Ukrainophiliais the identification or solidarity with, appreciation of, or support for thepeople,culture,languageorgovernmentof Ukraine. Its opposite isUkrainophobia.[1]The term is used primarily in apoliticalandculturalcontext. "Ukrainophilia" and "Ukrainophile" are the terms used to denote pro-Ukrainian sentiments, usually in politics and literature. Ukrainophilia was severely persecuted by the imperial Russian government, and Ukrainian-language books and theater were banned. Pro-Ukrainian sentiments have gained in popularity after theRussian Invasion of Ukraine in 2022.
History of Ukrainophilia
editThe Ukrainophile movement developed among ethnic Ukrainianintellectualsin theRussian Empireand inGalicia,where it was also known as Narodovtsi,[2]in the second half of the 19th century. Ukrainophiles sought to preserve and develop theUkrainian language,literatureandculture.They called for the introduction of the Ukrainian language in Ukrainian schools and the autonomy from theRussian Empire,that would allow for national self-determination ofUkrainiansand free development ofUkrainian culture.
Ukrainophilia in the 19th century included various degrees of intensity, from the simple love of one's people all the way to passionate nationalism and independence.
The Ukrainophile movement inRussian literatureled to the publishing of books and textbooks in the Ukrainian language. Ukrainophile intellectuals published a number of journals:OsnovainSt. Petersburg(1861–62),Chernigovskiy Listok,Samostaine Slovo,Hromadnytsia,Pomyinytsia.They also sought to popularize the Ukrainian language by publishing pamphlets in Ukrainian. Ukrainophiles of the Russian Empire also created a network of Ukrainophile organizations, the most important of which were in St. Petersburg,Moscow,Kyiv,Kharkiv,Chernihiv,PoltavaandOdesa,which actively sought to organize Ukrainian-language instruction in schools.
In the first half of the 19th century, many Ukrainophiles were also Polish nationalists, who sought to recreate the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth with Ukrainian culture as a "regional" part of a "Polish world".[citation needed][dubious–discuss][dubious–discuss]After the1830-31 Polish uprisingagainst the Russian Empire, Polish Ukrainophiles and Ukrainians of Polish origins, seeking allies against Russia, played a major role[dubious–discuss]in the Ukrainian cultural movements and fomented anti-Russian sentiment by referring to the Ukrainians asRus'which they distinguished fromMuscovy(Russia).[3][4]
After the Russian Empire crushed thePolish uprising of 1863,the Russian government put intense pressure on the Ukrainophile movement (Valuyev Circularin 1863,Ems Ukazin 1876), but the movement continued flaring up, especially in early 1870s and late 1880s. After the movement was repressed, most of its members turned their attention away from political organizing to literary work, such as creating Ukrainian dictionaries, writing Ukrainian books, developing the discipline ofUkrainian studies.During the Soviet period the Ukrainophile movement was characterized as a "burgeois-national" movement.
Ukrainophilia today
editUkrainophilia exists among theUkrainian diasporain Russia,North Americaand elsewhere.
Canada
editCanadiansshow many Ukrainophile tendencies, owing in part to the legacy ofWatson Kirkconnelland to the presence of a largeUkrainian diaspora.[5]
Israel
editIn the 1990s manyJewish peopleemigrated from theformer Soviet states,especially fromUkraine,toIsrael.Jewish Ukrainianshad lived in Ukraine for centuries, having partially assimilated, intermarried and adopted the culture of the people that they lived among. Even today manyUkrainian Jewsin Israel feel a sense of connection to and pride with Ukraine, and are still influenced byUkrainian culture,languageandfood.
Poland
editPoland was one of the first countries to recognise the independence of Ukraine, and a 2022 opinion poll put Polish support for Ukraine at the beginning of theRussian invasion of Ukraineat 71%.[6]Poland also accepted over a million Ukrainian refugees fleeing the war, but the attitude of Poles towards them have since soured according to a survey published in June 2024.[7]Relations have also been troubled over trade disputes concerning the influx of cheaper Ukrainian grain into the European Union, with Polish farmers voicing their displeasure by blockading the Polish-Ukrainian border. Polish prime ministerDonald Tuskwarned that the conflict could lead to "sudden anti-Ukrainian sentiment" in the country.[8]
Prior toWorld War II,theSecond Polish Republicrestricted rights of people who declared Ukrainian nationality,[9]belonged to theEastern Orthodox Churchand inhabited theEastern Borderlands,[10][better source needed][11][12]in reaction to a wave of sabotage and terrorist attacks perpetrated byUkrainian nationalists.[nb 1][13][14][15][16]
Further information:Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern GaliciaandOUN Uprising of 1939
Romania
editSince the start of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, around 600,000 Ukrainians have fled to Romania,[17]with both countries signing a security cooperation agreement in 2024.[18]Historically, much alike the Poles, the Romanians too had land disputes with the Ukrainians, mostly surrounding the historically Romanian controlled regions likeBudzhakandNorthern Bukovina,now owned by Ukraine.
Historically, many Ukrainians also emigrated to Romania from the USSR.[19]Today Ukrainians are the third-largest ethnic minority in Romania. 2021 Romanian census puts their number 45,835 people,[20]although Ukrainian sources declare the number to be over 250,000 people.[21]
See also
edit
Notes
edit- ^Snyder writes: "In July 1930, Ukrainian nationalists began sabotage actions in Galicia, destroying Polish properties and homes throughout the region in hundreds of terrorist actions. In September, Piłsudski ordered the pacification of Galicia, sending a thousand policemen to search 450 villages for nationalist agitators..." In 1930, as the OUN terrorized the Galician countryside...Volhynia remained comparatively peaceful... "[13]
References
edit- ^Shkandrij, Myroslav (9 October 2001).Russia and Ukraine.McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP.ISBN9780773522343.Retrieved17 June2015.
- ^Земерова, Т. Ю.Історія України у визначеннях, таблицях і схемах. 7—9 кл(in Ukrainian). Ranok Publishing House Ltd.ISBN978-966-672-260-0.
- ^Alexei Miller (2003).The Ukrainian Question: Russian Empire and Nationalism in the 19th Century.Central European University Press. pp. 51–52.ISBN9786155211188.
- ^Johannes Remy (2016).Brothers or Enemies: The Ukrainian National Movement and Russia from the 1840s to the 1870s.University of Toronto Press. p. 117.ISBN9781487500467.
- ^Ukraine and Russia: The Post-Soviet TransitionbyRoman Solchanyk,Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,2000,ISBN0742510182(page 100)
Canadian Yearbook of International Law, Vol 30, 1992,University of British Columbia Press,1993,ISBN9780774804387(page 371)
Russia, Ukraine, and the Breakup of the Soviet UnionbyRoman Szporluk,Hoover Institution Press,2000,ISBN0817995420(page 355 - ^"Poles on development assistance – results of an opinion poll conducted in 2022 - Polish aid - Gov.pl website".Polish aid.Retrieved2024-09-30.
- ^"Polish attitudes toward Ukrainian refugees deteriorating, survey shows".The Kyiv Independent.2024-06-19.Retrieved2024-09-30.
- ^"Polish protests test Donald Tusk's support for Ukraine".POLITICO.2024-02-19.Retrieved2024-09-30.
- ^"Entry Display Web Page".
- ^Revyuk, Emil (1931).Polish Atrocities in Ukraine.Svoboda Press.
ukrainophobia poland.
- ^Skalmowski, Wojciech (2003).For East is East: Liber Amicorum Wojciech Skalmowski.Peeters Publishers.ISBN9789042912984.
- ^"The Polish Review".2001.
- ^abSnyder, Timothy (2007).Sketches from a Secret War: A Polish Artist's Mission to Liberate Soviet Ukraine.Yale University Press.pp. 75–76, 157.ISBN978-0300125993.
- ^Lucyna, Kulińska (2009).Działalność terrorystyczna i sabotażowa nacjonalistycznych organizacji ukraińskich w Polsce w latach 1922-1939[Activities of terrorism and sabotage by Ukrainian nationalist organizations in Poland in the years 1922-1939] (in Polish) (1st ed.). Kraków: Księgarnia Akademicka. p. 212.ISBN9788371881473.OCLC613214866.
- ^Pisuliński, Jan (2003). "Pacyfikacja w Małopolsce Wschodniej na forum Ligi Narodów".Zeszyty Historyczne(in Polish) (144). Instytut Literacki: 110.ISSN0406-0393.
- ^Ostanek, Adrian Adam (2017). "Stosunki polsko‑ukraińskie a bezpieczeństwo II Rzeczypospolitej w kontekście wydarzeń 1930 roku w Małopolsce Wschodniej".Studia Historica Gedanensia(in Polish).VIII:164.
- ^https://www.npr.org/2022/04/09/1091902352/the-network-in-romania-to-help-ukrainian-refugees.
{{cite news}}:Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^"Ukraine, Romania sign security cooperation deal".
- ^"Refugiaţi, emigranţi din URSS către România interbelică".
- ^https://web.archive.org/web/20221230125029/https://insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/com_pdf/cp-date-provizorii-rpl_2.pdf.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2022-12-30.
{{cite web}}:Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^"The Ukrainians: Engaging the 'Eastern Diaspora'". ByAndrew Wilson.(1999). In Charles King, Neil Melvin (Eds.)Nations Abroad.Wesview Press, pp. 103-132.
Sources
edit- Іван Куций. УКРАЇНОФІЛЬСЬКА ТЕЧІЯ ГАЛИЦЬКОЇ ІСТОРІОГРАФІЇ XIX ст.: КОНЦЕПТУАЛІЗАЦІЯ ІСТОРИЧНО-ЦИВІЛІЗАЦІЙНОЇ ІДЕНТИЧНОСТІ // Історіографічні дослідження в Україні. Випуск 18. Київ: Інститут історії України НАН України, 2008
- Житецький І.Київ. Громада за 60-их років, ж. Україна, 1928, кн. 1;
- Савченко Ф.Заборона українства 1876 p. K. 1930 (2 вид. Мюнхен 1970, де подано докладну бібліографію). Чимало мемуарного матеріалу в ж. Україна, 1924 — 30 pp. і в зб. За сто літ, І — VI.
- Енциклопедія українознавства.У 10-х т. / Гол. ред. Володимир Кубійович. — Париж; Нью-Йорк: Молоде Життя, 1954–1989.