Year1224(MCCXXIV) was aleap year starting on Monday(link will display the full calendar) of theJulian calendar.
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
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Events
editJanuary – March
edit- January 14– EmperorXuan Zongof the ChineseJurchen-ledJin dynastydies after a 10-year reign. He is succeeded by his 25-year-old son,Ai Zong,who conquers more Song territory during theJin–Song Wars.
- February 20–Jacopo Tiepolo(later:Doge of the Republic of Venice,1229–1249), reaches an agreement in his capacity asPodestà,withRobert I, Emperor of ConstantinopleLatin Emperor, for favorable treatment for the Venetians in the Empire.[1]
- February– KingFerdinand III(the Saint) announces his intention to resume theReconquistaagainst the realm of theAlmohad Caliphate.[2]CaliphYusuf II al-Mustansirdies and is succeeded byAbu Muhammad al-Wahid,but inAl-Andalus,two competing pretenders also claim their rights to the throne: Abu Muhammad Ibn al-Mansur al-Adil inSevilleand Abu Muhammad abu Abdallah al-Bayyasi inCórdoba.The chronic political instability on the Almohad site allows Ferdinand to begin his campaign victoriously in October, with the capture ofQuesadainSpain.
- March 1–Pope Honorius IIIsends a letter to the Roman Catholic Patriarch of Jerusalem, Francisco Clemente Pérez Capera, notifying him that the armies and navies of theHoly Roman Empire,theTeutonic Knightsand theKingdom of Sicilywill be departing soon to begin theSixth Crusadeto recaptureJerusalemfrom the Arab rulers.
April – June
edit- April 23–William Marshal, 2nd Earl of Pembroke,one of the enforcers of theMagna Carta,marriesEleanor of England, Countess of Leicester,the nine-year-old daughter of the lateKing John of Englandand sister ofKing Henry III,in order to strengthen the Marshal family's connection with theHouse of Plantagenet.
- May 5– KingLouis VIII(the Lion) declares war on KingHenry III of England.He allies himself withHugh X of Lusignanand invades firstPoitouand then NorthernGascony.The English forces in Poitou are under-strength and lack support from the Poitevin nobles; as a result, the province quickly falls into French hands by the end of June.[3]
- June 5– TheUniversity of Naplesis founded by EmperorFrederick II.Frederick's main purpose is to create an institution of higher learning that will put an end to the predominance of the universities of northernItaly,most notably these ofBolognaandPadua,which are considered either too independent or under the strong influence of PopeHonorius III.
- June 20– The siege ofBedford Castleby King Henry III of England begins.
July – September
edit- July 16– (28th day of 6th month ofGennin1);Hōjō Yoshitokibecomes the new regent (shikken) for theKamakura shogunatein Japan after the death of his father,Hōjō Yoshitoki.
- August 15– The garrison atBedford Castle,belonging toFalkes de Bréauté,surrenders to Henry III after a two-month siege that ends after the castle has been undermined by a fire and fallen. After the garrison surrenders, the defenders are all hanged by order of the king. Falkes is allowed to leave the country but loses all his possessions. Bedford Castle is badly damaged as a result.
- September 14–Francis of Assisi,while praying on the mountain ofLa Vernaduring a 40-day fast, has a vision, as a result of which he receives thestigmata.Brother Leo, who is with Francis at the time, leaves a clear and simple account of this event, the first definite account of the phenomenon of stigmata.[4]
- September 17– EmperorNing Zongof the ChineseSong dynastydies atHangzhou,possibly from poisoning, after a 30-year reign. He is succeeded by his relative,Li Zong,as all of Ning Zong's children have died.
- September–Abdallah al-Adil(the Just), governor in Al-Andalus, challenges the Almohad throne and captures Seville. He marches toMarrakeshto confront Abu Muhammad al-Wahid. Abdallah seizes the royal palace and deposes Muhammad al-Wahid, who is strangled to death.
October – December
edit- October– Lý Huệ Tông, Emperor of Vietnam, cedes the throne to his second daughter, the Princess Chiêu Thánh, who becomes the Empress Regnant Lý Chiêu Hoàng.[5]Trần Thủ Độthen arranges a marriage between the Empress andTrần Cảnh,the 8-year-old son of Trần Thừa, and ends the rule of the overthrow the Lý dynasty by making the Empress pass the throne to Trần Cảnh the following year.
- November 24– Representatives of KingLouis VIII of FranceandFrederick II, Holy Roman Emperor,sign a treaty atCatania,providing that neither of the monarchs would harbor rebels from the other.[6]
- December–Theodore Komnenos(Doukas), ruler of theDespotate of Epirus,capturesThessaloniki– beginning thede factoByzantineEmpire of Thessalonica.Later, Theodore Komnenos was crowned Byzantine emperor but is not recognized as such by the rest of the Greek or Latin population.
By place
editByzantine Empire
edit- Spring –Battle of Poimanenon:Byzantine forces under EmperorJohn III(Doukas Vatatzes', ruler ofNicaea,defeat the Latin army under the brothersAlexios LaskarisandIsaac Laskaris.They begin a revolt and decide to aid the request of EmperorRobert I of Courtenay.The two armies meet atPoimanenon,south ofCyzicusinMysia,nearLake Kuş( "Bird Lake" ). In the ensuing battle, John III achieves a decisive victory; among the captives taken are the two Laskaris brothers, who are blinded. The victory opens the way for the recovery by the Byzantines of most of the Latin possessions inAsia Minor.[7]
Europe
edit- Livonian Crusade:TheLivonian Brothers of the Sworddefeat the Estonians and reconquer the captured strongholds on the Estonian mainland. With the surrender of theTartustronghold, only the islands ofSaaremaaandMuhuremain under Estonian control.
- Spring –Falkes de Bréauté,English high sheriff and a rival of Henry III, refuses to relinquish his castles and starts a rebellion. CardinalStephen Langtonand forces underHubert de Burghdeal with Falkes and the castles are handed over. Falkes is found guilty of 16 counts ofWrongful Disseisin,he and his brother William are excommunicated by Langton.
Asia
edit- Spring – The Mongol army led bySubutaiandJochicross the steppes of modernKazakhstan,and returns to the horde ofGenghis Khanon theIrtyshRiver. At a greatkurultaior gathering of chiefs, Subutai reports on the Western campaign. Jochi submits to Genghis and his supposed 'insubordination' (see1220) is forgiven. As a result of the Mongol invasion in 1219–1223, Kazakhstan andCentral Asiabecome part of theMongol Empire.[8]
Births
edit- March 5–Kinga of Poland,high duchess ofPoland(d.1292)
- March 20–Sophie of Thuringia,duchess ofBrabant(d.1275)
- June 14–Matilda of Brabant,countess ofArtois(d.1288)
- Alice de Lusignan,countess ofSurrey(d.1256)
- Elena of Bulgaria,empress ofNicaea(d.1258)
- Herman I,Germannoblemanand knight (d.1290)
- Hōjō Tsunetoki,Japaneseregent(shikken;d.1246)
- Isabelle of France,French princess and nun (d.1270)
- Jean de Joinville,French historian and writer (d.1317)
- Kanezawa Sanetoki,Japanese nobleman (d.1276)
- Margery de Burgh,Norman noblewoman (d.1252)
- Maud de Braose,English noblewoman (d.1301)
- Pribislaw I,German nobleman and knight (d. 1275)
- Teruko,Japanese princess and empress (d.1262)
- Theobald Butler,Norman chief governor (d.1248)
- William II,French nobleman and knight (d.1251)
Deaths
edit- January 14–Xuan Zong,Chinese emperor (b.1163)
- March 24–Conrad III,German cleric and bishop (b.1165)
- March 27–William of Sainte-Mère-Église,Norman bishop
- April 14–Matilda of Dendermonde,Flemish noblewoman
- April 30–Bernard II,German nobleman and knight (b.1140)
- July 1–Hōjō Yoshitoki,Japanese regent (shikken;b. 1163)
- July 24–Christina the Astonishing,Flemish saint (b.1150)
- August 15–Marie of France,duchess ofBrabant(b.1198)
- September 17–Ning Zong,Chinese emperor (b.1168)
- Abu Muhammad al-Wahid,ruler of theAlmohad Caliphate
- Cathal Crobdearg Ua Conchobair,king ofConnacht(b.1153)
- Durand of Huesca,Spanish monk and theologian (b.1160)
- Judah ben Isaac Messer,French Jewishrabbi(b.1166)
- Liu Songnian,Chineselandscape painter(b.1174)
- Máel Muire Ó Connaig,Irish bishop ofKilmacduagh
- Raoul of Mérencourt,Latin patriarch ofJerusalem
- Simon Rochfort(or de Rupeforti), English bishop
- Thomas I,Hungarian chancellor and archbishop
- William d'Aubigny,English nobleman and knight
- William de Mowbray,English nobleman and knight
- Xia Gui,Chinese landscape painter
- Yusuf II al-Mustansir,ruler of the Almohad Caliphate
References
edit- ^Jacoby, David (2006). "The Venetian Government and Administration in Latin Constantinople, 1204–1261: A State within a State". In Gherardo Ortalli; Giorgio Ravegnani; Peter Schreiner (eds.).Quarta Crociata. Venezia – Bisanzio – Impero latino. Atti delle giornate di studio. Venezia, 4-8 maggio 2004.Venice: Istituto veneto di scienze, lettere ed arti. pp. 70–71.ISBN978-8-8881-4374-3.
- ^Linehan, Peter(1999). "Chapter 21: Castile, Portugal and Navarre". InAbulafia, David(ed.).The New Cambridge Medieval History c.1198-c.1300.Cambridge University Press. pp. 668–699 [672].ISBN0-521-36289-X.
- ^Carpenter, David (1996).The Reign of Henry III,pp. 374–375. London, UK: Hambledon Press.ISBN1-85285-137-6.
- ^Robinson, Paschal (1909)."St. Francis of Assisi".The Catholic Encyclopedia.Vol. VI. New York: Robert Appleton Company.RetrievedJanuary 21,2008.
- ^Chapuis, Oscar (August 30, 1995).A History of Vietnam: From Hong Bang to Tu Duc.Bloomsbury Academic. p. 79.ISBN978-0-313-29622-2.
- ^Richard Kay,The Council of Bourges, 1225: A Documentary History(Taylor & Francis, 2019)
- ^Van Tricht, Filip (2011).The Latin Renovatio of Byzantium: The Empire of Constantinople (1204–1228),p. 384. Leiden: Brill.ISBN978-90-04-20323-5.
- ^David Nicolle& Viacheslav Shpakovsky (2001). Osprey:Kalka River 1223 – Genghiz Khan's Mongols invade Russia,p. 83.ISBN1-84176-233-4.