Wikipedia

World music

(Redirected fromWorld fusion)
For other uses, seeWorld Music (disambiguation).

"World music"is an English phrase for styles of music from non-English speaking countries, including quasi-traditional,intercultural,andtraditional music.World music's broad nature and elasticity as a musical category pose obstacles to a universal definition, but its ethic of interest in the culturally exotic is encapsulated inRootsmagazine's description of the genre as "local music from out there".[1][2]

World music
Cultural originsIndigenous musicworldwide
Derivative formsFolktronica
Subgenres
Fusion genres
Regional scenes
World music (term)
EtymologyCoined early 1960s to describe non-European, non-North American music[1]

Music that does not follow "North American or Britishpopandfolktraditions "[3]was given the term "world music" by music industries in Europe and North America.[4]The term was popularized in the 1980s as a marketing category for non-Western traditional music.[5][6]It has grown to include subgenres such as ethnic fusion (Clannad,Ry Cooder,Enya,etc.)[7]andworldbeat.[8][9]

Lexicology

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Main article:World music (term)
Delhi 2 Dublinin 2012

The term "world music" has been credited toethnomusicologistRobert E. Brown,who coined it in the early 1960s atWesleyan UniversityinConnecticut,where he developed undergraduate throughdoctoralprograms in the discipline. To enhance the learning process (John Hill), he invited more than a dozen visiting performers from Africa and Asia and began a world music concert series.[10][11]The term became current in the 1980s as a marketing/classificatory device in the media and themusic industry.[12]There are several conflicting definitions for world music. One is that it consists of "all the music in the world", though such a broad definition renders the term virtually meaningless.[13][14]

Forms

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Alan Stivell in concert atBrest(Brittany), 2013

Examples of popular forms of world music include the various forms of non-European classical music (e.g.Chineseguzhengmusic,Indianragamusic,Tibetanchants), Eastern European folk music (e.g. the village music of theBalkans,The Mystery of the Bulgarian Voices),Nordic folk music,Latin music,Indonesian music,and the many forms of folk and tribal music of theMiddle East,Africa,Asia,Oceania,CentralandSouth America.

The broad category of world music includes isolated forms of ethnic music from diverse geographical regions. These dissimilar strains of ethnic music are commonly categorized together by virtue of their indigenous roots. Over the 20th century, the invention ofsound recording,low-cost international air travel, and common access to global communication among artists and the general public have given rise to a related phenomenon called "crossover"music. Musicians from diverse cultures and locations could readily access recorded music from around the world, see and hear visiting musicians from other cultures and visit other countries to play their own music, creating a melting pot of stylistic influences. While communication technology allows greater access to obscure forms of music, the pressures of commercialization also present the risk of increasing musical homogeneity, the blurring of regional identities, and the gradual extinction of traditional local music-making practices.[15]

Hybrid examples

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Vampire Weekendperforming atRed Rocks Amphitheatrein 2013

Since the music industry established this term, the fuller scope of what an average music consumer defines as "world" music in today's market has grown to include various blends of ethnic music tradition, style and interpretation,[9]and derivative world music genres have been coined to represent these hybrids, such as ethnic fusion andworldbeat.Good examples of hybrid, world fusion are theIrish-West Africanmeld ofAfro Celt Sound System,[16]the pan-cultural sound of AO Music[17]and thejazz/Finnish folkmusic ofVärttinä,[18]each of which bear tinges of contemporary, Western influence—an increasingly noticeable element in the expansion genres of world music. Worldbeat and ethnic fusion can also blend specific indigenous sounds with more blatant elements ofWestern pop.Good examples arePaul Simon's albumGraceland,on which South Africanmbaqangamusic is heard;Peter Gabriel's work withPakistaniSufisingerNusrat Fateh Ali Khan;theDeep Forestproject, in which vocal loops fromWest Africaare blended with Western, contemporary rhythmic textures andharmony structure;and the work ofMango,who combined pop and rock music with world elements.

Depending on style and context, world music can sometimes share thenew-age musicgenre, a category that often includesambient musicand textural expressions from indigenousrootssources. Good examples areTibetan bowls,Tuvan throat singing,Gregorian chantorNative American flutemusic. World music blended with new-age music is a sound loosely classified as the hybrid genre 'ethnic fusion'. Examples of ethnic fusion areNicholas Gunn's "Face-to-Face" fromBeyond Grand Canyon,featuring authenticNative Americanflutecombined withsynthesizers,and "Four Worlds" fromThe Music of the Grand Canyon,featuring spoken word from Razor Saltboy of theNavajo Indian Nation.

World fusion

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Not to be confused withEthno jazz.

The subgenreworld fusionis often mistakenly assumed to refer exclusively to a blending of Westernjazz fusionelements with world music. Although such a hybrid expression falls easily into the world fusion category, the suffix "fusion" in the term world fusion should not be assumed to mean jazz fusion. Western jazz combined with strong elements of world music is more accurately termedworld fusion jazz,[19]ethnic jazzornon-Western jazz.World fusion and global fusion are nearly synonymous with the genre termworldbeat,and though these are considered subgenres ofpopular music,they may also imply universal expressions of the more general termworld music.[9]In the 1970s and 1980s,fusionin thejazz musicgenre implied a blending of jazz androck music,which is where the misleading assumption is rooted.[20]

Precursors

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See also:Afro fusion

Millie Smallreleased "My Boy Lollipop"in 1964. Small's version was a hit, reaching number 2 both in theUK Singles Chart[21]and in the USBillboardHot 100.In the 1960s,Miriam MakebaandHugh Masekelahad popular hits in the USA. In 1969 Indian musicianRavi Shankarplayedsitarat theWoodstock festival.[22]

In the 1970s,Manu Dibango's funky track "Soul Makossa"[23](1972) became a hit, andOsibisareleased "Sunshine Day" (1976).Fela KuticreatedAfrobeat[24]andFemi Kuti,Seun KutiandTony Allenfollowed Fela Kuti's funky music.Salsamusicians such asJosé Alberto "El Canario",Ray Sepúlveda,Johnny Pacheco,Fania All-Stars,Ray Barretto,Rubén Blades,Gilberto Santa Rosa,Roberto Roena,Bobby Valentín,Eddie Palmieri,Héctor LavoeandWillie ColóndevelopedLatin music.[25]

The 1979 American ensembleLibanawas incorporated by founder Susan Robbins, specifically to represent world folk traditions through chants, dance, storytelling, and musical performance. Initially consisting of 25 women, it honed down to 6 "core" members who able to travel the world, all of whom toured in America, Canada, Bulgaria, India, Greece, and Morrocco.[26]Libana has performed music of divergent cultural expressions, of the Mediterranean, the Balkans, the Middle East, Europe, Africa, Asia and South America.[27]Libana musicians use instruments such as guitars,hammered dulcimers,ouds,bağlamas,pan flutes,charangos,djembes,davuls,frame drums,[28]double bass,clarinets,dumbeks,accordions,andnaqarehs.[27]They continue to be active as of 2024.

TheBretonmusicianAlan Stivellpioneered the connection between traditionalfolk music,modernrock musicand world music with his 1972 albumRenaissance of the Celtic Harp.[29]Around the same time, Stivell's contemporary,Welshsinger-songwriterMeic StevenspopularisedWelsh folkmusic.[30]Neo-traditionalWelsh languagemusic featuring a fusion of modern instruments and traditional instruments such as thepibgornand theWelsh harphas been further developed byBob Delyn a'r Ebillion.Lebanese musical pioneerLydia CanaanfusedMiddle-Easternquarter notesandmicrotoneswithanglophonefolk, and is listed in the catalog of theRock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum's Library and Archives[31][32]as the first rock star of theMiddle East.[32][33][34][35][36]

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Although it primarily describes traditional music, the world music category also includes popular music from non-Western urban communities (e.g.South African"township" music) and non-European music forms that have been influenced by other so-called third-world musics (e.g.Afro-Cuban music).[37]

The inspiration of Zimbabwe'sThomas Mapfumoin blending theMbira(finger Piano) style onto theelectric guitar,saw a host of other Zimbabwean musicians refining the genre, none more successfully than TheBhundu Boys.The Bhundu Jit music hit Europe with some force in 1986, takingAndy KershawandJohn Peelfully under its spell.

For many years,Parishas attracted numerous musicians from former colonies inWestandNorth Africa.This scene is aided by the fact that there are many concerts and institutions that help to promote the music.

AlgerianandMoroccanmusic have an important presence in the French capital. Hundreds of thousands of Algerian and Moroccan immigrants have settled in Paris, bringing the sounds ofAmazigh(Berber),raï,andGnawa music.

TheWest African musiccommunity is also very large, integrated by people fromSenegal,Mali,Ivory Coast,andGuinea.

Unlike musical styles from other regions of the globe, the American music industry tends to categorize Latin music as its own genre and defines it as any music from Spanish- and Portuguese- speaking countries.[38]

Western

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The most common name for this form of music is also "folk music", but is often called "contemporary folk music" or "folk revival music" to make the distinction.[39]The transition was somewhat centered in the US and is also called theAmerican folk music revival.[40]Fusion genres such asfolk rockand others also evolved within this phenomenon.

1987 industry meeting

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Paul Simon had released a Southern African music-influenced album after falling in love with this music.

On 29 June 1987, a meeting of interested parties gathered to capitalize on the marketing of non-Western folk music.Paul Simonhad released the world music-influenced albumGracelandin 1986.[41]The concept behind the album had been to express his own sensibilities using the sounds he had fallen in love with while listening toartists from Southern Africa,includingLadysmith Black MambazoandSavuka.This project and the work ofPeter GabrielandJohnny Cleggamong others had, to some degree, introduced non-Western music to a wider audience. They saw this as an opportunity.

In an unprecedented move, all of the world music labels coordinated together and developed a compilation cassette for the cover of the music magazineNME.The overall running time was 90 minutes, each package containing a mini-catalog showing the other releases on offer.

By the time of a second meeting it became clear that a successful campaign required its own dedicated press officer. The press officer would be able to juggle various deadlines and sell the music as a concept—not just to national stations, but also regionalDJskeen to expand their musical variety. DJs were a key resource as it was important to make "world music" important to people outside London—most regions after all had a similarly heritage to tap into. A cost-effective way of achieving all this would be a leafleting campaign.

The next step was to develop a world music chart, gathering together selling information from around fifty shops, so that it would finally be possible to see which were big sellers in the genre—so new listeners could see what was particularly popular. It was agreed that theNMEcould again be involved in printing the chart and alsoMusic Weekand the Londonlistings magazineCity Limits.It was also suggested thatAndy Kershawmight be persuaded to do a run down of this chart on his show regularly.

Relationship to immigration and multiculturalism

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Further information:Music of Canadian cultures

In most wealthy industrialized countries, large amounts of immigration from other regions has been ongoing for many decades. This has introduced non-Western music to Western audiences not only as "exotic" imports, but also as local music played by fellow citizens. But the process is ongoing and continues to produce new forms. In the 2010s several musicians from immigrant communities in the West rose to global popularity, such as Haitian-AmericanWyclef Jean,Somali-CanadianK'naan,Tamil-BritonM.I.A.,often blending the music of their heritage with hip-hop or pop. Cuban-born singer-songwriterAddys Mercedesstarted her international career from Germany mixing traditional elements of Son with pop.[42]

Once, an established Western artist might collaborate with an established African artist to produce an album or two. Now, new bands and new genres are built from the ground up by young performers. For example, thePunjabi-Irishfusion bandDelhi 2 Dublinis from neither India nor Ireland, butVancouver,British Columbia,Canada. Country for Syria, anIstanbulbased music collective, blendsAmerican country musicwith the music ofSyrian refugeesand localTurkish music.[43]Musicians and composers also work collectively to create original compositions for various combinations of western and non western instruments.

The introduction of non-western music into western culture created a fusion that influenced both parties. (Feld 31)[44]With the quick demand for new music came the technicalities of ownership. As Feld states in page 31:[44]"This complex traffic in sounds money and media is rooted in the nature of revitalization through appropriation."There are collaborations between African and American popular music artists that raise questions on who is benefiting from said collaborations.(Feld 31)[44]Feld mentions the example of "That was your mother". Alton Rubin and his band the Twisters collaborated with Paul Simon on the song that possessed a zydeco feel, signature of Dopsie's band. Even though Paul Simon wrote and sang the lyrics with them, the whole copyright is attributed to Paul and not to the band as well. (Feld 34)[44]Because of crossovers like this one, where there was a disproportional gain when covering non-western music. Feld states that

"...international music scene, where worldwide media contact, amalgamation of the music industry towards world record sales domination by three enormous companies, and extensive copyright controls by a few Western countries are having a riveting effect on the commodification of musical skill and styles, and on the power of musical ownership." (Feld 32)[44]

Immigration also heavily influences world music, providing a variety of options for the wider public. In the 1970sPunjabi musicwas greatly popular in the UK because of its growing Punjabi diaspora. (Schreffler 347)[45]Bhangra musicwas also greatly covered by its diaspora in cities likeNew YorkandChicago.(Schreffler 351)[45]For a more mainstream integration, the Punjabi music scene integrated collaborations with rappers and started gaining more recognition. One of these successful attempts was a remix of the song "Mundiān ton Bach ke" called "Beware of the Boys" by Panjabi MC featuring Jay Z. (Schreffler 354)[46]Collaborations between outsider artists provided an integration of their music, even with foreign instrumentation, into the popular music scene.

Immigration, being a great part of music exportation, plays a big role in cultural identity. Immigrant communities use music to feel as if they are home and future generations it plays the role of educating or giving insight into what their culture is about. In Punjabi culture, music became the carrier of culture around the world. (Schreffler 355)[46]

Radio programs

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World music radio programs today often playAfricanhip hop orreggaeartists,crossoverBhangraandLatin Americanjazz groups, etc. Common media for world music includepublic radio,webcasting,theBBC,NPR,and theAustralian Broadcasting Corporation.By default, non-region-specific or multi-cultural world music projects are often listed under the generic category of world music.

Examples of radio shows that feature world music includeThe Culture CafeonWWUH West Hartford,World of MusiconVoice of America,Transpacific Sound ParadiseonWFMU,The Planeton Australia'sABC Radio National,DJ Edu presentingD.N.A: DestiNation AfricaonBBC Radio 1Xtra,Adil Rayon theBBC Asian Network,Andy Kershaw's show onBBC Radio 3andCharlie Gillett's show[47]on theBBC World Service.

Awards

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Main article:Awards for world music
WOMEX 15 – Budapest

The BBC Radio 3 Awards for World Music was an award given to world music artists between 2002 and 2008, sponsored byBBC Radio 3.The award was thought up byfRootsmagazine's editorIan Anderson,inspired by theBBC Radio 2 Folk Awards.Award categories included: Africa, Asia/Pacific, Americas, Europe, Mid East and North Africa, Newcomer, Culture Crossing, Club Global, Album of the Year, and Audience Award. Initial lists of nominees in each category were selected annually by a panel of several thousand industry experts. Shortlisted nominees were voted on by a twelve-member jury, which selected the winners in every category except for the Audience Award category. These jury members were appointed and presided over by the BBC.[48]The annual awards ceremony was held at theBBC Promsand winners were given an award called a "Planet". In March 2009, the BBC made a decision to axe the BBC Radio 3 Awards for World Music.[49][50]

In response to the BBC's decision to end its awards program, the British world music magazineSonglineslaunched the Songlines Music Awards in 2009 "to recognise outstanding talent in world music".[51]

TheWOMEXAwards were introduced in 1999 to honor the high points of world music on an international level and to acknowledge musical excellence, social importance, commercial success, political impact and lifetime achievement.[52]Every October at the WOMEX event, the award figurine—an ancient mother goddess statue dating back about 6000 years to the Neolithic age—is presented in an award ceremony to a worthy member of the world music community.

Festivals

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See also:Category:World music festivals

Many festivals are identified as being "world music"; here's a small representative selection:

  • TheWOMADFoundation organizes festivals in countries around the world.[53]

Australia

  • The Globe to Globe World Music Festival takes place in the City of Kingston, Melbourne, for 2 days each year in January.[54]

Bangladesh

Belgium

Canada

  • Sunfestis an annual 4-day world music festival that happens inLondon,Ontario, primarily in Victoria Park; it typically runs the weekend after Canada Day in early July.

Croatia

  • Ethnoambient is a two- or three-day world music festival held every summer since 1998 inSolin,Dalmatia,in southernCroatia.

France

  • The Festival de l'Inde takes place inEvian,Haute-Savoie.
  • In 1982,Fête de la Musique( "World Music Day" ) was initiated in France.[55]World Music Day has been celebrated on 21 June every year since then.

Germany

Ghana

  • SUNSET MUSIC FESTIVAL

(FreeElectronic Dance MusicFestival) was established in (2020) at Busua Beach in the Western Region, byDjskyS K Y M U S I C.[57]

Hungary

Budapest Ritmo Tent and MÜPA Center
  • WOMUFE (World Music Festival) in Budapest, Hungary (1992)
  • The WOMEX when in Budapest (2015)

Iceland

  • Fest Afrika Reykjavík takes place every September.

India

  • Udaipur World Music Festival
  • The Lakshminarayana Global Music Festival (LGMF) takes place annually during December–January, often across several major cities in India. The LGMF has also traveled to 22 countries.[58]

Indonesia

Iran

  • TheFajr International Music FestivalisIran's most prestigious music festival, founded in 1986. The festival is affiliated withUNESCOand includes national and international competition sections. Since its establishment, many musicians from several countries likeAustria,Germany,Francehave participated in the event. The festival has enjoyed a strong presence ofAsiancountries as well.[59]

Italy

  • The Ariano Folkfestival is a five-day world music festival held every summer inAriano Irpino,a small town in southern Italy.
  • The World Music Festival Lo Sguardo di Ulisse was first held in 1997 inCampania,Italy.

North Macedonia

  • OFFest is a five-day world music festival held every summer since 2002 inSkopje.

Malaysia

Mali

Morocco

  • Mawazineis a festival of world music that takes place annually inRabat,Morocco,featuring Arab and international music icons.[61]

New Zealand

  • A world music festival is held in New Plymouth, New Zealand, in early March each year, namely the New Zealand location ofWOMAD.[62]

Nigeria

  • World Music day is usually celebrated for one week in Lagos, Nigeria at different location around the state.[63]

Poland

  • Poland's Cross-Culture Warsaw Festival is held in September each year.[64]
  • Brave Festival,Wrocław,Poland. July each year.
  • Ethno Port,Poznań,Poland. June each year.
  • Ethno Jazz Festival in Wrocław, Poland. Several events throughout the whole year.
  • Different Sounds (Inne brzmienia), Lublin, Poland. July each year.[65]
  • Francophonic Festival inWarsaw,Poland. March each year.
  • Nowa Tradycja (New Tradition), Warsaw, Poland. May each year.[66]
  • Siesta Festival,Gdańsk,Poland. First edition in April/May 2011.

Portugal

Romania

  • Méra World Music Festival[67]takes place annually at the end of July or the beginning of August (including the first weekend of August) in the rural farms of Méra village (KalotaszegRegion/Țara Călatei,Cluj County, Romania). It was held for the first time in 2016 and it is the only world music festival inTransylvania.Besides the diverse international musical program, "Méra World Music" offers a unique insight into the local traditional folk culture.
  • "Plai Festival" in Timișoara

Serbia

  • The Serbia World Music Festival is a three-day world music festival held every summer inTakovo,a small village in central Serbia.

Spain Spain's most important world music festivals are:

Sweden

Tanzania

Turkey

  • Konya Mystic Music Festival is held annually inKonyasince 2004, in recent years in commemoration ofRumi's birthday. The festival features traditional music from around the world with a mystical theme, religious function or sacred content.[69]
  • The Fethiye World Music Festival presents musicians from different countries of the world.[70]

Uganda

  • TheMilege World Music Festivalhas become a big festival in Uganda inviting musicians and fans from all over Africa and the rest of the world to enjoy live music, games, sports and so on. The festival runs for three consecutive days every November at the Botanical Gardens,Entebbe,Uganda.

Ukraine

  • Svirzh World Music Festival (Lvivregion)

United Kingdom

  • Glastonbury Festivalis an annual five-day festival of contemporary performing arts held inPilton, Somerset,near Glastonbury.
  • Musicport World Music Festival is held annually at The Spa Pavilion, Whitby, North Yorkshire.
  • The Music Village Festival is held every two years in London and has been running since 1987. It is organised by theCultural Co-operation.
  • Drum Camp, established in 1996, is a unique world music festival, combining singing, dancing, and drumming workshops during the day with live concerts at night.[71]
  • World Music Month, started in October 1987, is a music festival held at theO2 Forum Kentish Townin London; it was the start of the winter season for bothWOMADandArts Worldwide.
  • WOMAD Charlton Parkhas been running annually since 1986 and is held at Charlton Park in Wiltshire.

United States

See also

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References

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Citations

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General sources

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  • Nidel, Richard (2004).World Music: The Basics.ISBN0-415-96801-1.
  • Bernard, Yvan, and Nathalie Fredette (2003).Guide des musiques du monde: une selection de 100 CD.Rév., Sophie Sainte-Marie. Montréal: Éditions de la Courte échelle.N.B.: Annotated discography.ISBN2-89021-662-4
  • Manuel, Peter (1988).Popular Musics of the Non-Western World: An Introductory Survey.New York: Oxford University Press.ISBN0-19-505342-7.
  • N'Dour, Youssou."Foreword" to Nickson, Chris (2004),The NPR Curious Listener's Guide to World Music.ISBN0-399-53032-0.
  • Sorce Keller, Marcello (1996). "Of Minority Musics, Preservation, and Multiculturalism: Some Considerations". In Ursula Hemetek and Emil H. Lubej (eds),Echo der Vielfalt: traditionelle Musik von Minderheiten/ethnischen Gruppen=Echoes of Diversity: Traditional Music of Ethnic Groups/Minorities,Schriften zur Volksmusik 16, 41–47. Vienna, Cologne, and Weimar: Böhlau Verlag.ISBN3-205-98594-X.Reprinted inSonus18, no. 2 (Spring 1998): 33–41.
  • Wergin, Carsten (2007). World Music: A Medium for Unity and Difference? EASA Media Anthropology Network.[1]Archived2016-08-06 at theWayback Machine.
  • Guide To World MusicsArchived2012-08-25 at theWayback Machine,World Music Network.
  • An Introduction to Music Studies,Chapter 6: Henry Stobart, "World Musics".

Further reading

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  • Kroier, Johann (June 2012). "Music, Global History, and Postcoloniality".International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music.43(1): 139–186.JSTOR41552766.
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