 'special breads' [tamales] which were used specifically as offerings, with fillings such as deer heart, or quail.[12]Because of the convenience offered by tamales, specific tamales were made for hunters and travelers. These tamales were cooked with extra wood ashes in order to create a hard 'shell' around the tamales when dried, this allowed tamales to keep for up to 20 days.[11]

Tamales appear often in ceramic ware from the Mayan Classic era (200–1000 CE). The Fenton vase shows a plate of unwrapped tamales being offered as a penance to a powerful Mayan nobleman.[13]

Toltec

edit

While the exact origin of tamales has yet to be determined, the oldest people confirmed to have eaten them were the Toltecs, as archaeologists have found fossilized corn husks around thePyramids of the SunandMooninTeotihuacan.(c. 250 BC – 750 CE)[14]

Caribbean

edit

Cuba

edit

InCuba,before the 1959 Revolution, street vendors sold Mexican-style tamales wrapped in corn husks, usually made without any kind of spicy seasoning. Cuban tamales being identical in form to those made inMexico Citysuggests they were brought over to Cuba during the period of intense cultural and musical exchange between Cuba and Mexico after the 1920s.[citation needed]

A well-known Cuban song from the 1950s, "Los Tamalitos de Olga",(acha-cha-chasung byOrquesta Aragón) celebrated the delicious tamales sold by a street vendor inCienfuegos.A peculiarly Cuban invention is the dish known astamal en cazuela,basically consisting of tamale masa with the meat stuffing stirred into the masa, and then cooked in a pot on the stove to form a kind of hearty cornmeal porridge.[15]

Dominican Republic

edit

In theDominican Republic,guanimoare Dominican tamales stuffed withpicadillo.The nameguanimohas its origin in the nativeTaínos.

Puerto Rico

edit

Guanimeis aPuerto Rican dishthat can be traced back to pre-Columbian times. It consists of corn masa that is stuffed with beans, seafood, nuts, or meat, and then wrapped in corn husks slowly cooked on a grill.

Guanimesare prepared in a plain version, without the stuffing, and served with stewed salted cod fish. Since the arrival of Europeans,guanimeshave lost their stuffing. Contemporaryguanimesare made with corn masa seasoned with coconut milk, lard, broth, and annatto, wrapped in a banana leaf or corn husk.

The several versions ofguanimescan be made with green plantains,cassava,and a sweet version made with sweet plantains and cornmeal.

Theguanimeis also related to thepastel,a root tamale dating to around the same time as the native Taínoguanimes.

Trinidad and Tobago

edit

InTrinidad and Tobago,the dish is called apastelleand is popular in many households during the entire Christmas season and New Year celebrations. It is usually made with cornmeal and filled with cooked, seasoned meat (chicken and beef being the most popular), raisins, olives, capers, and other seasonings. The entirepastelleis wrapped in a banana leaf, bound withtwineand steamed. When fully cooked, the banana leaf is removed to reveal the brightly yellow-colored dish. It is often enjoyed as is or along with a meal. The sweet version is calledpaymee.[16]

Central America

edit

Belize

edit

The tamale is a staple inBelize,where it is also known asdukunu,a sweet corn tamale that gets its name from theGarifunapeople.[17]Dukunus are mostly vegetarian and consist of roasted corn kernels blended with coconut milk as a base. Butter, salt, and sugar are also added. Dukunus filled with different meats are also made.

El Salvador

edit

Tamales are a traditional dish inEl Salvador.Tamales are typically eaten during holidays, likeChristmas.[18]Salvadoran tamales have a corn masa base and are wrapped in banana leaves. They contain fillings like chicken, vegetables, and/or beans. Corn tamales, ortamales de elote,are also popular.[19]Bean tamales, ortamales pisques,are also consumed, typically duringHoly Week.[20]

Guatemala

edit
Black and red tamales in Guatemala

Pre-Columbian Guatemala

edit

In the classical times of the Maya ofCentral America(Guatemala in particular), the great Mayan lords delighted in a baked dough bun during thewinter solstice,made ofmaizemixed with turkey,tepezcuintle(lowland paca) or venison, spices, and chili pepper, among other ingredients.

This meal was later integrated into modern Guatemalan traditions. For example, on Christmas Eve, families prepare black, red, or sweet tamales for family and friends to show gratitude. The tamales are often accompanied with chocolate, yolk bread, and punch, and participate in theMass of Gallo,at midnight.

In Guatemala, eating tamales at midnight on December 24 and 31 is customary. Guatemalans also eat tamales for holiday celebrations, birthdays, and baptisms, so the tamale is considered an important dish in the culture of Guatemala.

Guatemala has many tamale varieties, from the traditional corn-husked tamale called achuchito,to a sweet version of tamale, which uses the same corn dough, but is seasoned with honey or sugar combined with chocolate, almonds, plums, seeds, and peppers. Tamales are sold in stores and private homes (especially on Saturdays). A red light on a home at night is a sign that tamales are for sale at that home.[21]

Varieties

edit
  • Red tamales owe their name to achiote and tomato and are made with corn dough stuffed withrecado rojo,raisins, chili peppers, chicken, beef or pork wrapped in banana leaves.
  • Cambray tamales contain raisins and almonds. Sweet tamales are filled with sweetrecado rojo.Black tamales are named after the color that chocolate gives them. Chipilin tamales wrapped in corn husks, parrot tamales, and corn tamales among others are also made. Cream tamales and cheese and anise seeds are also mixed with corn tamales.
  • Chuchitois a typical and emblematic dish of Guatemala. It is a variation of the tamale made with corn dough, but a firmer consistency, although lard can be added to the dough to generate a more pleasant taste and consistency. It is usually mixed withrecado rojoof tomato and with a filling that can be with chicken, beef, or pork. It is wrapped with dried cob leaves (tusa or bender). In some places, it is accompanied by cheese, sauce, or both.
  • Rice tamales come from the Guatemalan highlands, where the typical corn dough is replaced by a thick dough of annealed rice with water and salt. The preparation of therecado rojodoes not differ much from the original, since only some regions have the ingredients with which it is made.
  • Pachesis a tamale particularly from the highlands of Guatemala that usespotatoinstead ofmaizefor the dough.
  • Tamalortamalitois dough only, with no meats or other fillings. This dish is used to accompany a meal and used to scoop food on the plate, or just eaten plain along with the main dish.

Nicaragua & Costa Rica

edit
Nacatamalwith both banana leaf and aluminum foil wrapping

The most popular version of the Tamal inNicaraguais thenacatamaland sometimes serves as an entire meal in itself. It is a traditional dish with indigenous origins. The name comes from theNawatlanguage spoken by theNicarao,who were situated on the Southern Pacific coast of Nicaragua, and translates to "meat tamale".[22]Thenacatamalis perhaps the most produced within traditionalNicaraguan cuisineand it is an event often reserved for Sundays at mid-morning. It is usually eaten together with fresh bread and coffee. Enjoyingnacatamalesduring special occasions and to invite extended family and neighbors to also partake is a common occurrence.

Nacatamalesare much larger in size in comparison to their counterparts, and made up of mostly nixtamalized cornmasa(a kind ofdoughtraditionally made from a process callednizquezar) andlard). The masa and liquified concoction of onion, garlic, tomato, salt,achiote(annatto),naranja agriaandbell pepperis cooked and the result becomes the base for the nacatamal and it is also referred to asmasa.This base is ladled onto plantain leaves used for wrapping into large individual portions. The filling usually consists of annatto-seasoned pork meat, rice, slices ofpotatoes,bell peppers,tomatoes,andonions;olives,spearmint sprigs, andchile congo,a very small, egg-shaped chile found in Nicaragua. On occasion, prunes, raisins, or capers can be added. Themasaand filling are then wrapped in plantain leaves, tied with a string, and made into pillow-shaped bundles –nacatamales.They are then steamed orpressure-cookedfor several hours. The entire process is very labor-intensive, and it often requires preparation over the course of two days; involving the whole family may be needed to complete it.

Varieties

edit
  • PizqueAre a much simpler version of a tamal in Nicaragua, they are wrapped in a banana leaf, and are eaten with cheese and cooked red beans.
  • Pizque Rellenohave a sweet flavor, filled with a mixture of ground beans sweetened with cane sugar orrapaduraand are wrapped in banana leaves. They serve as a dessert.
  • YoltamalIs made with tender corn grains that gives it a slightly sweet flavor and wrapped in corn husks. It is generally eaten accompanied by quesillo or cheese, and sour cream.
  • Yoltamal Relleno.A variety of the above stuffed with a mixture of rapadura and grated or ground cheese.
  • Montucas Neosegovianas y Estelianas.A Northern Nicaraguan tamal make with chicken or hen meat, wrapped in a banana leaf and tied.
  • PacoIs a Western Nicaraguan tamal mostly found inLeón.that consists of masa mixed with mashed green plantain, sugar, honey and salt. It's wrapped in tempisque or fig leaf and cooked.

Pre-Columbian Mayas

edit

In the pre-Columbian era, theMayasate tamales and often served them at feasts and festivals.[23]TheClassic Mayahieroglyph for tamales has been identified on pots and other objects dating back to theClassic Era(200–1000 CE), although they likely were eaten much earlier.[24]While tortillas are the basis for the contemporary Maya diet, remarkably little evidence exists for tortilla production among the Classic period Maya. A lack of griddles in the archaeological record suggests that the primary foodstuff of the Mesoamerican diet may have been thetamal,a cooked, vegetal-wrapped mass of maize dough.[25]Tamales are cooked without the use of ceramic technologies and therefore the form of the tamale is thought to predate the tortilla.[26]Similarities between the two maize products can be found in both the ingredients, preparation techniques, and the linguistic ambiguity exhibited by the pan-Mayan termwareferring to a basic, daily consumed maize product that can refer to either tortillas or tamales.[25]

Modern Mexico

edit
A batch ofMexicantamales in thetamalera
Atamal dulcebreakfast tamale fromOaxaca,Mexico. It containspineapple,raisinsandblackberries.

InMexico,tamales begin with a dough made from groundnixtamalizedcorn (hominy), calledmasa,or alternatively a rehydratedmasapowder, such asMaseca.It is combined with lard or vegetable shortening, along with broth or water, to bring the dough to the consistency of a very thick batter. It is traditional to whisk the lard, and whisk the resulting batter, with the intent of producing the signature soft and fluffy texture. Modern recipes may use baking powder to achieve a similar effect. Chili purees or dried chili powders are also occasionally added to the batter, which in addition to the spice can cause some tamales to appear red in color. Tamales are generally wrapped in cornhusksorplantainleaves before being steamed, with the choice of husk depending on the region. They usually have a sweet or savory filling and are usually steamed until firm.

Tamale-making is a ritual that has been part of Mexican life since pre-Hispanic times, when special fillings and forms were designated for each specific festival or life event. Today, tamales are typically filled with meats, cheese, or vegetables, especially chilies. Preparation is complex and time-consuming, and an excellent example of Mexican communal cooking, where this task usually falls to the women.[8]Tamales are a favoritecomfort foodin Mexico, eaten as both breakfast and dinner, and often accompanied by hotatoleorchampurradoandarroz con leche(rice porridge, "rice with milk" ) or maize-based beverages of indigenous origin. Street vendors can be seen serving them from huge, steaming, covered pots (tamaleras) orollas.

Instead of corn husks, banana or plantain leaves are used in tropical parts of the country, such asOaxaca,Chiapas,Veracruz,and theYucatán Peninsula.These tamales are rather square in shape, often very large—15 inches (40 cm)—and these larger tamales are commonly known aspibsin the Yucatán Peninsula. Another very large type of tamale iszacahuil,made in theHuastecaregion of Mexico. Depending on the size,zacahuilcan feed between 50 and 200 people; they are made during festivals and holidays, forquinceañeras,and on Sundays to be sold at the markets.[27][28]

South America

edit
South American-style humitas

Humitas(from Quechua humint'a) is a Native South American dish from pre-Hispanic times, a traditional food from the Andes and it can be found inColombia,Bolivia,Chile,Ecuador,Peru,and NorthwestArgentina.It consists of freshchoclo(Peruvian corn) pounded to a paste, wrapped in a fresh corn husk, and slowly steamed or boiled in a pot of water. In Bolivia it is known as huminta and inBrazilaspamonha,made of fresh, notnixtamalized,corn paste.

Venezuela

edit

Hallacais a traditional meal from Venezuela that resembles the aspect of a tamal. It consists of corn dough stuffed with a stew of beef, pork, or chicken and other ingredients such as raisins, capers, and olives, fresh onion rings, red and green bell pepper slices. There are also vegetarian options with black beans or tofu. Hallacas are folded in plantain leaves, tied with strings, and boiled. The dish is traditionally served during the Christmas season and has several regional variants in Venezuela. It has been described as a national dish of Venezuela but it can be found also in variants. A characteristic of the hallaca is the delicate corn dough made with consommé or broth and lard colored with annatto.

Peru

edit
El vivandero Ño Juan José (cropped)

Tamales were one of the dishes that the Peruvian chefJuan José Cabezudowas famous for serving from his food stand near thePlaza Mayorin Lima.[29][30]

Philippines and Guam

edit
Binaki,a type of sweet tamale fromBukidnon,Philippines

In the Philippines and Guam, which were governed by Spain as a province of Mexico, different forms of tamale-like foods exist. In the Philippines, they merged with the native leaf-wrapped rice cakes (kakanin) and are made with a dough derived from ground rice and are filled with seasoned chicken or pork with the addition of peanuts and other seasonings such as sugar. In some places, such as Pampanga, where it is popularly known asbobotu,[31]and Batangas provinces, the tamales are wrapped in banana leaves, but sweet corn varieties from the Visayas region are wrapped in corn husks similar to the sweet corn tamales of the American Southwest and Mexico. Because of the work involved in the preparation of tamales, they usually only appear during the special holidays or other big celebrations. Varioustamalrecipes have practically disappeared under the pressures of modern life and the ease of fast food. Several varieties of tamales are also found in the Philippines.[32][33][34]

Tamales,tamalis,tamalos,andpastelesare different varieties found throughout the region. Some are sweet, some are savory, and some are sweet and savory. Mostly wrapped in banana leaves and made of rice, either the whole grain or ground and cooked with coconut milk and other seasonings, they are sometimes filled with meat and seafood, or are plain and have no filling. There are certain varieties, such astamalos,that are made of a sweet corn masa wrapped in a corn husk or leaf. There are also varieties made without masa, liketamalis,which are made with small fish fry wrapped in banana leaves and steamed, similar to thetamales de charalfrom Mexico, where the small fish are cooked whole with herbs and seasonings wrapped inside a corn husk without masa. The number of varieties has dwindled through the years so certain types of tamales that were once popular in the Philippines have become lost or are simply memories. The variety found in Guam, known astamales guiso,is made with corn masa and wrapped in corn husks, and as with the Philippine tamales, are clear evidence of the influence of the galleon trade that occurred between the ports of Manila and Acapulco.[35][36][37][38][39]

United States

edit
Delta-style tamales fromClarksdale, Mississippi

While Mexican-style and other Latin American-style tamales are featured at ethnic restaurants throughout the United States, some distinctly indigenous styles also are made.

TheChoctawandChickasawmake a dish calledbanaha,which can be stuffed or not (plain). Usually, the filling (ranging from none, fried bacon, turkey, deer, nuts, and vegetables such as onions, potatoes, squash, and sweet potatoes) can either be filled or mixed with the masa and steamed in a corn husk.

Cherokeetamales, also known as bean bread or "broadswords", were made with hominy (in the case of the Cherokee, the masa was made from corn boiled in water treated with wood ashes instead of lime) and beans, and wrapped in green corn leaves or large tree leaves and boiled, similar to the meatless pre-Columbian bean and masa tamales still prepared in Chiapas, central Mexico, and Guatemala.

In northern Louisiana, tamales have been made for several centuries. The Spanish established presidioLos Adaesin 1721 in modern-dayRobeline, Louisiana.The descendants of these Spanish settlers from central Mexico were the first tamale makers to arrive in the eastern US.Zwolle, Louisiana,has a Tamale Fiesta every year in October.

In theMississippi Delta,African Americans developed a spicy tamale called thehot tamalethat is made fromcornmealinstead of masa and is boiled in corn husks.[40][41][42]

Tamales have been eaten in the broader United States since at least 1893, when they were featured at theWorld's Columbian Exposition.[40]In 1894, when tamales were the most popular ethnic food in Los Angeles,XLNT Foodsstarted making them. The company is the oldest continuously operating Mexican food brand in the United States, and one of the oldest companies in Southern California.[43]

A tradition of roving tamale sellers was documented in early 20th-centuryblues music.[40]They are the subject of the well-known 1937 blues/ragtime song "They're Red Hot"byRobert Johnson.

Tamale pie

Around the beginning of the 20th century, the name "tamale pie"was given to meat pies and casseroles made with a cornmeal crust and typical tamale fillings arranged in layers. Although characterized as Mexican food, these forms are not popular in Mexican American culture in which the individually wrapped style is preferred.[44]

The Indio International Tamale Festival held every December inIndio, California,has earned two Guinness World Records: the largest tamale festival (154 000 in attendance, December 2002)[45]and the world's largest tamale, over one foot (0.3 m) in diameter and 40 feet (12.2 m) in length, created by Chef John Sedlar, since beaten by H. Ayuntamiento de Centro Villahermosa (Mexico) in Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico, on 25 November 2018. The current record stands at 50.05 m.[46]The 2006 Guinness book calls the festival "the world's largest cooking and culinary festival".[citation needed]

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^abcDaniel., Hoyer (2008).Tamales(1st ed.). Salt Lake City, Utah: Gibbs Smith.ISBN9781423603191.OCLC199465927.
  2. ^"tamale".English–Spanish Dictionary.WordReference.com.Archivedfrom the original on 2020-06-21.Retrieved2016-02-26.
  3. ^"tamal".Real Academia Española.Archivedfrom the original on 2023-12-05.Retrieved2024-08-30.
  4. ^"Origin and Meaning of Tamale".Online Etymology Dictionary.Archivedfrom the original on 16 July 2022.Retrieved25 November2018.
  5. ^William A. Saturno, Karl A. Taube and David Stuart 2005 The Murals of San Bartolo, El Peten, Guatemala, Part 1: The North Wall. Ancient America, Number 7. Center for Ancient American Studies, Barnardsville, NC.
  6. ^Coen, Kristina."Iconic Cuisine: Tamales of the Maya".HistoricalMX.Archivedfrom the original on 2023-06-04.Retrieved2024-02-10.
  7. ^Clark, Ellen Riojas; Tafolla, Carmen (2011).Tamales, comadres and the meaning of civilization: secrets, recipes, history, anecdotes, and a lot of fun.San Antonio, TX: Wings Press.ISBN9781609401344.OCLC714645014.
  8. ^abLawson Gray, Andrea (Jan 28, 2016)."Mexican foodways: Tamales and Candlemas".My Mission: Tastes of San Francisco.Archivedfrom the original on July 10, 2017.RetrievedJanuary 30,2016.
  9. ^abBray, Warwick (May 1983)."Bernardino de Sahagún: Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain. Book 2. The Ceremonies. Translated by Arthur J. O. Anderson and Charles E. Dibble (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1981, $40). Pp. 247".Journal of Latin American Studies.15(1): 252–253.doi:10.1017/s0022216x00009949.ISSN0022-216X.S2CID145147744.Archivedfrom the original on 2024-02-10.Retrieved2023-03-03.
  10. ^Manuel., Aguilar-Moreno (2007).Handbook to life in the Aztec world.Oxford: Oxford University Press.ISBN9780195330830.OCLC81150666.
  11. ^abcCoe, Sophie D. (1994-12-31).America's First Cuisines.doi:10.7560/711556.ISBN9781477309704.Archivedfrom the original on 2024-02-10.Retrieved2023-03-10.
  12. ^de., Landa, Diego (31 August 2010).Relación de las cosas de Yucatán.Linkgua.ISBN978-84-9897-653-3.OCLC1327853176.Archivedfrom the original on 10 February 2024.Retrieved10 March2023.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^"Maya: The Fenton Vase – Smarthistory".smarthistory.org.Archivedfrom the original on 2023-03-10.Retrieved2023-03-10.
  14. ^Pilcher, Jeffrey M. (2001).Vivan los tamales!: la comida y la construcción de la identidad mexicana.Reina Roja.ISBN968-5474-00-1.OCLC49538230.Archivedfrom the original on 2024-02-10.Retrieved2023-03-10.
  15. ^Three Guys From Miami."Cuban Tamal en Cazuela".Three Guys From Miami.Archivedfrom the original on 2 February 2017.Retrieved27 January2017.
  16. ^Ken Albala (25 May 2011).Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia.ABC-CLIO. p. 300.ISBN978-0-313-37626-9.Retrieved4 August2012.
  17. ^"Where To Find Caribbean Food In LA".Laist.com.11 September 2018.Archivedfrom the original on 17 January 2022.Retrieved24 January2022.
  18. ^Carter, Noelle (December 21, 2013)."Making tamales and extending a family history".Los Angeles Times.Archivedfrom the original on April 28, 2022.RetrievedApril 27,2022.
  19. ^Stowers, Sharon L. (August 10, 2012)."Gastronomic Nostalgia: Salvadoran Immigrants' Cravings for Their Ideal Meal".Ecology of Food and Nutrition.51(5): 374–393.Bibcode:2012EcoFN..51..374S.doi:10.1080/03670244.2012.696008.ISSN0367-0244.PMID22881356.S2CID8806917.Archivedfrom the original on June 2, 2023.RetrievedApril 28,2022.
  20. ^"Holidays Around the World: Semana Santa".HIAS Pennsylvania.2021-03-19.Archivedfrom the original on 2022-04-04.Retrieved2022-04-28.
  21. ^"Tamales de Guatemala".Recetas de Tamales(in Spanish). 4 April 2019.Archivedfrom the original on 27 May 2020.Retrieved18 December2019.
  22. ^"Nacatamales Are the Fatty, Meat-Filled Tamales of Nicaragua".Vice.com.12 October 2015.Archivedfrom the original on 23 February 2023.Retrieved24 January2022.
  23. ^LeCount, Lisa J. (December 2001). "Like Water for Chocolate: Feasting and Political Ritual among the Late Classic Maya at Xunantunich, Belize".American Anthropologist.103(4): 935–953.doi:10.1525/aa.2001.103.4.935.
  24. ^Staller, John Edward; Carrasco, Michael (2010).Pre-Columbian Foodways: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Food, Culture, and Markets in Ancient Mesoamerica.New York: Springer. pp.349–354.ISBN978-1-4419-0470-6.
  25. ^abTaube, K. A. (1989). The maize tamal in Classic Maya diet, epigraphy, and art. American Antiquity, 54(1), 31-51.
  26. ^Zizumbo-Villarreal, D., Flores-Silva, A. & Colunga-García Marín, P. (2012). The Archaic Diet in Mesoamerica: Incentive for Milpa Development and Species Domestication. Economic Botany, 66(4), 328-343.
  27. ^"Mexican tamale called the zacahuil is three feet long".Puerto Vallarta News.2014-09-15.Archivedfrom the original on 2017-09-06.Retrieved2017-07-26.
  28. ^Archived atGhostarchiveand theWayback Machine:"El Zacahuil, El Tamal Gigante de la Huasteca, La Ruta del Sabor, Axtla de Terrazas SLP"(in Spanish). ComidasDeMexico. 2013-09-15.Retrieved2017-07-26– via YouTube.
  29. ^"Juan José Cabezudo: afroperuano, cocinero y travesti en la Lima del s. XIX | Blog de Aldo Panfichi – Política, Sociedad, Fútbol"(in European Spanish).Archivedfrom the original on 2021-05-08.Retrieved2022-06-24.
  30. ^"El cocinero más famoso de la independencia: Juan José Cabezudo | Buenazo.pe".buenazo.pe(in Spanish). 26 July 2021.Archivedfrom the original on 2022-07-31.Retrieved2022-07-31.
  31. ^Drilon, Ces Oreña."The day lifestyle diva Martha Stewart planted rice in Pampanga".ABS-CBN News.Archivedfrom the original on 2021-06-24.Retrieved2021-02-23.
  32. ^"Baki".Binisaya – Cebuano Dictionary and Thesaurus.Binisaya.com.Archivedfrom the original on 14 September 2016.Retrieved8 September2016.
  33. ^"Pintos (Cebuano Sweet Tamales)".Inato Lang. 2 June 2008.Archivedfrom the original on 13 October 2016.Retrieved8 September2016.
  34. ^"Binaki the Corn Cake from Cagayan de Oro City".AdventuringFoodie.11 February 2014.Archivedfrom the original on 16 September 2016.Retrieved8 September2016.
  35. ^"Binaki Recipe".Panlasang Pinoy Recipes.Archived fromthe originalon 18 September 2020.Retrieved8 September2016.
  36. ^"Binaki".Hapagkainan.23 May 2014.Archivedfrom the original on 18 September 2016.Retrieved8 September2016.
  37. ^"Pintos and Budbod Kabog: Best of North Cebu Pasalubong".Penfires.19 September 2012.Archivedfrom the original on 22 September 2016.Retrieved8 September2016.
  38. ^"Biyaki".Philippine Food Illustrated.26 April 2015.Archivedfrom the original on 13 May 2019.Retrieved3 January2019.
  39. ^"Mga Sangkap ng Bawat Uri ng Minatamis na Pagkain".Maranao Foods/Menu.22 April 2013.Archivedfrom the original on 21 December 2018.Retrieved3 January2019.
  40. ^abcZeldes, Leah A. (Dec 18, 2009)."The unique Chicago tamale, a tuneful mystery".Dining Chicago.Chicago's Restaurant & Entertainment Guide. Archived fromthe originalon December 21, 2009.RetrievedDec 18,2009.
  41. ^"Hot Tamale Trail – Tamales in the Mississippi Delta".Tamaletrail.com. 2011-08-26.Archivedfrom the original on 2013-01-21.Retrieved2013-12-15.
  42. ^"Tamales, Another Treat from the Delta".All Things Considered.NPR.Archivedfrom the original on 2013-12-04.Retrieved2013-12-15.
  43. ^Arellano, Gustavo (2019-12-23)."The XLNT tamales go back 125 years, capturing nostalgia for Californians across the U.S."Los Angeles Times.Archivedfrom the original on 2019-12-31.Retrieved2019-12-31.
  44. ^Zanger, Mark H. (May 1, 2007)."Tamale pie".In Andrew F. Smith (ed.).The Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink.Oxford University Press. p.581.ISBN978-0-19-530796-2.RetrievedDecember 27,2012.
  45. ^"Largest tamale festival".Guinness World Records.December 2002.Archivedfrom the original on 2022-07-21.Retrieved2022-07-21.
  46. ^"Longest steamed corn flour cake".Guinness World Records.25 November 2018.Archivedfrom the original on 2021-12-08.Retrieved2022-07-21.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamale&oldid=1255083682"