1390s

The1390swas a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1390, and ended on December 31, 1399.

Events

1390

January–December

• January 19– TheTreaty of Lyckconfirms an alliance betweenVytautasand theTeutonic Knights,in theLithuanian Civil Waragainst Vytautas's cousin,Jogaila.
• April 14–John VII Palaiologosoverthrows his grandfather,John V Palaiologos,asByzantine Emperor.
• April 19–Robert IIIsucceeds his father,Robert II,as King ofScotland.
• May 26–Lithuanian Civil War:TheTreaty of Königsbergis signed inKönigsberg,betweenSamogitiannobles and representatives of theTeutonic Knights.
• September 11–Lithuanian Civil War:The coalition ofVytautasand theTeutonic Knightsbegins a 5-week siege ofVilnius.The Duke of Hereford (the future KingHenry IV of England) is among the western European knights serving with the coalition.
• September 17–John VII Palaiologosseeks refuge with the Ottoman sultanBayezid I,afterJohn V Palaiologosis restored by his son,Manuel,and theRepublic of Venice.
• October 9–Henry IIIsucceeds his father,John I,as King ofCastileandLeón.

Date unknown

• Fall of Philadelphia
  • TheOttomanstakePhiladelphia,the lastByzantineenclave of any significance inAnatolia.
• Barquqis restored asMamlukSultan ofEgypt,after overthrowing Sultan Hadji II.
• Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah IIIoverthrows his brother,Abu Bakr Shah,asSultan of Delhi.
• Manuel IIIsucceeds his father,Alexios III,as Emperor ofTrebizond(now north easternTurkey).
• Sikandar But-shikan succeeds Sikandar Shah, as Sultan ofKashmir.
• Ko Cheng succeedsChe Bong Nga,as King ofChampa(now easternVietnam).
• MahmudsucceedsSandakiasMansaof theMali Empire,restoring theKeita dynasty.
• N'Diklam Sare succeeds Sare N'Dyaye, as ruler of theJolof Empire(now part ofSenegal).
• TheKingdom of Kaffais established in present dayEthiopia(approximate date).
• Templo Mayor,the main temple of theAzteccapital ofTenochtitlan(nowMexico City), is built.
• TheCandi SurawanaTemple is built in theMajapahitKingdom (nowIndonesia).
• Construction begins onSan Petronio BasilicainBologna.

1391

January–December

• June 6–Massacre of 1391:Anti-Jewishpogromserupt inSeville,Spain.Many thousands of Jews are massacred, and the violence spreads throughout Spain and Portugal, especially toToledo,BarcelonaandMallorca.This event marks a turning-point in thehistory of the Spanish Jews,with most of the survivors leaving the Iberian Peninsula or being forced to convert.
• July 18–Tokhtamysh–Timur war–Battle of the Kondurcha River:TimurdefeatsTokhtamyshof theGolden Horde,in present day southeast Russia.

Date unknown

• Manuel II PalaiologosbecomesByzantine emperorafter his father,John V Palaiologos,dies of a nervous breakdown, due to his continued humiliation by theOttoman Empire.
• Yusuf II succeedsMuhammed V,asNasridSultan ofGranada(now southern Spain).
• Stephen DabišasucceedsStephen Tvrtko I,asKing of Bosnia.
• Shah Mansur becomes leader of theTimurid-occupiedMuzaffaridEmpire, in centralPersia.
• A group ofMuzaffaridsunder Zafar Khan Muzaffar establish a new Sultanate atGujarat,in western India.
• Vytautas the Great,claimant to the throne ofLithuania,forms an alliance withMuscovy.
• Roman IsucceedsPetru,as Prince ofMoldavia(nowMoldovaand northeasternRomania).
• Konrad von Wallenrodesucceeds Konrad Zöllner von Rotenstein, as Grand Master of theTeutonic Knights.
• Bridget of Swedenis canonized byPope Boniface IX.
• Ushkuinikpirates fromNovgorodsack theMuscovytowns ofZhukotinandKazan.
• The Chinese inventtoilet paperfor use by their emperors.
• Henry I Sinclair, Earl of Orkney,takes control of theShetland Islandsand theFaroe Islands.
• TheUniversity of Ferrarais founded on theItalian Peninsula.
• TheMinggovernment orders 50 million trees planted in theNanjingarea.

1392

January–December

• June 13– An assassination attempt byPierre de CraonagainstOlivier de Clisson,Constable of France,fails.
• August 5
  • General Yi Sŏng-gye crowns himselfTaejo of Joseon,ending theGoryeodynasty in theKorean Peninsula,and establishing theJoseondynasty, which will last for more than 500 years.
  • Charles VI of France(later known as "Charles the Mad" ) suffers a serious bout ofpsychosis,which will continue throughout his life.
• December 16–Emperor Go-Kameyama of Japanabdicates in favor of rival claimantGo-Komatsu,in order to end thenanboku-choperiod of conflict between the Northern and Southern imperial courts.

Date unknown

• KingJogailaofPolandandLithuaniaappoints his cousinVytautas the Greatas regent of Lithuania, in return for Vytautas giving up his claim to the Lithuanian throne. Vytautas replaces Jogaila's unpopular brotherSkirgailaas regent.
• Muhammed VII succeeds Yusuf II, asNasridSultan ofGranada(modern-day southern Spain).
• FranciscanfriarJames of Jülichis boiled alive, for impersonating a bishop and ordaining his own priests.
• Maria, Queen of Sicilydefeats an army of rebel barons.
• William le ScropesucceedsWilliam II de Montacute,asKing of Mann.
• Seoan mac Pilib succeeds Tomas mor mac Mathghamhna as King ofEast Breifne,in north-centralIreland.
• The city ofAfyonkarahisar(in modern-day westernTurkey) is conquered by SultanBeyazid I,of theOttoman Empire.
• Louis de Valoisis created firstDuke of Orléansof the second creation.
• Erfurt Universityis founded inErfurt,central Germany.
• Penistone Grammar School,later to be one of the first community comprehensive schools inEngland,is founded nearBarnsley,England.

1393

• January 28–Bal des Ardents:Four members of the court ofCharles VI of Francedie in a fire, at amasquerade ball.
• March 23– Bohemian priestJohn of Nepomukis killed inPragueby being thrown off Charles Bridge into theVltavariver, allegedly at the behest of kingWenceslaus IV of Bohemia.Nepomuk later will be declared a saint.

Date unknown

• In centralPersia,theMuzzafarid Empire,led by Shah Mansur, rebels against theirTimuridoccupiers. The rebellion is squashed and the Muzaffarid nobility are executed, ending the Muzaffarid dynasty in Persia.
• George VIIsucceeds his popular father,Bagrat V,as King ofGeorgia.
• Abdul Aziz II becomes Sultan of theMarinid dynastyin present-dayMorocco,after the death of Sultan Abu Al-Abbas.
• Raimondo Del Balzo OrsinisucceedsOtto, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen,as Prince ofTaranto(now southeastern Italy).
• Samsenethaisucceeds his father,Fa Ngum,as King ofLan Xang(nowLaos).
• KingJames I of Cyprusinherits the title of King ofArmenia,after the death of his distant cousinLeo VI(although theMamlukconquerors fromEgyptremain the true rulers).
• AMing dynastyChinese recordstates that 720,000 sheets oftoilet paper(two by three ft. in size) alone have been produced for the various members of the imperial court at Beijing, while the Imperial Bureau of Supplies also reports that 15,000 sheets of toilet paper alone have been designated for the royal family (made of fine soft yellow tissue andperfumed).
• Bosniaresists an invasion by theOttoman Empire.
• TheOttomanTurkscapture Turnovgrad (nowVeliko Tarnovo), the capital city of eastBulgaria.EmperorIvan Shishmanis allowed to remain as puppet ruler of east Bulgaria.
• Despite his treaty with the king of Poland,Roman I of MoldaviasupportsFyodor Koriatovychagainst the king. Losing the battle, he will also lose the throne ofMoldaviathe next year.
• Sikander Shah I succeeds Muhammad Shah III, as Sultan ofDelhi.Sikander Shah I is succeeded two months later by Mahmud II.
• Abu Thabid II succeeds Abu Tashufin II, as ruler of theAbdalwadiddynasty in present-day easternAlgeria.Abu Thabid is succeeded in the same year by his brother, Abul Hadjdjadj I.
• Konrad von JungingensucceedsKonrad von Wallenrode,asGrand Master of the Teutonic Knights.
• Maelruanaidh MacDermot succeeds Aedh MacDermot, as King ofMagh Luirgin north-central Ireland.
• KingStjepan DabišaofBosniasigns the Contract of Djakovice, establishing peace with KingSigismund of Hungary.
• ByzantiumlosesThessalyto the growingOttoman Empire.

1394

January–December

• February 28–Richard II of EnglandgrantsGeoffrey Chaucer20 pounds a year for life, for his services as a diplomat and Clerk of The King's Works.
• June 11– TheVenetianstake over possession ofArgos,from DespotTheodore I Palaiologos.
• September 17– KingCharles VI of Franceorders the expulsion of all Jews fromFrance.
• September 28–Antipope Benedict XIIIis elected to succeedAntipope Clement VII.
• October 10–Battle of Karanovasa:Wallachia(now southernRomania) resists an invasion by theOttomans,and theirSerbandBulgarianvassals.
• November 29– The capital city of theJoseon dynasty(in present-day Korea) is moved from Gaegyeong (nowGaeseong) to Hanseong (nowSeoul).
• December 6– Theastronomical clock of St. Nicholas Church in Stralsundis finished and signed byNikolaus Lilienfeld.

Date unknown

• TheOttomansconquerThessaly(now eastern Greece) and begin an eight-year siege ofConstantinople,in theByzantine Empire.In the same year, they begin building theAnadoluhisarıfortress to defend themselves during the siege.
• Ashikaga Yoshimitsuretires asshōgunof Japan, and is succeeded by his son,Ashikaga Yoshimochi.
• GyeongbokgungPalace and theJongmyoroyal ancestral shrine are built in Hanseong (nowSeoul).
• After the death of Sultan Mahmud II, civil war breaks out in theDelhi Sultanate,splitting the state between east and west.
• Battle of Ros-Mhic-Thriúin:The Kingdom ofLeinster,led by King Art mac Art MacMurrough-Kavanagh, defeats an invading army from England, led by KingRichard II of EnglandandRoger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March.
• Ştefan IsucceedsRoman I,as Prince ofMoldavia(nowMoldovaand easternRomania).
• Abu Zayyan II succeeds his brother, Abul Hadjdjadj I, as ruler of theAbdalwadiddynasty in present-day easternAlgeria.
• Abd al-Aziz II succeeds Abu al-Abbas Ahmad II, as ruler of theHafsid dynastyin present-dayTunisia.
• TheAllgäuer Brauhausbrewery is founded in present-day Germany.
• TheHongwu Emperorof theMing dynastyin China orders the Ministry of Public Works to issue a public notice, that every 100 households in thelijiasystem are to set aside 2mu(1,390 m²) of land, for plantingmulberryandjujubetrees.

1395

January–December

• February 12– The army led bySigismund of Luxembourgis ambushed byStephen I of Moldavia,on its way back after conqueringNeamț Citadel,and the Hungarians must retreat empty handed.
• April 15–Tokhtamysh–Timur war–Battle of the Terek River:TimurdefeatsTokhtamyshof theGolden Hordeat theVolga.The Golden Horde capital city,Sarai,is razed to the ground, and Timur installs a puppet ruler on the Golden Horde throne. Tokhtamysh escapes toLithuania.
• May 1– TheDuchy of Milanis created, after LordGian Galeazzo Viscontiof Milan buys the title of Duke fromWenceslaus, King of the Romans.
• May 17
  • Battle of Rovine:With the help of theHungarians,Wallachiaresists an invasion by theOttomansand theirSerbandBulgarianvassals. ButMircea I of Wallachiahas to temporarily flee to Transylvania, andVlad I Uzurpatorulis placed on the throne by the Ottomans.
  • Mary of Hungarydies, ending of the reign ofHungaryby theCapet-Anjoufamily. Her co-reigning estranged husband, KingSigismund,becomes sole ruler of Hungary.
• June 3– SultanBayezid Iof theOttoman Empirebeheads EmperorIvan Shishmanof Ottoman-occupied easternBulgaria,after Shishman is accused of collaborating with theWallachiansduring the1394Battle of Karanovasa.
• August 29–Albert IVsucceeds his father,Albert III,asDuke of Austria.
• September 8– The death of KingStjepan Dabišaleads to the election of his wifeJelena Grubaas Queen ofBosnia.However, most of the Bosnian land is soon appropriated by KingSigismundofHungary.

Date unknown

• RamarachasucceedsRamesuanas ruler of theAyutthaya Kingdomin present-day southernThailand.
• TheGwanghwamunGate and theJogyesaTemple are built in present-daySeoul.
• TheTheotokos of Vladimiriconis moved toMoscow.
• John Rykener,also known as Johannes Richer and Eleanor, atransvestiteprostituteworking mainly inLondon(nearCheapside), but also active inOxford,is arrested forcross-dressingand interrogated. The records have survived, the only surviving legal records from this age which mention same-sex intercourse.

1396

January–December

• May 19–Martin Isucceeds his brother,John I,as King ofAragon(modern-day northeastern Spain).
• July 20– QueenMargaret I of Denmark,NorwayandSwedenpublishes theTreaty of Kalmar,proposing the personal union of the three kingdoms ofDenmark,Norway(withIceland,Greenland,theFaroe Islands,ShetlandandOrkney) andSweden(includingFinlandandÅland).
• July 23– QueenMargaretmakes her great-nephew and adopted sonEric of Pomeraniajoint ruler of Sweden. Eric has already been made joint ruler of Norway.
• September–Battle of the North Inch( "Battle of the Thirty" ): In a mass trial by combat on the North Inch ofPerth, Scotland,theClan Camerondefeat theClan Mackintosh.
• September 19– Duke of BrittanyJohn VmarriesJoan of France.
• September 25–Battle of Nicopolis:TheOttomansdefeat a jointcrusadebyHungary,France,theHoly Roman Empire,andWallachia,led byKing Sigismundof Hungary. This is the last large-scale crusade of theMiddle Ages.
• October– A Transylvanian expedition capturesVlad I Uzurpatorul,thus allowing the restoration ofMircea I of Wallachiato the throne.
• October 31– The widowedRichard II of England(29), and six-year-oldIsabella of Valois(daughter ofCharles VI of France), are married in Calais, resulting in a temporary peace between the kingdoms of England and France.
• November 24– TheTransit of Venus,the last not to be part of a pair, is possibly observed byAztecastronomers.
• November 29–Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland,marriesJoan Beaufortin England.

Date unknown

• TheOttomanscapture the Bulgarian fortress ofVidinandTsarIvan Sratsimir,ending theSecond Bulgarian Empire.The Bulgarian state is reestablished in1878as thePrincipality of Bulgaria.
• France conquers theRepublic of Genoa.
• After a 14-yearinterregnum,Pedro de San Superanois declared ruler of thePrincipality of Achaea(modern-day Peloponnese, southern Greece).
• Abu Amir succeeds Abdul Aziz II as ruler of theMarinid dynasty,in modern-dayMorocco.
• Timurappoints his sonMiran Shah,asTimuridviceroy of present-dayAzerbaijan.
• TheKart dynastyis brought to an end in eastPersiaafter its remaining rulers are murdered at a banquet by Miran Shah.
• Philibert de Naillac succeedsJuan Fernández de Heredia,asGrand Master of the Knights Hospitaller.
• Huitzilihuitlsucceeds his father,Acamapichtli,as ruler of theAztecs.
• The Ulu Camii Mosque is built inBursaby theOttomans.
• TheMing dynastycourt of China sends two envoys, Qian Guxun and Li Sicong, to the Ava Kingdom ofBurmaand theTai polityof theMong Mao,in order to resolve a dispute between these two. The travels of the Chinese ambassadors are recorded in the historical text of theBaiyi Zhuan.
• Timurorders the construction of a garden in a meadow, House of Flowers.
• Peasants in the modern-day provinces ofHunanandHubeiin the east of China plant 84 million fruit trees.
• TheUniversity of Zadaris founded, the first university inCroatia.

1397

January–December

• January–Mircea Itakes back the throne ofWallachia.
• February 10–John Beaufortbecomes Earl ofSomersetin England.
• June 6–Richard Whittingtonis nominated asLord Mayor of Londonfor the first time.
• June 17–Eric of Pomeraniais crowned inKalmar(Sweden) as ruler of theKalmar Union,a personal union of the three kingdoms ofDenmark,Norway(withIceland,Greenland,theFaroe Islands,ShetlandandOrkney) andSweden(includingFinlandandÅland) engineered by QueenMargaret I of Denmark,his great-aunt and adoptive mother, who retainsde factopower in the realm.
• July 12–Richard II of Englandattempts to reassert authority over his kingdom by arresting members of a group of powerful barons known as theLords Appellant.
• September 25– TheTreaty of Kalmaris signed.
• September 29
  • John Holland, Earl of Huntingdonis createdDuke of Exeter,by his half-brother KingRichard II of England.
  • Thomas Holland, 3rd Earl of Kent,John's brother, is createdDuke of Surreyby King Richard.
• November 8–Thomas Arundel,accused of high treason by King Richard II of England, is replaced byRoger WaldenasArchbishop of Canterbury.

Date unknown

• TheOttomanscapture the town ofVidin,the capital of theTsardom of Vidin,the only remaining independentBulgarianstate.EmperorIvan SratsimirofVidinis taken prisoner by early this year and later disappears while his sonConstantine IIbecomes Emperor in his place.
• Temür Qutlughis crowned as the Khan ofGolden Hordewith the help of generalEdigu,although Edigu continues to hold the real power.
• The Università, a form of local government, is established inMalta.
• TheKirillo-Belozersky Monasteryis founded in northwesternRussia.
• TheSretensky Monasteryis founded inMoscow.
• The first hospital inal-Andalusis created, atGranada.
• Neuhausergasse 4, the brewer ofSpaten,is listed on the register ofMunichbreweries.
• Gregory of Tatevwrites theBook of Questions,a ten-volume encyclopedic work, at theTatev Monastery,in Armenia.

1398

January–December

• March 15–Trần Thuận Tôngis forced to abdicate as ruler of theTrần dynastyin modern-dayVietnam,in favour of his three-year-old sonTrần Thiếu Đế.
• April–May– TheBosniannobility dethrone QueenHelenand replace her withStephenOstoja.
• June 25–Jianwensucceeds his grandfather,Hongwu,asEmperorofMing dynastyChina.
• July– TheStecknitz Canalis completed between the riversElbeandTrave(atLübeck) in modern-day northGermany,one of the earliest navigablesummit level canalsin the world.
• September
  • KingRichard II of Englandexiles his cousin Henry Bolingbroke (the futureHenry IV of England) for 10 years, in order to end Henry's feud withThomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk,who is also exiled.
  • AsFrancewithdraws its support forAntipope Benedict XIII,an army led byGeoffrey BoucicautoccupiesAvignon,and starts a five-year siege of thepapal palace.
• October 12– TheTreaty of Salynasis signed byVytautas,Grand Duke of Lithuania,and Konrad von Jungingen,Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights,in an attempt to cedeSamogitiato the Knights.
• October 14– KingTaejo of Joseonabdicates the throne of theJoseon dynastyin modern-dayKorea,following the murder of his heir Yi Bangsuk, during a coup by Yi's older half-brother,Yi Bang-won,in The First Strife Of Princes. Taejo's eldest sonJeongjongsucceeds to the throne.
• November 11–Janussucceeds his father,James I,as King ofCyprusand claimant to the throne ofArmenian Cilicia.
• December 17–Timurdefeats the last ruler of theDelhi Sultanate,which has been weakened after four years of civil war. Following his victory, Timur'sIslamictroops sack the city ofDelhi,and proceed to massacre hundreds of thousands of the state'sHinduinhabitants.

Date unknown

• TheTeutonic Knightsrecommence their raids ofLithuania.
• The Teutonic Knights conquer the island ofGotland,nearSweden,which has previously been run by the piraticalVictual Brothers.
• Martin of Aragonlaunches a crusade against theMoorsinNorth Africa.
• TheKingdom of Singapurafalls, after being invaded by theMajapahitEmpire.
• Abdullah succeeds Abu Amir as ruler of theMarinid dynastyin modern-dayMorocco.
• Buneisucceeds his father,Satto,as King ofChūzan(modern-day centralOkinawa,Japan).
• GlendaloughmonasteryinWicklow,Irelandis destroyed byEnglishtroops.
• Ferapontov Monasteryis founded in modern-day northwestRussiabyTherapont of Belozersk.
• TheMunmyoConfucianshrine andSungkyunkwan Universityare founded in modern-daySeoul.
• Mount Grace Prioryis established inYorkshire,England.
• According tofringe theorists,theScottishexplorerHenry I Sinclair, Earl of Orkney,reachesNorth America.

1399

January–December

• January–Timurthe Lame captures and sacksHaridwar.
• February 3–John of Gaunt,uncle of KingRichard II of Englandand father ofHenry Bolingbroke,dies.
• March 18–Richard II of Englandcancels the legal documents allowing the exiledHenry Bolingbroketo inherit his father's lands.
• July 4– WhileRichard II of Englandis away on a military campaign inIreland,Henry Bolingbroke,with exiled formerarchbishop of CanterburyThomas Arundelas an advisor, returns to England and begins a military campaign to reclaim his confiscated lands.
• August 6–Prince of Yan(Zhu Di) of China starts a rebellion inBeijing.
• August 12–Battle of the Vorskla River:MongolGolden Hordeforces, led by KhanTemür Qutlughand EmirEdigu,annihilate acrusadingarmy led by former Golden Horde KhanTokhtamysh,and Grand DukeVytautasofLithuania.
• August 19–Richard II of Englandis taken prisoner upon his return fromIreland.
• September 29– Having regained his father's lands,Henry Bolingbrokeis urged to take the crown from the unpopularRichard II of England.Parliament charges Richard II with committing crimes against his subjects and eventually forces him to abdicate.
• September 30– Parliament acceptsHenry Bolingbrokeas the new king of England.
• October 13–Henry IV of Englandis crowned.
• October 19– Thomas Arundel is restored asArchbishop of Canterbury,replacingRoger Walden.
• November 1–John V, Duke of Brittanybegins his reign.

Date unknown

• Faraj succeeds his father,Barquq,asMamluk Sultan of Egypt.
• SultanBayezid Iof theOttoman Empireinvades Mamluk-occupiedSyria.A rift forms between Sultan Bayezid andTimurof the Timurid Empire, who also wanted to conquer Syria.
• Ladislausregains the throne ofNaples,after overthrowing KingLouis II.
• KingJogailabecomes sole ruler ofPoland,after the death of his co-ruling wife, QueenJadwiga.
• Abu Said Uthman IIIsucceeds Abdullah, as ruler of theMarinid dynastyin present-dayMorocco.
• ThePrincipality of Achaea(now southernGreece) resists an invasion by theOttoman Empire.
• Traditional foundation date of theKingdom of Mysorein India, which survives until1950.
• Iugabecomes prince ofMoldavia

Births

1390

• October 3–Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester(d.1447)
• December 27–Anne de Mortimer,claimant to the English throne (d.1411)
• date unknown
  • Moctezuma I,Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan, son ofHuitzilihuitl(d.1469)
• probable
  • John Dunstaple,English composer (d.1453)
  • Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson,Swedish statesman and rebel leader (d.1436)
  • Contessina de' Bardi,politically active Florentine woman (d.1473)
  • Jan van Eyck,Flemish painter (d.1441)

1391

• June 24–Joan of France, Duchess of Brittany(d.1433)
• July 31–Cyriacus of Ancona,Italian merchant, "father of archaeology" (d. 1453/5)
• October 31–Edward, King of Portugal(d.1438)
• November 6–Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March,English politician (d.1425)
• Gedun Drub, 1st Dalai Lama(d.1474)
• Thomas West, 2nd Baron West,English soldier (d.1415)

1392

• January 10–Johanna van Polanen,Dutch noblewoman (d.1445)
• December 9–Peter, Duke of Coimbra(d.1449)
• December 18–John VIII Palaiologos,penultimate Byzantine emperor (d.1448)
• date unknown
  • Alain Chartier,French poet and political writer (approximate date; d. c.1430)
  • Flavio Biondo,Italian humanist and historian (d.1463)
  • Barbara of Cilli,Holy Roman Empress, queen consort of Hungary and Bohemia (d.1451)
  • John de Mowbray, 2nd Duke of Norfolk(d.1432)
  • John II of Luxembourg, Count of Ligny,French nobleman (d.1441)
  • Filippo Maria Visconti,Duke of Milan (d.1447)
  • Idris Imad al-Din,supreme leader ofTayyibi Isma'ilism,scholar and historian (d.1468)

1393

• February 3–Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland(d.1455)
• August 24–Arthur III, Duke of Brittany(d.1458)
• December –Margaret of Burgundy, Dauphine of France(d.1442)
• date unknown
  • John Capgrave,English theologian (d.1464)
  • Giovanni Antonio Del Balzo Orsini,Prince ofTaranto(d.1463)
  • Anna of Moscow,Byzantine empress consort (d.1417)
  • Osbern Bokenam,English Augustinian friar and poet
  • Thomas de Morley, 5th Baron Morley
  • Andrea Vendramin,Doge of Venice(d.1478)
  • Alvise Loredan,Venetian admiral and statesman (d.1466)

1394

• March 4–Prince Henry the Navigator,Portuguese patron of exploration (d.1460)
• June 4–Philippa of England,Queen of Denmark, Norway and Sweden (d.1430)
• July 12–Ashikaga Yoshinori,Japaneseshōgun(d.1441)
• July 25–James I of Scotland(d.1437)
• November 24–Charles, Duke of Orléans,French poet (d.1465)
• date unknown
  • Ulugh Beg,Timuridruler and astronomer (d.1449)
  • Ikkyū,Japanese Zen Buddhist priest and poet (d.1481)
  • Michael de la Pole, 3rd Earl of Suffolk(d.1415)
• probable–Cymburgis of Masovia,Duchess of Austria

1395

• January 11–Michele of Valois,French princess and Duchess Consort of Burgundy (d.1422)
• March 18–John Holland, 2nd Duke of Exeter,English military leader (d.1447)
• September 7–Reginald West, 6th Baron De La Warr,English politician (d.1427)
• date unknown
  • Fra Angelico,Italian painter (d.1455)
  • Niccolò Da Conti,Italian merchant and explorer (d.1469)
  • George of Trebizond,Greek philosopher and scholar (d.1484)
  • Jacques Cœur,French merchant (d.1456)

1396

• July 31–Philip III, Duke of Burgundy(d.1467)
• October 16–William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk,English noble (d.1450)
• date unknown
  • Alfonso V of Aragon(d.1458)
  • Bonne of Artois,countess regent of Nevers (d.1425)
  • Ambroise de Loré,baron of Ivry in Normandy (d.1446)
  • Michelozzo,Italian architect and sculptor (d.1472)
  • Ponhea Yat,ruler of the Khmer Empire (d.1460?)

1397

• February 21–Infanta Isabel, Duchess of Burgundy(d.1471)
• May 15–Sejong the Great of Joseon,ruler of Korea (d.1450)
• August 10–Albert II of Germany,Holy Roman Emperor(d.1439)
• November 15–Pope Nicholas V(d.1455)
• date unknown
  • Chimalpopoca,Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlán (d.1427)
  • Tlacaelel,Aztec nobleman (d.1487)
  • Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli,Italianmathematician (d.1482)
  • John de Ros, 7th Baron Ros,English noble and soldier (d.1421)
  • Paolo Uccello,Florentine painter (d.1475)

1398

Johannes Gutenberg

• August 19–Íñigo López de Mendoza, 1st Marquis of Santillana,Spanish poet (d.1458)
• date unknown
  • Cecília Rozgonyi,Hungarian noble and heroine (d.1434)
  • Spytko III of Melsztyn,Polish nobleman (d.1439)
  • Moctezuma I,secondAztecemperor (d.1469)
  • William Waynflete,English Lord Chancellor and bishop of Winchester (d.1486)
  • Johannes Gutenberg,German inventor of theprinting press
  • Tlacaélel,Aztec warrior, thinker, high priest and noble for theMexicaEmpire (d.1487)

1399

• March 16–Xuande Emperorof China (d.1435)
• June 26–John, Count of Angoulême(d.1467)
• date unknown
  • William II Canynges,English merchant (approximate date; d.1474)
  • Zara Yaqob,Emperor of Ethiopia(d.1468)
  • Rogier van der Weyden,Dutch painter (or1400)

Deaths

1390

• January 26–Adolph IX, Count of Holstein-Kiel(b.c1327)
• February 16–Rupert I, Elector Palatine(b.1309)
• March 20–Alexios III Megas Komnenos,Emperor of Trebizond(b.1338)
• April 19– KingRobert II of Scotland(b.1316)
• July 8–Albert of Saxony,Bishop of Halberstadtand Germanphilosopher(b.c. 1320)
• August 14–John FitzAlan, 2nd Baron Arundel,English soldier (b.1364)
• September 23–John I, Duke of Lorraine(b.1346)
• October 9– KingJohn I of Castile(fall from a horse) (b.1358)
• September –Towtiwil,Prince of Black Ruthenia
• date unknown
  • Sandaki Mari Djata,Mansaof theMali Empire
  • Keratsa of Bulgaria,Byzantine empress consort
  • Sa'ad al-Din Masud ibn Umar ibn Abd Allah al-Taftazani,Ilkhanatepolymath(b.1322)
• probable–Altichiero,Italian painter (b.1330)

1391

• January 16– EmirMuhammed V of Granada(b.1338)
• February 16–John V Palaiologos,Byzantine emperor(b.1332)
• March 10– KingTvrtko I of Bosnia(b. 1338)
• November 1–Amadeus VII, Count of Savoy(b.1360)
• Gaston III, Count of Foix,co-prince ofAndorra
• date unknown
  • Petru,Prince ofMoldavia
  • Margaret, Countess of Mar(approximate date)

1392

• March 25–Hosokawa Yoriyuki,Japanese samurai
• April 26–Chŏng Mong-ju,Korean civil minister, diplomat and scholar (b. 1338)
• May 17–Zhu Biao,crown prince of the Ming dynasty, China (b.1355)
• November 22–Robert de Vere, Duke of Ireland(b.1362)
• December 23–Isabella of Castile, Duchess of York(b.1355)
• date unknown
  • AbbotMethodius of Peshnosha,Eastern Orthodoxsaint
  • Lalleshwari,Kashmiri poet and mystic (b.1320)

1393

• March 7–Bogislaw VI, Duke of Pomerania(b. c.1350)
• March 23–John of Nepomuk,saint
• June 6–Emperor Go-En'yūof Japan, former Pretender to the throne (b.1359)
• July 23–Konrad von Wallenrode,Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights
• July 30–Alberto d'Este,Lord of Ferrara and Modena(b.1347)
• August 6–John de Ros, 5th Baron de Ros(b.1365)
• November 29– KingLeo V of Armenia(b. c.1342)
• date unknown
  • Fa Ngum,founder of the Lao Kingdom ofLan Xang(b.1316)
  • Valentina Visconti, Queen of Cyprus
  • KingBagrat V of Georgia
  • Abu'l-Abbas Ahmad al-Mustansir,Sultan of theMarinid dynastyinMorocco

1394

• June 25–Dorothea of Montau,Germanhermitess(b.1347)
• March 17–Louis, Count of Enghien,Count of Conversano and Brienne
• March 24–Constance of Castile,claimant to the throne ofCastile
• June 4–Mary de Bohun,English countess, married toHenry IV of England
• June 7–Anne of Bohemia,queen ofRichard II of England(plague) (b.1366)
• August 27–Emperor ChōkeiofJapan(b.1343)
• September 16–Antipope Clement VII(b.1342)
• December 28–Maria Angelina Doukaina Palaiologina,basilissa of Epirus (b.1350)
• date unknown
  • John Hawkwood,English mercenary (b.1320)
  • Fazlallah Astarabadi,Persian founder of the mysticalHurufismsect (executed)
  • SultanMahmud IIof theDelhi Sultanate
  • Former KingGongyang of Goryeo(b.1345)

1395

• March 13–John Barbour,Scottish poet
• May 17
  • Prince Marko,Serbian leader
  • Mary, Queen of Hungary,co-ruler
• June 3–Ivan Shishman of Bulgaria,tsar (b. c.1350)
• August 29– DukeAlbert III of Austria(b.1349)
• December 25–Elisabeth, Countess of Neuchâtel,Swiss ruler
• date unknown
  • Acamapichtli,1sttlatoani(monarch) ofTenochtitlan(modern Mexico City), 1375-1395 (b. c.1355)
  • Margaret the Barefooted,Italian saint (b.1325)

1396

• January 11–Isidore Glabas,Metropolitan bishop ofThessalonica(b. 1341/2)
• May 19–John I of Aragon(b.1350)
• July 31–William Courtenay,Archbishop of Canterbury
• September 15–Queen Sindeok,politically active Korean queen (b.1356)
• November 29–Robert Ferrers, 3rd Baron Ferrers of Wemme(b.1373)
• date unknown
  • John Beaumont, 4th Baron Beaumont,Constable of Dover Castle (b.1361)
  • Frederick II, Marquess of Saluzzo
  • SaintStephen of Perm(b.1340)
  • She Xiang,Chinese tribute chieftain (b.1361)

1397

• January 11–Skirgaila,Grand Duke of Lithuania
• February 18–Enguerrand VII, Lord of Coucy(b.1340)
• March 14–Henry VIII the Sparrow,Duke of Żagań–Głogów (b. c.1357)
• April 25–Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent(b.1350)
• June 3–William Montacute, 2nd Earl of Salisbury,English military leader (b.1328)
• June 16–Philip of Artois, Count of Eu,French soldier (b.1358)
• July 15–Catherine of Henneberg,German ruler (b. c.1334)
• September 2–Francesco Landini,Italian composer
• September 8–Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester,son of KingEdward III of England(b.1355)
• September 15–Adam Easton,English cardinal
• September 21–Richard FitzAlan, 11th Earl of Arundel,English military leader (executed) (b.1346)
• October 6–Vuk Branković,Serbian lord (b.1345)

1398

• January 6–Rupert II, Elector Palatine(b.1325)
• January 31– FormerEmperor SukōofJapan(b.1334)
• June 24–Hongwu Emperorof China (b.1328)
• July 20–Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March,heir to the throne of England (b.1374)
• July/August (uncertain) –Kadi Burhan al-Din,poet,kadi,and ruler ofSivas(b.1345)
• September 9–James I of Cyprus(b.1334)
• October 5–Blanche of Navarre, Queen of France(b.1333)
• date unknown–Jeong Dojeon,Korean philosopher

1399

John of Gauntdied3 February

Jadwiga of Polanddied17 July

• January 4–Nicholas Eymerich,Catalan theologian and inquisitor
• February 3–John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster(b.1340)
• March 24–Margaret, Duchess of Norfolk(b. c.1320)
• July 13–Peter Parler,German architect (b.1330)
• July 17– QueenJadwiga of Poland(b.1374)
• August 12–Demetrius I Starshy,Prince of Trubczewsk (in battle) (b.1327)
• August 15–Ide Pedersdatter Falk,Danish noblewoman (b.1358)
• August 26–Mikhail II,Grand Prince of Tver (b.1333)
• September 22–Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk,Englishpolitician (b.1366)
• October 3–Eleanor de Bohun,English noble (b. c.1366)
• October 5–Raymond of Capua,Italian Dominic friar and venerated Christian (b.1330)
• November 1–John IV, Duke of Brittany(b.1339)
• date unknown
  • Spytek z Melsztyna,Polish nobleman
  • William le Scrope, 1st Earl of Wiltshire(b.1350)
  • SultanBarquqofEgypt
  • Trần Ngung, former ruler ofTrần dynastyVietnam(forced to commit suicide)
  • Stephen I of Moldavia