Wikipedia

ß

This article is about the German eszett. For the Greek letter that looks similar, seeBeta.For the Chinese radical, seePhụ.For the Malayalam script, seeBha (Indic) § Malayalam Bha.
Not to be confused with the Latin letterB.

InGerman orthography,the letterß,calledEszett(IPA:[ɛsˈtsɛt],S-Z) orscharfes S(IPA:[ˌʃaʁfəsˈʔɛs],"sharp S" ), represents the/s/phoneme inStandard Germanwhen followinglong vowelsanddiphthongs.The letter-nameEszettcombines thenames of the lettersof⟨s⟩(Es) and⟨z⟩(Zett) in German. The character'sUnicodenames in English aresharp s[1]andeszett.[1]TheEszettletter is used only in German, and can be typographically replaced with the double-s digraph⟨ss⟩,if the ß-character is unavailable. In the 20th century, the ß-character was replaced withssin the spelling ofSwiss Standard German(Switzerland andLiechtenstein), while remainingStandard Germanspelling in other varieties of the German language.[2]

ẞ
ẞ ß
Usage
Writing systemLatin script
TypeAlphabetic
Language of originEarly New High German
Sound values[s]
InUnicodeU+1E9E, U+00DF
History
Development
Time period~1300s to present
DescendantsNone
SistersNone
Transliterationsss, sz
Other
Associated graphsss, sz
Writing directionLeft-to-Right
This article containsphonetic transcriptionsin theInternational Phonetic Alphabet(IPA).For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA.For the distinction between[ ],/ /and ⟨⟩, seeIPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.
Variant forms ofEszett(from top-left to bottom-right):Cambria(2004),Lucida Sans(1985),Theuerdankblackletter (1933, based on a 1517 type), handwrittenKurrent(1865)

The letter originates as the⟨sz⟩digraphas used inlate medieval and early modern Germanorthography, represented as aligatureof⟨ſ⟩(long s) and⟨ʒ⟩(tailed z) inblacklettertypefaces, yielding⟨ſʒ⟩.[a]This developed from an earlier usage of⟨z⟩inOldandMiddle High Germanto represent a separatesibilantsound from⟨s⟩;when the difference between the two sounds was lost in the 13th century, the two symbols came to be combined as⟨sz⟩in some situations.

Traditionally,⟨ß⟩did not have a capital form, although sometype designersintroducedde factocapitalized variants. In 2017, theCouncil for German Orthographyofficially adopted a capital,⟨ẞ⟩,as an acceptable variant in German orthography, ending a long orthographic debate.[3] Since 2024 the capital⟨ẞ⟩is considered the first option.[4]

Lowercase⟨ß⟩wasencodedbyECMA-94(1985) at position 223 (hexadecimal DF), inherited byLatin-1andUnicode(U+00DFßLATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S).[5] TheHTML entityßwas introduced withHTML 2.0(1995). The capital⟨ẞ⟩was encoded by Unicode in 2008 at (U+1E9EẞLATIN CAPITAL LETTER SHARP S).

Usage

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Current usage

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Instandard German,three letters or combinations of letters commonly represent[s](thevoiceless alveolar fricative) depending on its position in a word:⟨s⟩,⟨ss⟩,and⟨ß⟩.According tocurrent German orthography,⟨ß⟩represents the sound[s]:

  1. when it is written after adiphthongorlong voweland is not followed by another consonant in theword stem:Straße,Maß,groß,heißen[Exceptions:ausand words withfinal devoicing(e.g.,Haus)];[6]and
  2. when a word stem ending with⟨ß⟩takes aninflectionalending beginning with a consonant:heißt,größte.[7]

In verbs with roots where the vowel changes length, this means that some forms may be written with⟨ß⟩,others with⟨ss⟩:wissen,er weiß,er wusste.[6]

The use of⟨ß⟩distinguishesminimal pairssuch asreißen(IPA:[ˈʁaɪsn̩],to rip) andreisen(IPA:[ˈʁaɪzn̩],to travel) on the one hand ([s]vs.[z]), andBuße(IPA:[ˈbuːsə],penance) andBusse(IPA:[ˈbʊsə],buses) on the other (long vowel before⟨ß⟩,short vowel before⟨ss⟩).[8]: 123 

Some proper names may use⟨ß⟩after a short vowel, following the old orthography; this is also true of some words derived from proper names (e.g.,Litfaßsäule;advertising column,named afterErnst Litfaß).[9]: 180 

If no⟨ß⟩is available in a font, then the official orthography calls for⟨ß⟩to be replaced with⟨ss⟩.[10]Additionally, as of 2024, when capitalized, in addition to using capital⟨ẞ⟩(STRAẞE), the spelling⟨SS⟩(STRASSE) is also possible.[4][11]The previous rule, codified in the Orthography Reform of 1996, had been always to replace⟨ß⟩with⟨SS⟩in allcaps.[12]

In pre-1996 orthography

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Replacement street sign inAachen,adapted to the 1996 spelling reform (old:Kongreßstraße,new:Kongressstraße)

According to the orthography in use in German prior to theGerman orthography reform of 1996,⟨ß⟩was written to represent[s]:

  1. word internally following a long vowel or diphthong:Straße,reißen;and
  2. at the end of a syllable or before a consonant, so long as[s]is the end of the word stem:muß,faßt,wäßrig.[9]: 176 

In the old orthography,word stemsspelled⟨ss⟩internally could thus be written⟨ß⟩in certain instances, without this reflecting a change in vowel length:küßt(fromküssen),faßt(fromfassen),verläßlichandVerlaß(fromverlassen),kraß(comparative:krasser).[8]: 121–23 [13]In rare occasions, the difference between⟨ß⟩and⟨ss⟩could help differentiate words:Paßende(expiration of a pass) andpassende(appropriate).[9]: 178 

Capitalization as SZ on aBundeswehrcrate (ABSCHUSZGERAETfor the pre-reform spellingAbschußgerät'launcher')

As in the new orthography, it was possible to write⟨ss⟩for⟨ß⟩if the character was not available. When using all capital letters, the pre-1996 rules called for rendering⟨ß⟩as⟨SS⟩except when there was ambiguity, in which case it should be rendered as⟨SZ⟩.The common example for such a case isIN MASZEN(in Maßen"in moderate amounts" ) vs.IN MASSEN(in Massen"in massive amounts" ); in this example the spelling difference between⟨ß⟩vs.⟨ss⟩produces completely different meanings.[citation needed]

Switzerland and Liechtenstein

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InSwiss Standard German,⟨ss⟩usually replaces every⟨ß⟩.[14][15]This is officially sanctioned by the reformed German orthography rules, which state in §25 E2:"In der Schweiz kann man immer „ss “schreiben"(" InSwitzerland,one may always write 'ss' ").Liechtensteinfollows the same practice. There are very few instances where the difference between spelling⟨ß⟩and⟨ss⟩affects the meaning of a word, and these can usually be told apart by context.[16]: 230 [17]

Other uses

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Use of ß (blackletter 'ſz') inSorbian:wyßokoſcʒ́i( "highest", now spelledwysokosći). Text ofLuke 2:14, in a church inOßling.
Use of ß inPolish,in 1599Jakub Wujek Bible,in the wordnáßéy,which meansour,and would be spellednaszejin modern orthography

Occasionally,⟨ß⟩has been used in unusual ways:

History

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Origin and development

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Use ofMiddle High Germanletter “z” for modern “ß” in the beginning of theNibelungenlied:"grozer" = "großer"

As a result of theHigh German consonant shift,Old High Germandeveloped a sound generally spelled⟨zz⟩or⟨z⟩that was probably pronounced[s]and was contrasted with a sound, probably pronounced[⁠s̠](voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant) or[z̠](voiced alveolar retracted sibilant), depending on the place in the word, and spelled⟨s⟩.[25]Given that⟨z⟩could also represent theaffricate[ts],some attempts were made to differentiate the sounds by spelling[s]as⟨zss⟩or⟨zs⟩:wazssar(German:Wasser),fuozssi(German:Füße),heizsit(German:heißt).[26]InMiddle High German,⟨zz⟩simplified to⟨z⟩at the end of a word or after a long vowel, but was retained word internally after a short vowel:wazzer(German:Wasser) vs.lâzen(German:lassen) andfuoz(German:Fuß).[27]

Use of the late medieval ligature⟨ſz⟩inUlrich Füetrer'sBuch der Abenteuer:"uſz" (modern Germanaus)

In the thirteenth century, the phonetic difference between⟨z⟩and⟨s⟩was lost at the beginning and end of words in all dialects except forGottscheerish.[25]Word-internally, Old and Middle High German⟨s⟩came to be pronounced[z](thevoiced alveolar sibilant), while Old and Middle High German⟨z⟩continued to be pronounced[s].This produces the contrast between modern standard Germanreisenandreißen.The former is pronouncedIPA:[ˈʁaɪzn̩]and comes fromMiddle High German:reisen,while the latter is pronouncedIPA:[ˈʁaɪsn̩]and comes fromMiddle High German:reizen.[28]

In the late medieval and early modern periods,[s]was frequently spelled⟨sz⟩or⟨ss⟩.The earliest appearance ofligatureresembling the modern⟨ß⟩is in a fragment of amanuscriptof the poemWolfdietrichfrom around 1300.[16]: 214 [28]In the Gothicbook handsandbastardascripts of thelate medievalperiod,⟨sz⟩is written withlong sand the Blackletter "tailed z", as⟨ſʒ⟩.A recognizableligaturerepresenting the⟨sz⟩digraph develops in handwriting in the early 14th century.[29]: 67–76 

An early modern printed rhyme byHans Sachsshowing several instances of ß as a clear ligature of⟨ſz⟩:"groß", "stoß", "Laß", "baß" (= modern "besser" ), and "Faß"

By the late 1400s, the choice of spelling between⟨sz⟩and⟨ss⟩was usually based on the sound's position in the word rather than etymology:⟨sz⟩(⟨ſz⟩) tended to be used in word final position:uſz(Middle High German:ûz,German:aus),-nüſz(Middle High German:-nüss(e),German:-nis);⟨ss⟩(⟨ſſ⟩) tended to be used when the sound occurred between vowels:groſſes(Middle High German:grôzes,German:großes).[30]: 171 WhileMartin Luther's early 16th-century printings also contain spellings such asheyße(German:heiße), early modern printers mostly changed these to⟨ſſ⟩:heiſſe.Around the same time, printers began to systematically distinguish betweendas(the, that [pronoun]) anddaß(that [conjunction]).[30]: 215 

In modern German, the Old and Middle High German⟨z⟩is now represented by either⟨ss⟩,⟨ß⟩,or, if there are no related forms in which[s]occurs intervocalically, with⟨s⟩:messen(Middle High German:mezzen),Straße(Middle High German:strâze), andwas(Middle High German:waz).[27]

Standardization of use

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The pre-1996 German use of⟨ß⟩was codified by the eighteenth-century grammariansJohann Christoph Gottsched(1748) andJohann Christoph Adelung(1793) and made official for all German-speaking countries by theGerman Orthographic Conference of 1901.In this orthography, the use of⟨ß⟩was modeled after the use oflongand "round" -s in Fraktur.⟨ß⟩appeared both word internally after long vowels and also in those positions where Fraktur required the second s to be a "round" or "final" s, namely the ends of syllables or the ends of words.[16]: 217–18 In hisDeutsches Wörterbuch(1854)Jacob Grimmcalled for⟨ß⟩or⟨sz⟩to be written for all instances of Middle and Old High German etymological⟨z⟩(e.g.,eßinstead ofesfromMiddle High German:ez); however, his etymological proposal could not overcome established usage.[30]: 269 

InAustria-Hungaryprior to the German Orthographic Conference of 1902, an alternative rule formulated byJohann Christian August Heysein 1829 had been officially taught in the schools since 1879, although this spelling was not widely used. Heyse's rule matches current usage after theGerman orthography reform of 1996in that⟨ß⟩was only used after long vowels.[16]: 219 

Use in Roman type

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Theſsligature used for Latin in 16th-century printing (utiliſsimæ)
Essenwith ſs-ligature readsEßen(LatinBlaeuatlas, text printed in Antiqua, 1650s).
French usage as a ligature for ⟨ss⟩ in 1784 fromGallerie des Modes

In early modern Latin type (antiqua), a ligature similar to modern⟨ß⟩developed out of a long s followed by a round s (⟨ſs⟩), and as such was used in languages such as Italian in alternation with⟨ſſ⟩,usually based on requirements of space on the page.[31]: 76 However, despite its resemblance to the modern⟨ß⟩,this ligature was not commonly used as an equivalent to the Fraktur⟨sz⟩in German.[32][33]This ligature generally fell out of use in the eighteenth century, together with the use of long s in antiqua.[29]: 73 German works printed in Roman type in the late 18th and early 19th centuries such asJohann Gottlieb Fichte'sWissenschaftslehredid not provide any equivalent to the⟨ß⟩.[29]: 74 

Jacob Grimmbegan using⟨ß⟩in hisDeutsche Grammatik(1819); however, it varied with⟨ſſ⟩word internally.[29]: 74 Grimm eventually rejected the use of the character; in theirDeutsches Wörterbuch(1838), theBrothers Grimmfavored writing it as⟨sz⟩.[33]: 2 TheFirst Orthographic Conferencein Berlin (1876) recommended thatßbe represented as⟨ſs⟩– however, both suggestions were ultimately rejected.[30]: 269 [16]: 222 In 1879, a proposal for various letter forms was published in theJournal für Buchdruckerkunst.A committee of theTypographic Society of Leipzigchose the "Sulzbacher form". In 1903, it was proclaimed as the new standard for the Eszett in Roman type.[33]: 3–5 

Until the abolition of Fraktur in 1941, it was common forfamily namesto be written with⟨ß⟩in Fraktur and⟨ss⟩in Roman type. The formal abolition resulted in inconsistencies in how names are written in modern German (such as between Heuss and Heuß).[9]: 176 

Abolition and attempted abolitions

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The Swiss and Liechtensteiners ceased to use⟨ß⟩in the twentieth century. This has been explained variously by the early adoption of Roman type in Switzerland, the use oftypewritersin Switzerland that did not include⟨ß⟩in favor of French and Italian characters, and peculiarities ofSwiss Germanthat cause words spelled with⟨ß⟩or⟨ss⟩to be pronounced withgemination.[16]: 221–22 The Education Council ofZürichhad decided to stop teaching the letter in 1935, whereas theNeue Zürcher Zeitungcontinued to write⟨ß⟩until 1971.[34]Swiss newspapers continued to print in Fraktur until the end of the 1940s, and the abandonment of ß by most newspapers corresponded to them switching to Roman typesetting.[35]

When the Nazi German government abolished the use of blackletter typesetting in 1941, it was originally planned to also abolish the use of⟨ß⟩.However, Hitler intervened to retain⟨ß⟩,while deciding against the creation of a capital form.[36]In 1954, a group of reformers inWest Germanysimilarly proposed, among other changes to German spelling, the abolition of⟨ß⟩;their proposals were publicly opposed by German-language writersThomas Mann,Hermann Hesse,andFriedrich Dürrenmattand were never implemented.[37]Although the German Orthography Reform of 1996 reduced the use of⟨ß⟩in standard German, Adrienne Walder writes that an abolition outside of Switzerland appears unlikely.[16]: 235 

Development of a capital form

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Uppercase ß on a book cover from 1957
Logo ofGießener Zeitung[de]( "GIEẞENER ZEITUNG",2008 design)
Street sign withVersal-Eszett( "MÜHLFELDSTRAẞE") inHeiligkreuzsteinach(2011 photograph)

Because⟨ß⟩had been treated as a ligature, rather than as a full letter of the German alphabet, it had no capital form in early modern typesetting. Moreover,allcapswas not normally used in Fraktur printing.[3]There were, however, proposals to introduce capital forms of⟨ß⟩for use in allcaps writing (where⟨ß⟩would otherwise usually be represented as either⟨SS⟩or⟨SZ⟩). A capital was first seriously proposed in 1879, but did not enter official or widespread use.[38]The Orthographic Conference of 1903 called for the use of⟨SZ⟩in allcaps until a capital letter could be proposed.[3]Historical typefaces offering a capitalizedeszettmostly date to the time between 1905 and 1930. The first known typefaces to include capitaleszettwere produced by theSchelter & Gieseckefoundry in Leipzig, in 1905/06.Schelter & Gieseckeat the time widely advocated the use of this type, but its use nevertheless remained very limited.

The preface to the 1925 edition of theDudendictionary expressed the desirability of a separate glyph for capital⟨ß⟩:

Die Verwendung zweier Buchstaben für einen Laut ist nur ein Notbehelf, der aufhören muss, sobald ein geeigneter Druckbuchstabe für das große ß geschaffen ist.[39]

The use of two letters for a single phoneme is makeshift, to be abandoned as soon as a suitable type for the capital ß has been developed.

TheDudenwas edited separately inEastandWest Germanyduring the 1950s to 1980s. The East GermanDudenof 1957 (15th ed.) introduced a capital⟨ß⟩in its typesetting without revising the rule for capitalization. The 16th edition of 1969 still announced that an uppercase⟨ß⟩was in development and would be introduced in the future. The 1984 edition again removed this announcement and simply stated that there is no capital version of⟨ß⟩.[40]

In the 2000s, there were renewed efforts on the part of certaintypographersto introduce a capital,⟨ẞ⟩.A proposal to include a corresponding character in theUnicodeset submitted in 2004[41]was rejected.[42][43]A second proposal submitted in 2007 was successful, and the character was included in Unicode version 5.1.0 in April 2008 (U+1E9EẞLATIN CAPITAL LETTER SHARP S).[44]The international standard associated with Unicode (UCS),ISO/IEC 10646,was updated to reflect the addition on 24 June 2008. The capital letter was finally adopted as an option in standard German orthography in 2017[11]and as first option in 2024.[4]

Representation

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Graphical variants

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The recommendation of the Sulzbacher form (1903) was not followed universally in 20th-century printing. There were four distinct variants of⟨ß⟩in use in Antiqua fonts:

Four forms of Antiqua Eszett: 1. ſs, 2. ſs ligature, 3. ſʒ ligature, 4. Sulzbacher form
  1. ⟨ſs⟩without ligature, but as a single type, with reduced spacing between the two letters;
  2. the ligature of⟨ſ⟩and⟨s⟩inherited from the 16th-century Antiqua typefaces;
  3. a ligature of⟨ſ⟩and⟨ʒ⟩,adapting the blackletter ligature to Antiqua; and
  4. the Sulzbacher form.

The first variant (no ligature) has become practically obsolete. Most modern typefaces follow either 2 or 4, with 3 retained in occasional usage, notably in street signs in Bonn and Berlin. The design of modern⟨ß⟩tends to follow either the Sulzbacher form, in which⟨ʒ⟩(tailed z) is clearly visible, or else be made up of a clear ligature of⟨ſ⟩and⟨s⟩.[33]: 2 

Three contemporary handwritten forms of 'ß' demonstrated in the wordaß,"(I/he/she/it)ate "

Use of typographic variants in street signs:

Capital ß in a web application

The inclusion of a capital⟨ẞ⟩inUnicodein 2008 revived the century-old debate among font designers as to how such a character should be represented. The main difference in the shapes of⟨ẞ⟩in contemporary fonts is the depiction with a diagonal straight line vs. a curved line in its upper right part, reminiscent of the ligature oftailed zor ofround s,respectively. The code chart published by the Unicode Consortium favours the former possibility,[45]which has been adopted by Unicode capable fonts includingArial,Calibri,Cambria,Courier New,Dejavu Serif,Liberation Sans,Liberation Mono,Linux LibertineandTimes New Roman;the second possibility is more rare, adopted byDejavu Sans.Some fonts adopt a third possibility in representing⟨ẞ⟩following theSulzbacher formof⟨ß⟩,reminiscent of the Greek⟨β⟩(beta); such a shape has been adopted byFreeSansandFreeSerif,Liberation SerifandVerdana.[46]

Keyboards and encoding

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The ß key (as well asÄ,Ö,andÜ) on a 1964 Germantypewriter

In Germany and Austria, a 'ß' key is present on computer and typewriter keyboards, normally to the right-hand end on the number row. The German typewriter keyboard layout was defined inDIN2112, first issued in 1928.[47]

In other countries, the letter is not marked on the keyboard, but a combination of other keys can produce it. Often, the letter is input using a modifier and the 's' key. The details of the keyboard layout depend on the input language and operating system: on some keyboards withUS-International(or local 'extended') setting, the symbol is created usingAltGrs(orCtrlAlts) inMicrosoft Windows,LinuxandChromeOS;inMacOS,one uses⌥ Optionson the US, US-Extended, and UK keyboards. In Windows, one can useAlt+0223.On LinuxComposessworks, andComposeSSfor uppercase. Some modernvirtual keyboardsshow ß when the user presses and holds the 's' key.

TheHTML entityfor⟨ß⟩isß.Its code point in theISO 8859character encoding versions1,2,3,4,9,10,13,14,15,16and identically inUnicodeis 223, or DF inhexadecimal.InTeXandLaTeX,\ssproduces ß. A German language support package for LaTeX exists in which ß is produced by"s(similar toumlauts,which are produced by"a,"o,and"uwith this package).[48]

In modern browsers, "ß" will be converted to "SS" when the element containing it is set to uppercase usingtext-transform: uppercaseinCascading Style Sheets.TheJavaScriptinGoogle ChromeandMozilla Firefoxwill convert "ß" to "SS" when converted to uppercase (e.g.,"ß".toUpperCase()).[49]


Character information
Preview ẞ ß
Unicode name LATIN CAPITAL LETTER SHARP S LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S
Encodings decimal hex dec hex
Unicode 7838 U+1E9E 223 U+00DF
UTF-8 225 186 158 E1 BA 9E 195 159 C3 9F
Numeric character reference ẞ ẞ ß ß
Named character reference ß
ISO 8859[b]andWindows-125x[c] 223 DF
Mac OSscript encodings[d] 167 A7
DOScode page 437,[74]850[75] 225 E1
EUC-KR[76]/UHC[77] 169 172 A9 AC
GB 18030[78] 129 53 254 50 81 35 FE 32 129 48 137 56 81 30 89 38
EBCDIC037,[79]500,[80]1026[81] 89 59
ISO/IEC 6937 251 FB
Shift JIS-2004[82] 133 116 85 74
EUC-JIS-2004[83] 169 213 A9 D5
KPS 9566-2003[84] 174 223 AE DF
LaTeX[85] [e] \ss

See also

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  • Long s
  • β– Second letter of the Greek alphabet
  • Phụ– Element used in Chinese Kangxi writing
  • Sz– Digraph of the Latin script

Notes

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  1. ^The IPA symbolezh(ʒ) is the most similar to the Blackletter z () and is used in this article for convenience despite its technical inaccuracy.
  2. ^Parts 1,[50] 2,[51] 3,[52] 4,[53] 9,[54] 10,[55] 13,[56] 14,[57] 15[58]and 16.[59]
  3. ^Code pages 1250,[60] 1252,[61] 1254,[62] 1257[63]and 1258.[64]
  4. ^Mac OS Roman,[65] Icelandic,[66] Croatian,[67] Central European,[68] Celtic,[69] Gaelic,[70] Romanian,[71] Greek[72]and Turkish.[73]
  5. ^The\SSmacro exists as the uppercase counterpart of\ss,but displays as a doubled capital S.[85]

References

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  1. ^abUnicode Consortium(2018),"C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement, Range 0080–00FF"(PDF),The Unicode Standard, Version 11.0,retrieved2018-08-09.
  2. ^Leitfaden zur deutschen Rechtschreibung ( "Guide to German Orthography" )Archived2012-07-08 at theWayback Machine,3rd edition (2007)(in German)from theSwiss Federal Chancellery,retrieved 22-Apr-2012
  3. ^abcHa, Thu-Huong (20 July 2017)."Germany has ended a century-long debate over a missing letter in its alphabet".Retrieved9 August2017.According to the council's 2017 spelling manual: When writing the uppercase [of ß], write SS. It's also possible to use the uppercase ẞ. Example: Straße — STRASSE — STRAẞE.
  4. ^abc"Amtliches Regelwerk der deutschen Rechtschreibung. Auf der Grundlage des Beschlusses des Rats für deutsche Rechtschreibung vom 15.12.2023"(PDF).§25, E3.Retrieved28 August2024.E3: Bei Schreibung mit Großbuchstaben ist neben der Verwendung des Großbuchstabens ẞ auch die Schreibung SS möglich: Straße – STRAẞE – STRASSE.[When writing with capital letters, in addition to using the capital letter ẞ, the spelling SS is also possible. Example: Straße – STRASSE – STRAẞE.]
  5. ^C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplementglossed 'uppercase is "SS" or 1E9Eẞ;typographically the glyph for this character can be based on a ligature of 017Fſ,with either 0073sor with an old-style glyph for 007Az(the latter similar in appearance to 0292ʒ). Both forms exist interchangeably today.'
  6. ^ab"Deutsche Rechschreibung: 2.3 Besonderheiten bei [s] § 25".Retrieved28 January2021.
  7. ^Duden: Die Grammatik(9 ed.). 2016. p. 84.
  8. ^abAugst, Gerhard; Stock, Eberhard (1997). "Laut-Buchstaben-Zuordnung". In Augst, Gerhard; et al. (eds.).Zur Neuregelung der deutschen Rechtschreibung: Begründung und Kritik.Max Niemeyer.ISBN3-484-31179-7.
  9. ^abcdPoschenrieder, Thorwald (1997). "S-Schreibung - Überlieferung oder Reform?". In Eroms, Hans-Werner; Munske, Horst Haider (eds.).Die Rechtschreibreform: Pro und Kontra.Erich Schmidt.ISBN3-50303786-1.
  10. ^"Deutsche Rechtschreibung: Regeln und Wörterverzeichnis".2.3 E3.Retrieved20 September2023.Steht der Buchstabe ß nicht zur Verfügung, so schreibt man ss.[If the letter ß is unavailable, then one writes ss.]
  11. ^ab"Deutsche Rechtschreibung Regeln und Wörterverzeichnis: Aktualisierte Fassung des amtlichen Regelwerks entsprechend den Empfehlungen des Rats für deutsche Rechtschreibung 2016"(PDF).§25, E3. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2017-07-06.Retrieved29 June2017.E3: Bei Schreibung mit Großbuchstaben schreibt man SS. Daneben ist auch die Verwendung des Großbuchstabens ẞ möglich. Beispiel: Straße – STRASSE – STRAẞE.[When writing in all caps, one writes SS. It is also permitted to write ẞ. Example: Straße – STRASSE – STRAẞE.]
  12. ^"Deutsche Rechtschreibung Regeln und Wörterverzeichnis: Aktualisierte Fassung des amtlichen Regelwerks entsprechend den Empfehlungen des Rats für deutsche Rechtschreibung 2006"(PDF).§25, E3.Retrieved20 September2023.E3: Bei Schreibung mit Groẞbuchstaben schreibt man SS, zum Beispiel: Straße – STRASSE.[When writing in all caps, one writes SS, for example: Straße – STRASSE.]
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