Woolwich

This article is about the district of London. For other uses, seeWoolwich (disambiguation).

Woolwich(/ˈwʊlɪtʃ,-ɪdʒ/) is a town insoutheastLondon,England,within theRoyal Borough of Greenwich.

Woolwich
Beresford Squaremarket withRoyal Arsenal Gatehouse(left) andCrossraildevelopment in the background
Woolwich Woolwich Location withinGreater London
Population	84,959 (2011 Census)
OS grid reference	TQ435795
•Charing Cross	8.5 mi (13.7 km)WNW
London borough	Greenwich
Ceremonial county	Greater London
Region	London
Country	England
Sovereign state	United Kingdom
Post town	LONDON
Postcode district	SE18
Dialling code	020
Police	Metropolitan
Fire	London
Ambulance	London
UK Parliament	Greenwich and Woolwich
London Assembly	Greenwich and Lewisham

The district's location on theRiver Thamesled to its status as an important naval, military and industrial area; a role that was maintained throughout the 16th to 20th centuries. After several decades of economic hardship andsocial deprivation,the area now has several large-scaleurban renewalprojects.

Geography

Woolwich is situated 8.5 miles (13.7 km) fromCharing Cross.It has a 1.6 mi (2.5 km) long frontage to the south bank of the River Thames. From the riverside it rises up quickly along the northern slopes ofShooter's Hilltowards the common, at 200 ft (60 m) and the ancient London–Dover Road, at 433 ft (132 m). Theancient parish of Woolwich,more or less the present-daywardsWoolwich Riverside andWoolwich Common,comprises 734 acres (297 ha). This includedNorth Woolwich,which is now part of theLondon Borough of Newham.The ancient parishes ofPlumsteadandElthambecame part of thecivil parish of Woolwichin 1930.Parts of the wards Glyndon and Shooter's Hill are often referred to as Woolwich, although this definition is not accepted by all. The nearest areas areAbbey Wood,Blackheath,Charlton,Eltham,Greenwich,Kidbrooke,Lewisham,North Woolwich, Plumstead, Shooter's Hill,Thamesmead,WellingandWell Hall.

Demography

Census data is collected by borough and ward so identifying the population of Woolwich is not straightforward. If the area is taken to approximate to the Woolwich Common, Woolwich Riverside and Glyndon Wards, then the population was 54,790 at the time of the 2011 census.

If it is also taken to include the Plumstead and Shooters Hill Wards then it rises to 84,959 at the 2011 census.

History

See also:Old Woolwich

Map of Woolwich, 1749: the town is nestled betweenthe Warrento the east (left) and HM Dockyard to the west (bottom right).

Early history

Woolwich has been inhabited since at least theIron Age.Remains of a probably Celticoppidum,established sometime between the 3rd and 1st century BCE, in the late Roman period re-used as a fort, were found at the current Waterfront development site between Beresford Street and the Thames.According to theSurvey of London(Volume 48: Woolwich), "this defensive earthwork encircled the landward sides of a riverside settlement, the only one of its kind so far located in the London area, that may have been a significant port, anterior to London". A path connected the riverside settlement withWatling Street(Shooter's Hill), perhaps also of Iron Age origin. Sandy Hill Road may be a remnant of this early path.

Rectors of Woolwich from 1182

It is generally believed that the name Woolwich derives from anAnglo-Saxonword meaning "trading place for wool". It is not clear whether Woolwich was a proper-wich town,since there are no traces of extensive artisanal activity from the Early Middle Ages. However, in 2015Oxford Archaeologydiscovered a Saxon burial site near the riverside with 76 skeletons from the late 7th or early 8th century. The absence ofgrave depositsindicates that this was an early Christian settlement.The first church, which stood to the north of the present parish church, was almost certainlypre-Normanand dedicated to Saint Lawrence. It was probably rebuilt in stone around 1100.

From the 10th till the mid-12th century Woolwich was controlled by the abbots ofSt. Peter's AbbeyinGhent.This may have been a result of a gift of 918 fromÆlfthryth,daughter ofKing Alfredand Countess of Flanders, in that case the first recorded grant of English lands to a foreign ecclesiastic institution. As a result of this tenure Woolwich is not mentioned in theDomesday Book;it is thought that the 63 acres listed asHulvizrefer toNorth Woolwich,which was then uninhabited. Some of the Ghent lands passed to the royalmanorsofDartfordandElthamas early as 1100; the larger part of the parish, referred to as the manor of Woolwich but in effect not a full manor, became an Eltham dependency in the 14th century. Not included were a riverside quay held byHoly Trinity Priory, Aldgate,a wharf held bySt Mary's Priory, Southwark,and land aroundPlumsteadowned byBartholomew de Burghersh, 2nd Baron Burghersh,later referred to as the Burrage Estate.

Medieval Woolwich was susceptible to flooding. In 1236 many were killed by a flood.Woolwich Ferrywas first mentioned in 1308 but may be older. Around Bell Water Gate some private shipbuilding or repair may have existed in the 15th century. A windmill was mentioned around 1450.Several potterykilnshave been discovered north of Woolwich High Street and Beresford Street, testifying of a perhaps unbroken tradition of pottery production from at least the 14th century until the 17th century.

Military expansion

Woolwich Dockyardin 1790

Woolwich remained a relatively small Kentish settlement until the beginning of the 16th century, when it began to develop into a maritime, military and industrial centre. In 1512 it became home toWoolwich Dockyard,originally known as "The King's Yard", founded byHenry VIIIto build his flagshipHenry Grace à Dieu( "The Great Harry" ). Many great ships were built here, such as thePrince Royal,theSovereign of the Seas,theRoyal Charles,theDolphinand theBeagle.East of the dockyard a gun yard was established in the 1540s (for storage and maintenance of ships' canons and armaments) and aropeyardfollowed in the 1570s. The dockyard went through many ups and downs but survived for three and a half centuries, closing down in 1869.

Following the establishment of the dockyard,Martin Boweswho had gathered a fortune at theRoyal Mint,bought riverside holdings in Woolwich and Plumstead in the 1530s, some of it former church land that had become available after theDissolution of the Monasteries.His mansion was Tower Place, for some time the largest dwelling in Woolwich.In the 1650s theBoard of Ordnancewas given permission toproveguns in the grounds of the mansion (an area known as the Warren) and twenty years later they purchased Tower Place itself. The Warren then developed from a place of storage into a collection of armament factories, military stores and research establishments, which were collectively named theRoyal ArsenalbyGeorge IIIin 1805. The complex played a central role in Britain's military and industrial expansion: in wartime, tens of thousands of workers found employment here; between wars, unemployment loomed.

The Board of Ordnance maintained its own establishment of military personnel, many of whom were based in the Warren. In 1716 it had (by a royal warrant of George I) formed theRoyal Regiment of Artillery,which had its headquarters and barracks in the Warren, and in 1741 it established theRoyal Military Academythere to train its future officers. In 1776 the Artillery moved out of the Warren into a newRoyal Artillery Barrackson the edge ofWoolwich Common.The Royal Military Academy followed, moving into its new premises at the other end of the common in 1806. By that time various other units and services had begun to establish themselves in the vicinity, forming what became known asWoolwich Garrison.In the 19th and 20th century several large barracks were built, as well as military schools and hospitals. To this day, the town retains an army base (known as Woolwich Station) centred on theRoyal Artillery Barracksand Napier Lines Barracks.

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  Tower Place and the old Royal Military Academy, 1775
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  The Royal Artillery Band marching through Woolwich, early 19th century
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  Open-air storage at the Royal Arsenal in the mid-19th century
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  Royal Horse Artillery Review at the Royal Military Academy 1850
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  Royal Artillery Barracks,c. 1900
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  Old Woolwich in 1929. On the hill: the parish church and the Red Barracks.

Economic development

Employment

Workers at theRoyal Arsenal,1862

Throughout the 18th century the navy yard remained the town's main employer with between 500 and 1,400 men working in the docks. Due to the malarial marshlands, it was not a popular place to work and for that reason Woolwich dockyard workers were paid as much as a third more than in other naval towns. These were mostly skilled artisans who were generally literate, Nonconformist and well-organized. The number of artillery men grew from around 200 in 1716 to around 1,500 in 1801. Soldiers were generally held in contempt, earning about a quarter of dockyard labourers' wages. At the height of theNapoleonic Wars,there were more soldiers (3,000) than dockyard and ropeyard workers (2,000), while the arsenal employed as many as 5,000. After the end of the wars, thousands were discharged, causing great distress. In the 1840s, a steam factory gave a new lease of life to the dockyard and the 1850s saw a huge expansion of the arsenal during and after theCrimean War.

The presence of the dockyard, the arsenal and other military institutions stimulated economic growth in other areas, notably in commercial activities and entertainment. The ropeyard was established around 1570 and survived until 1832. Throughout the 17th century twoglass factorieswere active near Glass Yard, owned by SirRobert MansellfromGreenwich,who also managed the dockyard and the ropeyard. Some of the masters here wereHuguenotsfromLorraine.KilnsproducingBellarminestoneware may also have been controlled by continental potters. Other kilns produced earthenware and clay pipes. Kilns were also active on the hillside south of the town, where clay was readily available. Near Plumstead and Charlton weresandpits;the sand was shipped from a wharf near Tower Place. In 1863, the German firmSiemens & Halskeestablished asubmarine-cablefactory in the Dockyard area, which expanded rapidly.

Retail

Hare Street in 1911

Woolwich market received its charter in 1618 but is certainly older. The market, which had long been established in the High Street inOld Woolwich(at a location called Market Hill), had gradually drifted towards theRoyal Arsenal's main gatehouse,more or less at its present location. This was not approved by the authorities and a new market was set up in theBathway Quarteraround 1810. This proved to be a failure and is remembered only in the name of Market Street. Until 1879, the market atBeresford Squareremained illegal and was regularly cleared by the police. After it was legalized, it had room for 136 stalls.Italo Svevodescribed it as "very lively" in 1903. In 1936, a covered market opened in Plumstead Road but never formed a threat to the main market. Beresford Square had the largestpublic houses(of which Woolwich had many).Powis Streetand Hare Street, laid out in the early 19th century, became the main shopping streets. A number of Victorian shop facades, many designed by local architect Henry Hudson Church, have survived.

In 1868 theRoyal Arsenal Co-operative Societywas established, which developed into one of the biggestconsumer cooperativesin the country with two department stores in Powis Street, shops around South East London, manufacturing and food production plants, a building society, a funeral service and many other areas of entrepreneurship.

Urban development

Population

Poverty mapof Woolwich, 1889. The areas in black designate the "lowest class, vicious, semi-criminals". Bright red is "middle class, well-to-do".

Around 1500, at the beginning of the military and naval expansion, Woolwich had only a few hundred inhabitants. In 1665, whenSamuel Pepysstayed here to escape theGreat Plague,the population was estimated at 1,200 or more, of which about 300 worked in the dockyard. Around 1720, the town's population had risen to 6,500, reaching almost 10,000 in 1801. During the booming wartime decade that followed, population reached a peak of 17,000. After a period of stagnation, building activity picked up in the 1830s. Woolwich' built-up area expanded southward with workers' houses mostly close to the river and officers' houses aroundWoolwich Commonand further up the hill. In 1841 Woolwich had a population of 27,785; in 1861 this had risen to 41,695. At this point there were 4,596 houses in the parish, with little space left for building; further development took place inPlumstead,CharltonandNorth Woolwich,later also inEltham.After a dip in the late 19th century, in 1901 the population of the parish of Woolwich stood at the same level as 40 years earlier: 41,625. Victorian Woolwich was a rich social mix with skilled engineers along with unskilled labourers (including women and children) working at the Arsenal and other factories, large numbers of soldiers (making up 10–15% of the population) and a small bourgeoisie consisting of military officers and the commercial and professional elite. Some areas of the town were notoriously overcrowded; the so-calledDustholenear the river was considered one of London's worstslums.

Infrastructure

Until the arrival of the railways, the Thames was the principal artery connecting Woolwich to London. In 1834 the Woolwich Steam Packet Company greatly improved river traffic and in 1889 theWoolwich Free Ferrymade it easier to live inNorth Woolwichand work in the Arsenal, or to live in Woolwich and work in theDocklands.TheNorth Kent Linefrom London viaGreenwichand Woolwich toGillinghamopened in 1849. The station building was rebuilt in 1906 and again in 1992–93.Woolwich was also on the route of twoLondon tramsof the first generation (1881–1952).

The post-war period brought massive changes to the town's fabric and infrastructure. Roads were widened and entire neighbourhoods pulled down to make room for modern housing, some of it in tower blocks. The widening of Woolwich High Street and Beresford Street left little of theold town.Woolwich was home to the experimentalAuto Stackercar park. Built on the site of the Empire Theatre, it was officially opened in May 1961 byPrincess Margaret.It never actually worked and was demolished in 1962. Amulti-storey car parkwas built along Monk Street in 1971.

Education

Woolwich Polytechnic, 1891

Woolwich Polytechnicwas founded in 1891. As well as providing a higher education facility, it also provided secondary school facilities, including the still-extant (but now relocated)Woolwich Polytechnic School for Boys.In the 20th century the Polytechnic grew steadily, taking up almost an entire block in theBathway Quarterand later spreading to other areas. In 1970 it merged with other local colleges and became Thames Polytechnic. In 1992 it was granteduniversity statusand a year later was renamed theUniversity of Greenwich.In 2001, the university relocated to theOld Royal Naval CollegeinGreenwich,leaving only a small administrative presence in Woolwich.

Woolwich was the location of the first freekindergartenin the UK. The Woolwich Mission Kindergarten opened in 1900, and began in a room provided by a Christian socialist vicar of Holy Trinity church in New Charlton, the Rev. Walter Wragge. It was founded by his sister, Adelaide Wragge, theFröbel-influenced principal of Blackheath Kindergarten Training College.

Leisure

Officers of theRoyal Artilleryplaying polo on bicycles,c. 1910

In the 18th century,Woolwich Cricket Club,later Royal Artillery Cricket Club, were well-knowncricketclubs. Cricket and other sports were mainly played by military officers and students at theRoyal Military Academy.Arsenal F.C.was founded in 1886 by workers at theRoyal Arsenal.Initially known asDial Square,thenRoyal Arsenaland thenWoolwich Arsenal,they soon drew large crowds to their ground inPlumstead.In 1913 they moved toArsenal StadiuminHighbury,North London.Royal Ordnance Factories F.C.was founded in response to Woolwich Arsenal joining the League but only lasted a few years.

Woolwich had severaltheatresandcinemas.The Theatre Royal in Beresford Street, later renamed Empire Theatre or Woolwich Empire, was the biggest. Dating from the 1830s, it was enlarged in the 1880s and 1890s, seating about 2,000. It both served as a variety theater and cinema, ending up as a strip-joint. It was demolished in 1960. Shortly after 1900, three new theaters opened with a combined capacity of 4,430. The Century cinema, which faced Beresford Square, was previously known as Premier Cinema and Royal Arsenal Cinema. It was built in 1913 with 669 seats, closed in 1961 and demolished for redevelopment in the late 1960s. The Grand Theatre in Wellington Street opened in 1900 as a variety theatre with a capacity of 1,680. It became the Woolwich Hippodrome in 1908 and a full-time cinema in 1923. Rebuilt in 1955 as the Regal Cinema, it closed in 1982, was then used as a nightclub and demolished in 2015. TheGranada cinemaand theOdeon, later Coronet,both seating around 2,500, are imposing buildings from the 1930s that have both been converted intoPentecostalchurches.

Local government

St Mary Magdalenec. 1840

Thecivil parish of Woolwich,roughly the area of the present-daywardsWoolwich Riverside and Woolwich Common, was formerly known asWoolwich Saint Mary.Until 1842, when theOld Town Hallwas built, thevestrymet in a room in the parish church ofSt Mary Magdalene.Woolwich became part of the London metropolitan area in the mid-19th century, although was officially still inKentat the time. In 1889, with the formation ofLondon County Council,Woolwich became officially part of London. In 1900 theparishesof Woolwich,ElthamandPlumsteadformed theMetropolitan Borough of Woolwich.In 1906 the newWoolwich Town Hallwas inaugurated. In April 1965, following implementation of theLondon Government Act 1963,Woolwich was merged into theLondon Borough of Greenwich,since 2012 theRoyal Borough of Greenwich.The administrative buildings of the borough are in Woolwich, at the formerWoolwich Town Hall.

Post-war history

Decline

Woolwich declined as a town in the late 20th century, starting with the closure of theRoyal Ordnance Factoryin 1967 and theSiemensfactory in 1968 and continuing as the Royal Arsenal scaled back operations and finally closed in 1994. Other employers like theWoolwich Building Society( "The Woolwich" ) and Morgan Grampian Publishers were taken over by other companies and moved away from the town. Without major employers, the local economy was affected and unemployment soared.At the same time the town's demographics changed, with initially mainlySikhssettling down in the area, later followed by black Africans, many fromNigeria.Despite immigration, the population of the parish reached a low of 17,000 in 1971. In general, Woolwich had lost its previous vigour. In the town's shopping district, department stores and chain stores closed. By the early 1990s, the town centre had the typical appearance of a town in decline with discount retailers and charity shops using the empty stores and Greenwich Council occupying the empty office buildings.In 1974, theUnited Kingdom's first branch ofMcDonald'sopened in Powis Street.Amidst the decline, Woolwich was still considered to be a representative English town at the time.

In 1974 theProvisional IRAbombed theKings Arms pubin the town. Thebombingkilled two. During the2011 England riots,Woolwich was one of the areas affected. Several buildings were attacked, with a few being destroyed.The Great HarryWetherspoons' Pub was set on fire,though it was subsequently remodeled and reopened. On 22 May 2013 themurder of Lee Rigbyin Woolwich caused upheaval. Drummer Lee Rigby, a British soldier based at the Royal Artillery Barracks, was murdered close to the barracks by twoIslamic extremists.

The16th Regiment Royal Artilleryleft Woolwich in 2007, but the Woolwich barracks still house the Royal Artillery Band and more recently the Second BattalionPrincess of Wales' Royal Regimentand theKing's Troop, Royal Horse Artillery,although the relocation of these has been announced for 2028.

Regeneration

Construction sites in Woolwich (Shooter's Hillview, 2016)

Recent and anticipated regeneration in the area means that it is expected that the district, identified in theLondon Planas "opportunity area", is expected to evolve from "major centre"to"metropolitan centre"withinGreater Londonin the next few decades.

Woolwich started to enjoy the beginning of a renaissance with the residential redevelopment of the formerRoyal Arsenal.Most historic buildings on the site have been renovated and converted into apartments. Several thousands of homes have been built or are under construction and thousands more are planned, mainly luxury apartments intower blocksnear the river. Additionally, a riverside walk, several parks, a museum, a range of shops, cafés, pubs and restaurants, and afarmers' markethave made the Arsenal a desirable place to live. In 2017 it was announced that the borough has acquired five historic buildings around No 1 Street to create a £31 million creative district. It will feature a 1,200-seat auditorium for concerts and events, a performance courtyard that seats up to 600, a 450-seat black box theatre and a riverside restaurant. TheGreenwich Heritage Centrewill move to new premises. The site will further include offices, studios and rehearsal spaces for resident companies such as Academy Performing Arts, Dash Arts,Chickenshed Theatre,Protein Dance, Greenwich Dance andGreenwich+Docklands International Festival.The creative district opened asWoolwich Worksin September 2021.

Woolwich Arsenal DLR station,the terminus of theDocklands Light Railway's London City Airport branch, opened on 10 January 2009.The2012 Summer OlympicsandParalympicsincluded Woolwich as a venue forshooting events,held in temporary facilities constructed on the grounds of theRoyal Artillery Barracksand onWoolwich Common.

Love Lane development

A large-scale redevelopment of the area west ofGeneral GordonSquare started in 2011. The square was re-landscaped, including a new water feature. The so-called Love Lane project involved demolition of several buildings including the Post Office, the Crown Building, theDirector Generalpublic house,Peggy Middleton House and Thomas Spencer Halls of Residence. New buildings in the first phases of the Woolwich Central redevelopment included: the Woolwich Centre along Wellington Street (public library and council offices, completed in 2011),and a 259-home housing development with an 84,000 sq ft (7,800 m²)Tescohypermarket,completed in 2014.In the same year, the latter development was named Britain's worst new building, being awarded the 'Carbuncle Cup' for a design judges described as "oppressive, defensive, arrogant and inept".The same development was later the subject of a £46.7m claim by Tesco againstWillmott Dixonfor cladding replacement;Willmott Dixon then sought to reclaim the same amount from its supply chain;When the case was heard in February 2023,two suppliers countered by saying the problems arose due to Willmott Dixon's negligence.The financial impact of the Woolwich Central project continued to be felt in July 2024, when Willmott Dixon said costs to fix the scheme had risen from £44m to £48m.

On the other side of General Gordon Square the 1930sWoolwich Equitablebuilding was refurbished. Next toWoolwich Town Hallon Wellington Street, the 1950s Woolwich Grand Theatre (formerly the ABC Regal Cinema, then Flamingo's Nightclub) briefly reopened as an arts centre with a cafe but in 2015 the building was demolished to make room for apartments.

Demolition of Connaught Estate, 2015

Redevelopment around the "Woolwich Triangle" at the west end of Powis Street is partly underway. It originally envisaged demolition of theart decoRACS department store,one of two imposingCo-opbuildings in this part of town.In September 2012 Greenwich Council approved a plan to convert the building into apartments and retail.Across the road, the late Victorian formerRACS Central Storesbuilding was renovated and re-opened as a hotel. Further regeneration is centred on Hare Street and the Riverside. By relocating the Waterfront Leisure Centre, it is hoped that this part of Woolwich will attract new development. Other areas for redevelopment include Trinity Walk (former Connaught Estate, part of the One Woolwich masterplan for three housing estates), several sites along Wellington Street (including the Ogilby site and the so-called Island site), the Spray Street Quarter (between the existing station and the new Crossrail station), and the Callis Yard site (former council stables).Redevelopment plans for the Spray Street Quarter in 2018 included a proposal to demolish the 1936 market hall.

Heritage

See also:Grade I and II* listed buildings in Greenwich

For centuries the area between the Thames and the present-dayA206 roadhas been dominated by docks, warehouses and factories, starting with theRoyal Dockyardearly in the 16th century, later eclipsed by theRoyal Arsenalin scale and grandeur. In the 18th century theRoyal Regiment of Artilleryand theCorps of Royal Engineerswere established in Woolwich, followed by theRoyal Military Academy.Other military institutions completed the picture of the garrison town that Woolwich had become in the early 19th century. The town has a distinctive housing history and in theBathway Quarterit has an equally distinctive civic centre. Although repeatedly rebuilt, its architectural heritage reflects its unusual and important history.

Royal Arsenal

Main article:Royal Arsenal

The older parts of the Royal Arsenal constitute aconservation area.Most buildings of historic interest have been restored and given new uses. The Royal Brass Foundry (1717) is agrade I listed building,while the Dial Arch (1717–20), the Old Royal Military Academy (1720) and the Grand Store (1806–13) are Grade II* listed. Other listed buildings include theRoyal Arsenal Gatehouse,Middle Gatehouse, the Main Guard House, two small guardhouses near the Thames, the Shell Foundry Gatehouse, Verbruggen House and two twin pavilions in Laboratory Square, the oldest structures on the site (1696).

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  Royal Arsenal Gatehouse
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  Royal Brass Foundry
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  Cannon near the Old Royal Military Academy
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  Converted warehouses at the Royal Arsenal

Woolwich Dockyard and Riverside

Main articles:Woolwich DockyardandWoolwich Riverside

At Woolwich Dockyard relatively little of historic interest remains. The main monumental building complex comprises a small cluster of 18th-century buildings: the entrance gate, the guardhouse and the so-called Clock House (Dockyard offices). A pair of 19th-centurydocksremain on the site of their 16th-century predecessors. The later development of the Dockyard in theVictorian periodis represented by the Steam Factory and the Dockyard chimney, a prominent landmark, and further west by a group of buildings at the site of theSiemens Brothersfactory.

Between the Arsenal and the Dockyard lies an area that was once Old Woolwich, a part of the town where little of historical interest remains and that, once again, is facing redevelopment. The round entrance building of theWoolwich foot tunneldates from 1912. Further west, theThames Barrieris an interesting example of modern architecture and technical achievement. TheThames Pathis aNational Trailthat connects these sites.

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  Woolwich Dockyard entrance gate
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  The Dockyard chimney
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  Entrance buildingWoolwich foot tunnel
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  Thames Barrier

Other military buildings

See also:Royal Artillery Barracks;Royal Military Academy, Woolwich;andWoolwich Garrison

Royal Artillery Barracks

Royal Military Academy

Elsewhere, monumental buildings testify of Woolwich's rich military history.Woolwich Commonwith its surrounding buildings has been designated a conservation area. TheNeoclassicalfaçade of theRoyal Artillery Barracks(James Wyatt,1776–1802) is the longest façade in London, stretching along the north end of the common. Across the road, Government House (1781), was the quarters of the Garrison Commandant from 1855 to 1995. Of the nearbyGarrison Church of St Georgeonly the shell remains after it was bombed during theSecond World War.Its Neo-Romanesque architecture and remnants of mosaics are still impressive.John Nash'sRotunda,a round brick building with a leaded tent roof, until 2001 housed theRoyal Artillery Museumand now serves as aboxing ringfor theKing's Troop, Royal Horse Artilleryin nearby Napier Lines Barracks.

TheRoyal Military Academyat the south end of Woolwich Common was also designed by James Wyatt and has an almost equally long façade inMock Tudorstyle. Other military buildings that survive include Connaught Barracks (built as the Royal Artillery Hospital in 1780), Green Hill Military School andRoyal Herbert HospitalonShooter's Hill.The Royal Engineers' HQ was moved to Chatham in 1856, but a small detachment remained in Woolwich, quartered in what is now Engineer House on Mill Hill, just off the Common. Severallisted buildingswere demolished in the 1970s, including James Wyatt's Engineers Barracks (built for theRoyal Military Artificersin 1803),Lewis Wyatt's Grand Depot Barracks (begun in 1805-6 for theField Traindepartment),Cambridge Barracks(1842, of which the gatehouse still stands) andRed Barracks(1858, only the boundary wall and entrance gate remain). The latter two, on Frances Street, were originally built as theRoyal Marine Barracks, Woolwichfor the Woolwich Division of theRoyal Marines,and each was considered an innovative and influential design. The Marines departed with the closure of the Dockyard, whereupon the buildings were converted into barracks accommodation for various military corps. Rushgrove House (1806) housed the Colonel Commandant of the Marine Barracks (later Cambridge Barracks) from 1855.

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  RuinedGarrison Church(1863)
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  John Nash'sRotunda(1814/20)
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  Former Connaught Barracks (1780)
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  Engineer House (1858)
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  Government House (1781)
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  Former Red Barracks gate (1860)
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  Gatehouse Cambridge Barracks (1848)
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  Rushgrove House (1806)

Woolwich Centre

Bathway Quarter

Virtually nothing is left of theold town of Woolwichwhich was near the ferry and the parish church along the Thames. In the early 19th century the commercial and administrative centre moved south to its present location aroundPowis Street,Beresford Squareand theBathway Quarter.Although 20th-century economic decline and infrastructural works have had their effects, there are still some interesting buildings in Woolwich town centre. The best preserved area is perhaps the Bathway Quarter with the former Public Baths, theOld and New Town Hall,the former Magistrates Court and Police Station, the Old Public Library and several historic buildings of Woolwich Polytechnic.

St Peter's rectory, church and school

In nearby Powis Street and Hare Street some lateVictorianshop façades have been preserved, notably by local architect Henry Hudson Church. The western end of Powis Street is dominated by two formerRoyal Arsenal Co-operative Society(RACS) department stores, one late Victorian, the other one inArt Decostyle. Nearer to the river are two large cinemas, both built in 1937 and both in use as Pentecostal church halls. The formerOdeon Cinema(now occupied by theNew Wine Church) is a fine example of an Art Deco theatre; the formerGranada Cinemahas lavish interior decorations.

Of the grand houses that once stretched along Woolwich Common and dotted the northern slopes of Shooter's Hill, little remains. Rushgrove House, Shrewsbury House and Woodhill Court survive but have lost their spacious gardens. Woolwich parish church,St Mary Magdalenis a plain brick 1730s building with a spireless tower. Other religious buildings of interest include theRoman Catholic St Peter's Church(byPugin), and twoSikh gurdwaras,one aformer Methodist church,the other a former Masonic hall.

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  Woolwich Town Hall
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  Former Woolwich Polytechnic College
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  VictorianRACSbuilding
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  Art deco former RACS department store
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  FormerOdeon Cinema
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  FormerGranada Cinema
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  Gurdwara Sahib
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  Gurdwara Ramgarhia

Nature

Parks in central Woolwich are generally small. St Mary's Gardens has been laid out as a park in Romantic style on the grounds of the former churchyard of theparish church of St Mary Magdalen.Some historic grave markers have been placed against the peripheral wall.Tom Cribb's memorial, a lion rests its paw on an urn, stands near the northeast entrance. The park features abelvederewhich offers views of the river Thames. At the Royal Arsenal, several new parks and gardens have been landscaped but some can only be accessed by residents.

Shrewsbury Park,Plumstead Common,Woolwich CommonandOxleas Woodare situated higher up the hill and are all part of theSouth East London Green Chain.Repository Woods is a forested part of Woolwich Common. The area around the lake is a military training ground that is not open to the public. The same applies to Mulgrave Pond and Shooters Hill golf course.

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  St Mary's Gardens
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  Wellington Park
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  Dial Arch Square
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  New Riverside Park
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  Shrewsbury Park
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  Plumstead Common
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  Woolwich Common
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  Repository Woods

Sports and leisure

Arsenal F.C.is originally from Woolwich;Charlton Athletic's stadium,The Valley,is approximately 2 km west of Woolwich. The area also has twoNon-League footballclubs:Bridon Ropes F.C.andMeridian F.C.,who both play at Meridian Sports & Social Club.

Barrack Fieldat the Royal Artillery Barracks was a famouscricket groundin the 18th century but is now merely used for recreational sports. Royal Arsenal Rugby Club playsrugbyhere.

Greenwich Council has plans to demolish the 1980s Waterfront Leisure Centre next to theWoolwich Ferryand build a new leisure centre in Wilmount Street. There is an indoorclimbing wallin the Docklands area.

Education and culture

Public art works in Woolwich

TheUniversity of Greenwich's dramatic arts department is based in the historicBathway Quarterin the centre of Woolwich. The old Grand Theatre, which briefly reopened in the 2010s, closed in 2015. The Tramshed, until 1953 an electricity sub-station for the borough'stramways,is a music and entertainment venue run by the Royal Borough of Greenwich.Woolwich currently has no movie theatres. Cinemas are included in the plans for Spray Street quarter and the Island site.The town was used as a location for the 2006 filmChildren of Men.

Woolwich has one museum, theGreenwich Heritage Centreat the Royal Arsenal (Firepower – The Royal Artillery Museumclosed in 2016 after having been based in Woolwich for almost two centuries). Second Floor Studios in theWoolwich Dockyardarea is one of London's largest concentrations of artists'studios.The town has a number of public sculptures: one of Roman origin, several statues and reliefs from the 19th and early 20th centuries, and a number of modern sculptures. One of theWoolwich Arsenal DLR stationentrances features a large mural in tiles byMichael Craig-Martin.

See also:List of public art in Greenwich § Woolwich

Transport

Woolwich Arsenal railway station

Woolwich Arsenal DLR station

Woolwich Ferry

National Rail

Woolwich ArsenalandWoolwich Dockyardconnect the area withSoutheasternservices toLondon Cannon StreetviaGreenwich,London Charing CrossviaLewisham,Dartford,andBarnehurst(continuing to London Cannon Street viaBexleyheathas part of a loop service), as well asThameslinkservices toLutonvia Greenwich &London Blackfriarsand toRainham.

DLR

Woolwich Arsenalconnects the area withDLRservices toBankandStratford International.

Elizabeth line

Woolwich railway stationopened in May 2022 onElizabeth linewith services towardsAbbey Wood,Canary Wharf,central London,ReadingandHeathrow Airport.

Buses

Woolwich is served by manyLondon Busesroutes connecting it with places includingAbbey Wood,Beckenham,Bexleyheath,Blackfen,Blackheath,Bluewater,Catford,Central LondonCharlton,Chislehurst,Crayford,Crystal Palace,Dartford,Deptford,Elephant & Castle,Elmers End,Eltham,Erith,Greenwich,Lambeth North,Lewisham,Kidbrooke,New Cross,North Greenwich,Old Kent Road,Orpington,Peckham,Plumstead,Sidcup,St Mary Cray,Sydenham,ThamesmeadandWelling.

Woolwich Ferry

The freeWoolwich Ferryservice operates across theRiver ThamestoNorth Woolwichin theLondon Borough of Newhamcarrying trucks, cars, cyclists and pedestrians during the day until 20:00 on Weekdays. A two boat service runs on Mondays to Fridays with weekends being served by a one boat service. TheWoolwich foot tunnelis also available for use by pedestrians (and cyclists pushing their cycles) at any time. It is served by lifts during traditional shopping hours.

London River Services

London River Services,operated byThames Clippers,provide a peak-hour, daily service to central London (Embankment Pier) fromWoolwich Arsenal Pier(adjacent to the Royal Arsenal residential development). TheThames Barrieris located 1 mile (1.6 km) upstream from the tunnel and ferry.

Airport

London City Airportis not too far away from here and it was built in the 1980s.

Notable people

• Victor Brooks,(1918–2000), actor, born in Woolwich.
• Garry Bushell(born 1955), journalist and political activist, born in Woolwich.
• Tom Cribb,19th-century bare-knuckle boxer, born in Bristol but resided and died aged 66 in Woolwich in 1848, he was buried in St. Mary's cemetery. A road in Woolwich is named after him.
• Stella Duffy,novelist and playwright, born in Woolwich later moved to Eltham.
• Bernardine Evaristo,writer, raised in Woolwich.
• Boy George,songwriter and lead singer for the bandCulture Club,raised in Woolwich
• Charles George Gordon(1833–1885), general, born in Woolwich.
• Charles Hutton Gregory(1817–1888), civil engineer, born in Woolwich.
• Olinthus Gregory(1774–1841), mathematician (and father of Charles Hutton Gregory), lived and died in Woolwich.
• Joseph Grimaldi(1778–1837), pantomime clown, lived in Woolwich during the early 1830s before moving toIslington.
• Jeremy Healy,DJ and member ofHaysi Fantayzee,born in Woolwich.
• Charles Hutton(1737–1823), mathematician, lived and died in Woolwich.
• George Thomas Landmann(1779–1854), military and civil engineer, born and raised in Woolwich.
• Jonathan Guy Lewis(born 1963), actor, born in Woolwich.
• William Livingstone Robe(1791–1815), army officer, born in Woolwich.
• Richard Lovelace(1618–1657), poet, born in Woolwich.
• Forbes MacbeanFRS (1725–1800), army officer, lived and died in Woolwich.
• Carlo Martelli,(born 1935) has lived in Woolwich since the early 1960s.
• Scott Maslen(born 1971), actor and model, born in Woolwich.
• Keith Milow(born in 1945), painter and sculptor, lives in Woolwich.
• Glenn Morris(1983), footballer, born in Woolwich.
• Noizy(born 1986),Albanianmusician and actor, lived in Woolwich.
• William Ranwell(1797–1861), artist, lived and died in Woolwich.
• Ray Richardson(born 1964), painter, born and lives in Woolwich.
• Frederick Robe(1801–1871), Governor of South Australia, born in Woolwich.
• William Robe(1765–1820), army officer and architect, born and died in Woolwich.
• John Scott(1757–1832), evangelical and pacifist, born in Woolwich.
• Sylvia Syms(1934–2023), actress, born in Woolwich.
• John Tapner(c. 1823–1854), last person executed in the island ofGuernsey,came from Woolwich.
• Glenn Tilbrook(born 1957), guitarist, born in Woolwich.
• Neil Vartan(1962–1994), cricketer, born in Woolwich.
• Lesley Vickerage(born 1961), actress, born in Woolwich.
• George Whale(1849–1925), solicitor and bibliophile, Mayor of Woolwich, founded theSamuel Pepys ClubIn 1903.
• Mavis Wheeler(1908-1970), socialite who shot her loverLord Vivianin 1954, born in Woolwich

See also

• List of people from Greenwich
• List of schools in Greenwich
• Royal Ordnance Factory
• Princess Alice– a passenger steamer sunk offNorth Woolwichpier on 3 September 1878 (a memorial to those lost can be found inWoolwich Old Cemetery,Kings Highway,Plumstead)

Further reading

• Daniel Lysons(1792),"Woolwich",Environs of London,vol. 4: Counties of Herts, Essex & Kent, London: T. Cadell
• W.E. Trotter (1849),"Woolwich",Select Illustrated Topography of Thirty Miles Around London,London,OCLC681272905
• James Thorne (1876),"Woolwich",Handbook to the Environs of London,London: John Murray
• Edward Walford(1883),"Woolwich",Greater London,London: Cassell & Co.,OCLC3009761
• "Woolwich".Chambers's Encyclopaedia.London. 1901.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

External links

• WoolwichArchived2 April 2014 at theWayback MachineRoyal Borough of Greenwichwebsite
• Hidden London page about Woolwich
• History of WoolwichArchived6 August 2020 at theWayback MachineIdeal Homes: a history of South-East London Suburbswebsite.
• S.E.18: Impressions of a London SuburbArchived6 March 2016 at theWayback Machine– 1964 film about Woolwich
• History of the Royal Artillery Theatre, Woolwich
• Digital Public Library of America.Works related to Woolwich,various dates