Çankırı,historically known asGangra(Greek:Γάγγρα), is a city inTurkey,about 140 km (87 mi) northeast ofAnkara.It is situated about 800 m (2500 ft) above sea level. It is the seat ofÇankırı Provinceand ofÇankırı District.[2]Its population is 90,564 (2021).[1]
Çankırı | |
|---|---|
 General view of Çankırı | |
  Çankırı Location in Turkey  Çankırı Çankırı (Turkey Central Anatolia) | |
| Coordinates:40°35′55″N33°37′09″E/ 40.59861°N 33.61917°E | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Çankırı |
| District | Çankırı |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | İsmail Hakkı Esen (MHP) |
| Elevation | 800 m (2,600 ft) |
| Population (2021)[1] | 90,564 |
| Time zone | UTC+3(TRT) |
| Area code | 0376 |
| Website | cankiri |
History
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Çankırı was known in antiquity asGangra(Greek:Γάγγρα), and laterGermanicopolis(Greek:Γερμανικόπολις). The city has also been known asChangra,Kandari,Kanghari,orKangri.[3] Α town ofPaphlagoniathat appears to have been once the capital of Paphlagonia and a princely residence, for it is known fromStrabothat Deiotarus Philadelphus (before 31 BC–5/6 AD), the last king of Paphlagonia, resided there.[4]Notwithstanding this,Strabodescribes it as only "a small town and a garrison".
According to 1st-century BC writerAlexander the Polyhistor[5]the town was built by agoat herderwho had found one of his goats straying there; but this origin is probably a mere philological speculation asgangrasignifies "a goat" in the Paphlagonian language. Gangra was absorbed into the Roman province ofGalatiaupon the death of Deiotarus in 6/5 BC. The earlier town was built on the hill behind the modern city, on which are the ruins of a late fortress, while the Roman city occupied the site of the modern city.[6] In the writings of the 2nd-century AD Greco-Roman writerPtolemy,the city is referred to asGermanicopolis(Greek:Γερμανικόπολις).[7][8]It was named Germanicopolis, afterGermanicusor possibly the emperorClaudius,until the time ofCaracalla. In Christian times, Gangra was themetropolitan seeof Paphlagonia.[6]Hypatios,bishop of Gangra, is considered a saint in theOrthodox Christiantradition. He was killed byArianson his return from theCouncil of Nicaea(325 AD), in which he took part.
In the 4th century, the town was the scene of an important ecclesiastical synod, theSynod of Gangra.There is disagreement about the date of the synod, with dates varying from AD 341 to 376. The synodal letter states that twenty-one bishops assembled to take action concerningEustathius of Sebaste[9]and his followers. The synod issued twenty canons known as the Canons of Gangra; these were declared ecumenical by theCouncil of Chalcedonin 451. Under these canons, the sect disowned marriage, disparaged the offices of the church, held conventicles of their own, wore a peculiar dress, denounced riches, and affected special sanctity. The synod condemned the Eustathian practices, declaring however that it was not virginity that was condemned, but the dishonouring of marriage; not poverty, but the disparagement of honest and benevolent wealth; not asceticism, but spiritual pride; not individual piety, but dishonouring the house of God.[6]
Over the centuries the settlement witnessed the hegemony of many cultures and races, such asHittites,Persians,ancient Greeks,Parthians,Pontic Greeks,Galatians,Romans,Byzantine Greeks,up to theSeljuksand finally theOttoman Turks.Traces from its long past are still visible throughout the city. The continuity of the city's name from ancient times across languages is of note: Hangara for the Arabs, Gagra for the Jews and Tzungra or Kângıri or Çankıri for the Turks.
Climate
editÇankırı has a dry summercontinental climate(Köppen climate classification:DsaandDsb) or ahumid continental climate(Trewartha climate classification:DcaandDcb). Other locations to the north of the city center feature more humid characteristics (Köppen climate classification:DfaandDfb). Summers are usually hot and dry and winters are cold and snowy. The rainiest month is May, while the driest month is July.
| Climate data for Çankırı (1991–2020, extremes 1929–2023) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 17.6 (63.7) |
22.0 (71.6) |
29.0 (84.2) |
31.0 (87.8) |
35.5 (95.9) |
39.6 (103.3) |
42.4 (108.3) |
41.8 (107.2) |
39.8 (103.6) |
34.2 (93.6) |
25.1 (77.2) |
18.2 (64.8) |
42.4 (108.3) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 3.9 (39.0) |
7.0 (44.6) |
12.8 (55.0) |
18.3 (64.9) |
23.5 (74.3) |
28.0 (82.4) |
32.0 (89.6) |
32.2 (90.0) |
27.5 (81.5) |
20.9 (69.6) |
12.4 (54.3) |
5.7 (42.3) |
18.7 (65.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −0.4 (31.3) |
1.5 (34.7) |
6.0 (42.8) |
11.0 (51.8) |
15.9 (60.6) |
20.1 (68.2) |
23.4 (74.1) |
23.3 (73.9) |
18.5 (65.3) |
12.7 (54.9) |
5.5 (41.9) |
1.4 (34.5) |
11.6 (52.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −3.8 (25.2) |
−2.9 (26.8) |
0.1 (32.2) |
4.2 (39.6) |
8.7 (47.7) |
12.3 (54.1) |
14.7 (58.5) |
14.6 (58.3) |
10.1 (50.2) |
5.8 (42.4) |
0.2 (32.4) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
5.2 (41.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −25.0 (−13.0) |
−24.0 (−11.2) |
−20.5 (−4.9) |
−8.9 (16.0) |
−3.0 (26.6) |
1.6 (34.9) |
4.3 (39.7) |
4.6 (40.3) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
−6.3 (20.7) |
−19.4 (−2.9) |
−18.8 (−1.8) |
−25.0 (−13.0) |
| Averageprecipitationmm (inches) | 41.6 (1.64) |
31.7 (1.25) |
38.1 (1.50) |
45.2 (1.78) |
57.8 (2.28) |
45.5 (1.79) |
20.4 (0.80) |
22.9 (0.90) |
20.0 (0.79) |
32.5 (1.28) |
26.3 (1.04) |
45.9 (1.81) |
427.9 (16.85) |
| Average precipitation days | 10.40 | 9.27 | 9.90 | 11.43 | 13.40 | 11.10 | 4.83 | 5.00 | 5.17 | 7.67 | 7.13 | 10.23 | 105.5 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 68.2 | 107.4 | 164.3 | 198.0 | 241.8 | 282.0 | 328.6 | 306.9 | 260.4 | 189.1 | 123.0 | 62.0 | 2,331.7 |
| Mean dailysunshine hours | 2.2 | 3.8 | 5.3 | 6.6 | 7.8 | 9.4 | 10.6 | 9.9 | 8.4 | 6.1 | 4.1 | 2.0 | 6.3 |
| Source:Turkish State Meteorological Service[10] | |||||||||||||
Economy
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Agriculture
editVarious agricultural produce, including wheat, corn, beans, and apples is grown in the farms and fields.
Industry
editMost industry is concentrated near the Çankırı city center and the town ofKorgun.Other towns included in the larger industrial area of the city areŞabanözü,Çerkeş,Ilgaz,Kurşunlu,andYapraklı.
Education
editÇankırı is home toÇankırı Karatekin University,which was founded in 2007.
Notable People
edit- Ankaralı Namık(1976–2015), thebestsellingoffolk musicartistandAnkarafolk culture
- Ahmet Çakar(born 1962), themedical doctor,FIFAcockadeoldfootball refereeandsportTV programmepundit
- Hilal Kaplan,(born 1982),TurkishIslamicwomanjournalist
Mayors Of Çankırı Province
editSee also
editReferences
edit- ^ab"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2021"(XLS)(in Turkish).TÜİK.Retrieved1 March2023.
- ^İl Belediyesi,Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
- ^"Çankırı | Historic City, Ottoman Empire, Caravanserai | Britannica".www.britannica.com.Retrieved2023-09-20.
- ^Strab. xii. p.564; comp. Liv. 38.26.
- ^Smith, W., Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. 3,s.v."Stephanus" of Byzantium.
- ^abcOne or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain:Chisholm, Hugh,ed. (1911). "Changra".Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 840.
- ^Ptol., Geo. v. 4. § 5, but also "Gangra (Byzantium)"
- ^Encyclopaedia of the Hellenic World, Asia Minor,Gangra
- ^Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913)..Catholic Encyclopedia.New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ "Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)"(in Turkish). Turkish State Meteorological Service.Retrieved27 June2021.
Further reading
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- Boğaç A. Ergene: "Local Court, Provincial Society and Justice in the Ottoman Empire, Legal Practice and Dispute Resolution in Çankırı and Kastamonu (1652–1744)".Studies in Islamic Law and Society,volume 17,Brill,Leiden, 2003.ISBN90-04-12609-0.