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Zhuang languages

TheZhuang languages(/ˈdʒwæŋ,ˈdʒwɒŋ/;[2]autonym:Vahcuengh,Zhuang pronunciation:[βa˧ɕuːŋ˧],pre-1982:Vaƅcueŋƅ,Sawndip:Thoại đồng, fromvah,'language' andCuengh,'Zhuang';simplified Chinese:Tráng ngữ;traditional Chinese:Tráng ngữ;pinyin:Zhuàngyǔ) are the more than a dozenTai languagesspoken by theZhuang peopleof SouthernChinain the province ofGuangxiand adjacent parts ofYunnanandGuangdong.The Zhuang languages do not form a monophyletic linguistic unit, as northern and southern Zhuang languages are more closely related to other Tai languages than to each other. Northern Zhuang languages form adialect continuumwithNorthern Taivarieties across the provincial border inGuizhou,which are designated asBouyei,whereas Southern Zhuang languages form another dialect continuum withCentral Taivarieties such asNung,TayandCaolaninVietnam.[3]Standard Zhuangis based on the Northern Zhuang dialect ofWuming.

Zhuang
Vahcuengh(za),Hauqcuengh(zyb)
Kauqnuangz,Kauqnoangz(zhn)
Hoedyaej(zgn),Hauƽyəiч(zqe)
Hauqraeuz,Gangjdoj(zyb, zhn, zqe)
Kauqraeuz,Gangjtoj(zhn, zyg, zhd)
Native toChina
EthnicityZhuang people
Native speakers
16 million, all Northern Zhuang languages (2007)[1]
Standard forms
Zhuang, Old Zhuang,Sawndip,Sawgoek
Language codes
ISO 639-1za
ISO 639-2zha
ISO 639-3zha– inclusive code
Individual codes:
zch– Central Hongshuihe Zhuang
zhd–Dai Zhuang(Wenma)
zeh–Eastern Hongshuihe Zhuang
zgb– Guibei Zhuang
zgn–Guibian Zhuang
zln– Lianshan Zhuang
zlj– Liujiang Zhuang
zlq– Liuqian Zhuang
zgm–Minz Zhuang
zhn–Nong Zhuang(Yanguang)
zqe–Qiubei Zhuang
zyg–Yang Zhuang(Dejing)
zyb–Yongbei Zhuang
zyn–Yongnan Zhuang
zyj–Youjiang Zhuang
zzj–Zuojiang Zhuang
GlottologNone
daic1237= Daic; Zhuang is not a valid group
Geographic distribution of Zhuang dialects in Guangxi and related languages in Northern Vietnam and Guizhou
This article containsIPAphonetic symbols.Without properrendering support,you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbolsinstead ofUnicodecharacters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA.
Books of Zhuang language

The Tai languages are believed to have been originally spoken in what is now southern China, with speakers of theSouthwestern Tai languages(which includeThai,LaoandShan) having emigrated in the face of Chinese expansion. Noting that both the Zhuang and Thai peoples have the sameexonymfor theVietnamese,kɛɛuA1,[4]from the Chinese commandery ofJiaozhiin northern Vietnam,Jerold A. Edmondsonposited that the split between Zhuang and the Southwestern Tai languages happened no earlier than the founding of Jiaozhi in 112 BC. He also argues that the departure of theThaifrom southern China must predate the 5th century AD, when the Tai who remained in China began to take family names.[5]

Surveys

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Sites surveyed in Zhang (1999), subgrouped according to Pittayaporn (2009):N,M,I,C,B,F,H,L,P

Zhāng Jūnrú's ( trương quân như )Zhuàngyǔ Fāngyán Yánjiù(Tráng ngữ phương ngôn nghiên cứu[A Study of Zhuang dialects]) is the most detailed study of Zhuangdialectologypublished to date. It reports survey work carried out in the 1950s, and includes a 1465-word list covering 36 varieties of Zhuang. For the list of the 36 Zhuang variants below from Zhang (1999), the name of the region (usually county) is given first, followed by the specific village. The phylogenetic position of each variant follows that of Pittayaporn (2009)[6](seeTai languages#Pittayaporn (2009)).

  1. Wuming– Shuāngqiáo song kiều – Subgroup M
  2. Hengxian– Nàxù na húc – Subgroup N
  3. Yongning(North) – Wǔtáng ngũ đường – Subgroup N
  4. Pingguo– Xīnxū tân vu – Subgroup N
  5. Tiandong– Héhéng hợp hằng – Subgroup N
  6. Tianlin– Lìzhōu lợi chu – Subgroup N
  7. Lingyue– Sìchéng tứ thành – Subgroup N
  8. Guangnan(Shā people sa tộc ) – Zhěméng Township giả mạnh hương – Subgroup N
  9. Qiubei– Gēhán Township qua hàn hương – Subgroup N
  10. Liujiang– Bǎipéng bách bằng – Subgroup N
  11. Yishan– Luòdōng lạc đông – Subgroup N
  12. Huanjiang– Chéngguǎn thành quản – Subgroup N
  13. Rong'an– Ānzì an trị – Subgroup N
  14. Longsheng– Rìxīn nhật tân – Subgroup N
  15. Hechi– Sānqū tam khu – Subgroup N
  16. Nandan– Méma ma ma – Subgroup N
  17. Donglan– Chéngxiāng thành sương – Subgroup N
  18. Du'an– Liùlǐ lục lí – Subgroup N
  19. Shanglin– Dàfēng đại phong – Subgroup N
  20. Laibin– Sìjiǎo tự cước – Subgroup N
  21. Guigang– Shānběi sơn bắc – Subgroup N
  22. Lianshan– Xiǎosānjiāng tiểu tam giang – Subgroup N
  23. Qinzhou– Nàhé Township na hà hương – Subgroup I
  24. Yongning(South) – Xiàfāng Township hạ phương hương – Subgroup M
  25. Long'an– Xiǎolín Township tiểu lâm hương – Subgroup M
  26. Fusui(Central) – Dàtáng Township đại đường hương – Subgroup M
  27. Shangsi– Jiàodīng Township khiếu đinh hương – Subgroup C
  28. Chongzuo– Fùlù Township phúc lộc hương – Subgroup C
  29. Ningming– Fēnghuáng Township phượng hoàng hương – Subgroup B
  30. Longzhou– Bīnqiáo Township bân kiều hương – Subgroup F
  31. Daxin– Hòuyì Township hậu ích hương – Subgroup H
  32. Debao– Yuándì'èrqū nguyên đệ nhị khu – Subgroup L
  33. Jingxi– Xīnhé Township tân hòa hương – Subgroup L
  34. Guangnan(Nóng people nông tộc ) – Xiǎoguǎngnán Township tiểu quảng nam hương – Subgroup L
  35. Yanshan(Nóng people nông tộc ) – Kuāxī Township khoa tây hương – Subgroup L
  36. Wenma(Tǔ people thổ tộc ) – Hēimò Township hắc mạt hương đại trại, Dàzhài – Subgroup P

Varieties

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The Zhuang language (or language group) has been divided by Chinese linguists into northern and southern "dialects" (fāngyán phương ngôn in Chinese), each of which has been divided into a number of vernacular varieties (known astǔyǔThổ ngữ in Chinese) by Chinese linguists (Zhang & Wei 1997; Zhang 1999:29-30).[7]TheWumingdialect of Yongbei Zhuang, classified within the "Northern Zhuang dialect", is considered to be the "standard"orprestige dialectof Zhuang, developed by the government for certain official usages. Although Southern Zhuang varieties have aspirated stops, Northern Zhuang varieties lack them.[8]There are over 60 distinct tonal systems with 5–11 tones depending on the variety.

Zhang (1999) identified 13 Zhuang varieties. Later research by theSummer Institute of Linguisticshas indicated that some of these are themselves multiple languages that are notmutually intelligiblewithout previous exposure on the part of speakers, resulting in 16 separateISO 639-3codes.[9][10]

Northern Zhuang

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Main article:Northern Tai languages

Northern Zhuang comprises dialects north of theYong River,with 8,572,200 speakers[7][11](Northern Zhuang[ccx] prior to 2007):

Eastern Guangxi

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In east-central Guangxi, there are isolated pockets of Northern Zhuang speakers inZhongshan(14,200 Zhuang people),Pingle(2,100 Zhuang people),Zhaoping(4,300 Zhuang people),Mengshan(about 5,000 Zhuang people), andHezhou(about 3,000 Zhuang people) counties. These include the following varieties named after administrative villages that are documented by Wei (2017).[13]

  • LugangVillage lô cương thôn, Etang Town nga đường trấn, Pinggui District bình quế khu,He CountyHạ huyện
  • QishanVillage khải thiện thôn, Yuantou Town nguyên đầu trấn,Pingle County
  • XipingVillage tây bình thôn, Zouma Township tẩu mã hương,Zhaoping County
  • XieVillage tạ thôn, Xinxu Town tân vu trấn,Mengshan County
  • NitangVillage nê đường thôn, Yuantou Town nguyên đầu trấn,Pingle County
  • LinyanVillage lâm nham thôn, Qingtang Town thanh đường trấn,Zhongshan County

Southern Zhuang

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Main article:Central Tai languages

Southern Zhuang dialects are spoken south of theYong River,with 4,232,000 speakers[7][11](Southern Zhuang[ccy] prior to 2007):

TheTàyandNùnglanguage complex in Vietnam is also considered one of the varieties of Central Tai and shares a highmutual intelligibilitywith Wenshan Dai and other Southern Zhuang dialects inGuangxi.The Nùng An language has a mixture of Northern and Central Tai features.

Recently described varieties

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Johnson (2011) distinguishes four distinct Zhuang languages inWenshan Prefecture,Yunnan:Nong Zhuang,Yei Zhuang,Dai Zhuang,andMin Zhuang,all of which are Southern Zhuang varieties except for Yei Zhuang, which is Northern Zhuang.[15]Min Zhuangis a recently discovered Southern Zhuang variety that has never been described previous to Johnson (2011). (See alsoWenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture#Ethnic groups)

Pyang ZhuangandMyang Zhuangare recently described Southern Zhuang (Central Tai) languages spoken inDebao County,Guangxi, China.[16][17]

Writing systems

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ZhuangSawndipmanuscript
the 81 symbols of thePoya Songbookused by Zhuang women inFuning County, Yunnan

The Zhuang languages have been written in the ancientsawndipscript for over a thousand years, possibly preceded by thesawgoekscript.Sawndipis based onChinese characters,similar to Vietnamesechữ Nôm.Somesawndiplogograms were directly borrowed from Han characters, whereas others were created locally from components of Chinese characters. It has been used for writing songs, and more recently in public communications encouraging people to follow official family planning policy.

There has also been the occasional use of a number of other scripts, including pictographicproto-writing.

In 1957, a hybrid script based on theLatin scriptand expanded with Cyrillic- and IPA-derived letters was introduced to writeStandard Zhuang.In 1982, it was updated to use only Latin letters.[18]These are referred to as the 'old' and 'new' Zhuang, respectively.Bouyeiis written in Latin script.

1957 Alphabet

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Consonants

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B b D d G g C c By byƂƃƋƌ Gv gv Y y Gy gy M m N n Ŋ ŋ Ny ny My my F f S s H h Ŋv ŋv V v L l R r

Vowels

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A a I i U u E e O oƟɵ Ə əƜɯ

Tone letters

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Ƨƨ З з Ч чƼƽƄƅ

1982 Alphabet

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Consonants

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B b D d G g C c By by Mb mb Nd nd Gv gv Y y Gy gy M m N n Ng ng Ny ny My my F f S s H h Ngv ngv V v L l R r

Vowels

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A a I i U u E e O o Oe oe (from Ɵ) Ae ae (from Ə) W w (from Ɯ)

Tone letters

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Z z J j X x Q q H h

See also

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References

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  1. ^Mikael Parkvall, "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), inNationalencyklopedin
  2. ^"Guangxi Zhuang".LexicoUK English Dictionary.Oxford University Press.Archived fromthe originalon April 20, 2021.
  3. ^Bradley, David (2007). "East and Southeast Asia". In Moseley, Christopher (ed.).Encyclopedia of the World's Engangered Languages.Routledge. pp. 349–422.ISBN978-1-135-79640-2.p. 370.
  4. ^A1 designates a tone.
  5. ^Edmondson, Jerold A. (2007)."The power of language over the past: Tai settlement and Tai linguistics in southern China and northern Vietnam"(PDF).In Jimmy G. Harris; Somsonge Burusphat; James E. Harris (eds.).Studies in Southeast Asian languages and linguistics.Bangkok, Thailand: Ek Phim Thai Co. pp. 39–63. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2011-07-16.Retrieved2011-06-19.(see p. 15 of preprint)
  6. ^Pittayaporn, Pittayawat (2009).The Phonology of Proto-Tai(Ph.D. thesis). Cornell University.hdl:1813/13855.
  7. ^abcZhang Yuansheng and Wei Xingyun. 1997. "Regional variants and vernaculars in Zhuang." In Jerold A. Edmondson and David B. Solnit (eds.),Comparative Kadai: The Tai branch,77–96. Publications in Linguistics, 124. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington.ISBN978-1-55671-005-6.
  8. ^Luo, Yongxian (2008). "Zhuang". In Diller, Anthony; Edmondson, Jerold A.; Luo, Yongxian (eds.).The Tai-Kadai Languages.London: Routledge.ISBN978-0-7007-1457-5.
  9. ^Johnson, Eric C. (2007)."ISO 639-3 Registration Authority, Change Request Number 2006-128"(PDF).
  10. ^Tan, Sharon (2007)."ISO 639-3 Registration Authority, Change Request Number 2007-027"(PDF).
  11. ^abZhang (1999)
  12. ^Hansen, Bruce; Castro, Andy (2010)."Hongshui He Zhuang dialect intelligibility survey".SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2010-025.
  13. ^Wei, Mingying vi danh ứng. 2017.Guidong Zhuangyu yuyin yanjiuQuế đông tráng ngữ ngữ âm nghiên cứu. Beijing: Minzu chubanshe dân tộc xuất bản xã.ISBN978-7-105-14918-6.
  14. ^Jackson, Bruce; Jackson, Andy; Lau, Shuh Huey (2012)."A Sociolinguistic Survey of the Dejing Zhuang Dialect Area".SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2012-036..
  15. ^Johnson (2010)
  16. ^"Language Name and Locationː Pyang Zhuang (Fuping), China [Not on Ethnologue]".lingweb.eva.mpg.de.Archived fromthe originalon 2014-02-23.Retrieved2014-02-09.
  17. ^Liao, Hanbo (2016).Tonal Development of Tai Languages(M.A. thesis). Payap University.
  18. ^Zhou (2003)

Bibliography

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  • Zhuàng-Hàn cíhuìTráng hán từ hối(in Chinese). Nanning: Guangxi minzu chubanshe. 1984.
  • Edmondson, Jerold A.; Solnit, David B., eds. (1997).Comparative Kadai: The Tai Branch.Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington.
  • Johnson, Eric C. (2010)."A Sociolinguistic Introduction to the Central Taic Languages of Wenshan Prefecture, China"(PDF).SIL International. SIL Electronic Survey Report 2010-027.
  • Zhuàng-Hàn-Yīng cídiǎn / Guengh Gun Yingh swzdenj / Zhuang–Chinese–English DictionaryTráng hán anh từ điển.Beijing: Minzu chubanshe. 2004.ISBN7-105-07001-3.
  • Tan, Xiaohang đàm hiểu hàng (1995).Xiàndài ZhuàngyǔHiện đại tráng ngữ(in Chinese). Beijing: Minzu chubanshe.
  • Tan, Guosheng đàm quốc sinh (1996).Zhuàngyǔ fāngyán gàilùnTráng ngữ phương ngôn khái luận(in Chinese). Nanning: Guangxi minzu chubanshe.
  • Wang, Mingfu vương minh phú; Johnson, Eric giang tử dương (2008).Zhuàngzú wénhuà yíchǎn jí zhuàngyǔ yánjiū / Zhuang Cultural and Linguistic HeritageTráng tộc văn hóa di sản cập tráng ngữ nghiên cứu(in Chinese and English). Kunming: Yunnan minzu chubanshe / The Nationalities Publishing House of Yunnan.ISBN978-7-5367-4255-0.
  • Wei, Mingying vi danh ứng (2017).Guidong Zhuangyu yuyin yanjiu quế đông tráng ngữ ngữ âm nghiên cứu.Beijing: Minzu chubanshe dân tộc xuất bản xã.OCLC1082879363.
  • Wei, Qingwen vi khánh ổn; Tan, Guosheng đàm quốc sinh (1980).Zhuàngyǔ jiǎnzhìTráng ngữ giản chí(in Chinese). Beijing: Minzu chubanshe.
  • Zhang, Junru trương quân như; et al. (1999).Zhuàngyǔ fāngyán yánjiūTráng ngữ phương ngôn nghiên cứu[A Study of Zhuang Dialects] (in Chinese). Chengdu: Sichuan minzu chubanshe.
  • Zhou, Minglang (2003).Multilingualism in China: The Politics of Writing Reforms for Minority Languages, 1949–2002.Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 251–258.ISBN3-11-017896-6.
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