1651(MDCLI) was acommon year starting on Sundayof theGregorian calendarand acommon year starting on Wednesdayof theJulian calendar,the 1651st year of theCommon Era(CE) andAnno Domini(AD) designations, the 651st year of the2nd millennium,the 51st year of the17th century,and the 2nd year of the1650sdecade. As of the start of 1651, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
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Events
editJanuary–March
edit- January 1–Charles IIis crownedKing of ScotsatScone(his first crowning).[1]
- January 24–Parliament of Boroain Chile: Spanish andMapucheauthorities meet atBoroa,renewing the fragile peace established at the parliaments of Quillín, in1641and1647.[2][3]
- February 22–St. Peter's Flood:A first storm tide in theNorth Seastrikes the coast ofGermany,drowning thousands.[4].The island ofJuistis split in half, and the western half ofBuiseis probably washed away.
- March 4–St. Peter's Flood:Another storm tide in the North Sea strikes theNetherlands,floodingAmsterdam.
- March 6– The town ofKajaaniis founded by CountPer Brahe the Younger.[5]
- March 15– Prince Aisin Gioro Fulin attains the age of 13 and becomes theShunzhi Emperorof China, which had been governed by a regency since the death of his fatherHong Taijiin 1643.
- March 26– The Spanish shipSan José,loaded with silver,is pushed south by strong winds;it wrecks on the coast of southern Chile,and its surviving crew is killed by indigenousCuncos.[6][7]
April–June
edit- April 7–Shunzhi,Emperor of China, announces in an imperial edict that he will purge corruption from government.
- April 25–Thomas Hobbespublishes his magnum opus, the political tractLeviathan,in England.[8]
- May 12– GeneralMarcin KalinowskiofPolandwins theBattle of KopychyntsiagainstZaporozhian Cossacksforces under the command of Asand Demka during theKhmelnytsky Uprisingin what is nowUkraine.
- May 21– TheSovereign Military Order of Maltapurchases the Caribbean islands ofSaint Barthélemy,Saint Christopher,Saint CroixandSaint Martinfrom the France'sCompagnie des Îles de l'Amérique.The Order will sell the islands in 1665 to theFrench West India Company.
- June 17–Franco-Spanish War (1635-1659);A squadron of SpanishgalleysunderJohn of Austria the Youngercapture the French galleonLion CouronnéoffFormentera,Balearic Islands,Spain.
- June 30– After three days of fighting in theBattle of BerestechkoinUkraine,one of the biggest land battles of the 17th century, with some 205,000 troops in the field, thePolish–Lithuanian CommonwealthArmy defeats theZaporozhian Cossacks.
July–September
edit- July 20– At theBattle of InverkeithinginScotland,the EnglishParliamentarianNew Model Army,under Major-GeneralJohn Lambert,defeats a ScottishCovenanterarmy acting on behalf of Charles II, led by Sir John Brown of Fordell.
- August 13– The troops of King Charles II of Scotland force the retreat of English Commonwealth troops at theBattle of Warrington Bridge,the last victory of Scotland over England in battle.
- August 28
- The "Onfall ofAlythtakes place in the Scottish town of the same name when most of the members of Scotland's governing body, the Committee of States, are betrayed to English invaders. TheEarl of Leven,theEarl of Crawford,theEarl Marischal,Lord Nairneand other prominent people are captured and imprisoned in theTower of London.[9]
- TheBattle of Uptonis fought atUpton-upon-Severnin England, where Scottish invaders commanded by Major GeneralEdward Masseyare defeated by the English Parliamentarians led byJohn Lambert.The retreat of the Scots clears the way for the successful English attack at Worcester.
- September 1– Thesiege of Dundeeends with the English Parliamentarian army, underGeneral Monck,decisively defeating Covenanters in the last battle of theWars of the Three Kingdomsin Scotland.
- September 2–Kösem Sultanis assassinated by her daughter-in-law,Turhan Sultan.
- September 3–Charles II of England,leading a largely-Scottish army, is defeated in theBattle of Worcester,the last major battle of theEnglish Civil War,and forced to flee.
October–December
edit- October 14– Laws are passed inMassachusetts,forbidding poor people from adopting excessive styles of dress.
- October 16–Prince Charles[dubious–discuss]of the House of Stuartescapes from England to find refuge in France.[10]
- October– An English diplomatic team, headed byOliver St John,goes toThe Hagueto negotiate an alliance between theCommonwealth of Englandand theDutch Republic.
- November 3– TheManx Rebellion of 1651comes to an end asthe Countess of Derbysurrenders theIsle of Manto the forces of Oliver Cromwell in return for a guarantee of safe passage for herself, her family and her servants, off of the island.
- November 24– In China,Qing dynastyforces led byShang Kexicapture the city ofGuangzhoufrom theSouthern Mingand then carry out a massacre of the population, killing as many as 70,000 people over 11 days ending on December 5.[11]
- December 17– Castle Cornet inGuernsey,the last stronghold which had supported the King in theThird English Civil War,surrenders.
Date unknown
edit- TheKeian Uprisingfails inJapan.
- The firstcoffee housein England is opened inOxford,[10]indicative of their increasing popularity in Europe.
- TheMadanmohan-jiu Templeis built atSamta (India),a village in theHowrah districtofWest Bengal.
Births
edit
- January 9–Petronio Franceschini,Italian Baroque composer (d.1680)
- January 18–William Coddington, Jr.,Rhode Island colonial governor (d.1689)
- January 19–Johannes Wolfgang von Bodman,German bishop (d.1691)
- January 20–Edward Tyson,British scientist (d.1708)
- February 2or1950–William Phips,first royal governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay (d.1695)
- February 9–Procopio Cutò,French entrepreneur (d.1727)
- February 11–Sir Ralph Assheton, 2nd Baronet, of Middleton,English politician (d.1716)
- February 11–Anne Scott, 1st Duchess of Buccleuch,wealthy Scottish peeress (d.1732)
- February 21–Silvius II Frederick, Duke of Württemberg-Oels(d.1697)
- February 25–Quirinus Kuhlmann,German Baroque poet and mystic (d.1689)
- February 26–Pieter van der Hulst,Dutch painter (d.1727)
- March 2–Carlo Gimach,Maltese architect, engineer and poet (d.1730)
- March 4–John Somers, 1st Baron Somers,Lord Chancellor of England (d.1716)
- March 31–Karl II, Elector Palatineof Germany (d.1685)
- April 2–Fabrizio Paolucci,Italian Catholic cardinal (d.1726)
- April 6–André Dacier,French classical scholar (d.1722)
- April 10–Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus,German mathematician (d.1708)
- April 17–Giuseppe Archinto,Italian cardinal, Archbishop of Milan (d.1712)
- April 21– BlessedJoseph Vaz,Apostle of Ceylon (d.1711)
- April 30–Jean-Baptiste de la Salle,French educational reformer (d.1719)
- May 17–Jacques Gravier,French Jesuit missionary in the New World (d.1708)
- May 27–Louis-Antoine, Cardinal de Noailles,French bishop (d.1729)
- June 6–Willem van Ingen,Dutch painter (d.1708)
- June 10–Alexander Edward,Scottish landscape architect (d.1708)
- June 16–Francisco Cuervo y Valdés,Spanish colonial governor (d.1714)
- June 21–William VII, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel(d.1670)
- July 4–Honoratus a Sancta Maria,French Discalced Carmelite (d.1729)
- July 12–Margaret Theresa of Spain(d.1673)
- July 22–Ferdinand Tobias Richter,Austrian Baroque composer (d.1711)
- July 26–Jacques Bigot (Jesuit),French Jesuit priest, missionary to the Abenakis in Canada (d.1711)
- August 6–François Fénelon,Archbishop ofCambrai,France (d.1715)
- August 6–Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld,Swedish Field Marshal (d.1722)
- August 13–Balthasar Permoser,German sculptor (d.1732)
- August 25–François Baert,Jesuit hagiographer (d.1719)
- September 1–Nataliya Kyrillovna Naryshkina,Tsaritsa of Russia (d.1694)
- September 2–Zubdat-un-Nissa,Mughal princess, daughter of Emperor Aurangzeb (d.1707)
- September 5–William Dampier,English explorer (d.1715)
- September 6–Aoyama Tadao,Japanese daimyō (d.1685)
- September 16–Engelbert Kaempfer,German physician and traveler (d.1716)
- September 26–Francis Daniel Pastorius,German founder of Germantown, Pennsylvania (d.1720)
- October 24–Jean de La Chapelle,French writer and dramatist (d.1723)
- October 26–Perizonius,Dutch linguist (d.1715)
- November 1–Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Marquis de Seignelay,French politician (d.1690)
- November 12–Juana Inés de la Cruz,Mexican nun, writer and poet (d.1695)
- December 25–Pedro Manuel Colón de Portugal(d.1710)
- December 28–Johann Krieger,German composer and organist (d.1735)
- date unknown– Gorgin Khan, Persian Governor of Kandahar (d.1709)
Deaths
edit
- January –Thomas Greene,Colonial governor of Maryland(b.1609)
- January 22–Johannes Phocylides Holwarda,Dutch astronomer (b.1618)
- January 29–Diego de Colmenares,Spanish historian (b.1586)
- February 6–Erdmann August of Brandenburg-Bayreuth,Hereditary Margrave (b.1615)
- February 8–Richard Newport, 1st Baron Newport,English politician (b.1587)
- February 9–Herman Krefting,Norwegian businessman (b.1592)
- March 11–Alvise Contarini,Italian diplomat, nobleman (b.1597)
- April 1–John of Hesse-Braubach,German general (b.1609)
- April 7–Lennart Torstensson,Swedish Field Marshal, Privy Councillour and Governor-General (b.1603)
- April 10–Sir William Airmine, 1st Baronet,English politician (b.1593)
- May 16–Sophie of Solms-Laubach,wife of Joachim Ernst, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (b.1594)
- May 26–Jeane Gardiner,British woman executed for witchcraft in Bermuda
- May 28–Henry Grey, 10th Earl of Kent(b.1594)
- June 8–Tokugawa Iemitsu,Japanese shōgun (b.1604)
- June 17
- Roger North,English politician (b.1577)
- Francesco Piccolomini,Italian Jesuit (b.1582)
- July 7–Dina Vinhofvers,Danish alleged conspirator (b.1620)
- August 1–Maria Anna Vasa,Polish princess (b.1650)
- August 2–Ercole, Marquis of Baux,member of the House of Grimaldi (b.1623)
- August 8–Countess Amalie Elisabeth of Hanau-Münzenberg,regent of Hesse-Kassel (b.1602)
- August 16–Filippo Benedetto de Sio,Italian Catholic prelate and bishop (b.1585)
- August 20–Jeremi Wiśniowiecki,Polish nobleman (b.1612)
- September 2
- Kösem Sultan,regent of the Ottoman Empire (b. 1590)
- William Widdrington, 1st Baron Widdrington,English landowner, politician (b.1610)
- September 10–Yui Shōsetsu,Japanese rebel (b.1605)
- September 12
- Félix Castello,Spanish artist (b.1595)
- William Hamilton, 2nd Duke of Hamilton,Scottish nobleman (b.1616)
- September 18–Henriette Marie of the Palatinate,German noble (b.1626)
- September 24
- Étienne Pascal,French mathematician (b.1588)
- Marubashi Chūya,Japanese rebel
- September 27–Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria(b.1573)
- October 4–Ludwig Camerarius,German politician (b.1573)
- October 6–Heinrich Albert,German composer and poet (b.1604)
- October 7–Jacques Sirmond,French Jesuit scholar (b.1559)
- October 8
- Isaac Elzevir,Dutch printer and publisher (b.1596)
- Anna Catherine Constance Vasa,Polish princess, daughter of King Sigismund III Vasa (b.1619)
- October 10–Philippus Rovenius,Dutch priest (b.1573)
- October 15–James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby(b.1607)
- October 25–Saint Job of Pochayiv,Ukrainian Orthodox Christian saint (b.1551)
- November 20–Mikołaj Potocki,Polish soldier (b.1595)
- November 22–Francis Scott, 2nd Earl of Buccleuch,son of Walter Scott (b.1626)
- November 26–Henry Ireton,English Civil War leader (b.1611)
- December 14–Pierre Dupuy,French scholar (b.1582)
- December 15–Virginia Centurione Bracelli,Italian saint (b.1587)
- November 18–Anna Amalia of Baden-Durlach,Regent of Nassau-Saarbrücken (b.1595)
- December 18–William Brabazon, 1st Earl of Meath(b.1580)
- date unknown
- Eva Bacharach,Bohemian Hebraist (b.1580)
- Giulia Tofana,Italian poisoner (b.1581)
- Angélique Paulet,French salonnière, singer, musician and actress (b.1592)
- Helena Czaplińska,Ukrainian Hetmana
References
edit- ^George William Cullen Gross, '1651: The Last Coronation in Scotland',Court Historian,26:3 (December, 2021), p. 231.
- ^Barros Arana, Diego.Historia general de Chile(in Spanish). Vol. Tomo cuarto (Digital edition based on the second edition of 2000 ed.). Alicante: Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes. p. 339.
- ^Pinochet Ugarte, Augusto;Villaroel Carmona, Rafael; Lepe Orellana, Jaime;Fuente-Alba Poblete, J. Miguel;Fuenzalida Helms, Eduardo (1997).Historia militar de Chile(in Spanish) (3rd ed.). Biblioteca Militar. p. 83.
- ^East Frisian History: From 1648 to 1668,Volume 5, ed. by Tileman Dothias Wiarda Winter, 1795 - 453 pages; Page 56ff. Local History and Tourist Association Holtgast e. V., 1795) pages 56ff. accessed on April 8, 2009
- ^Kajaanin kaupunki täyttää tänä vuonna komeat 370 vuotta – juhlitaan kaupunkiamme eri tavoin(in Finnish)
- ^Solano Astaburuaga, Francisco (1899) [1867].Diccionario Geográfico de la República de Chile(in Spanish) (2nd ed.). p. 280.
- ^Barros Arana, Diego."Capítulo XIV".Historia general de Chile(in Spanish). Vol. Tomo cuarto (Digital edition based on the second edition of 2000 ed.). Alicante: Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes. p. 340.
- ^"Leviathan and De Cive", by Karl Schuhmann, inLeviathan After 350 Years,ed. by Luc Foisneau (Clarendon Press, 2004) p.17
- ^"Marquis of Montrose Society newsletter June 2010"(PDF).montrose-society.ndo.co.uk.Archived(PDF)from the original on October 9, 2022.
- ^abPalmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992).The Chronology of British History.London: Century Ltd. pp. 185–186.ISBN0-7126-5616-2.
- ^Frederic Wakeman,The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China(University of California Press, 1985) pp. 767–768