1678(MDCLXXVIII) was acommon year starting on Saturdayof theGregorian calendarand acommon year starting on Tuesdayof theJulian calendar,the 1678th year of theCommon Era(CE) andAnno Domini(AD) designations, the 678th year of the2nd millennium,the 78th year of the17th century,and the 9th year of the1670sdecade. As of the start of 1678, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
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Events
editJanuary–March
edit- January 10– England and the Dutch Republic sign a mutual defense treaty in order to fight against France.
- January 27– The firstfire enginecompany inNorth Americagoes into service inBoston.[1]
- February 18– The first part of EnglishnonconformistpreacherJohn Bunyan'sChristianallegoryThe Pilgrim's Progressis published in London.[2]
- March 21–Thomas Shadwell's comedyA True Widowis given its first performance, atThe Duke's Theatrein London, staged by theDuke's Company.[3]
- March 23–Revolt of the Three Feudatoriesinsouthern China:rebel generalWu Sangui,lord of theYunnanfief, takes the imperial crown, names himself monarch of "The Great Zhou", based in theHunanprovince, withHengyangas his capital. He contracts dysentery over the summer and dies on October 2, ending the rebellion against theKangxi Emperor.[4][5]
- March 25– TheSpanish Netherlandscity ofYpresfalls aftera seven-day siegeby the French Army. It is later returned to the Netherlands and eventually becomes part ofBelgium.
- March 28– ThenovaV529 Orionisis discovered by Polish astronomerJohannes Hevelius(Jan Heweliusz).[6]
April–June
edit- April 2–Ignatius Gregory Peter VI Shahbaddinis enthroned as the Patriarch of theSyriac Catholic ChurchinAleppo,after receiving recognition by Ottoman SultanMehmed IVand byPope Innocent XI.
- April 12– TheTreaty of Casco Bayis signed between officials of theProvince of New Yorkand thePenobscottribe and theWabanaki Confederacy,bringing an end to further fighting that has happened in the two years since the end ofKing Philip's Warin the modern-day U.S. state ofMaine.Under the terms of the treaty, English settlers pay rent to the Penobscots and are given back farm land that had been confiscated in the war, while the English settlers agree to respect the Penobscot land rights.[7]
- May 11– French admiralJean d'Estreesruns his whole fleet aground in either theLas Aves ArchipelagoorIsla de Aves,intending to reachCuraçao.[8]
- June 10– FrenchbuccaneerMichel de Grammontarrives at Spanish-heldVenezuelawith six pirate ships, 13 smaller craft, and 2,000 men in a daring raid on the South American territory, then leads half of his force inward towardMaracaibo,which he takes on June 14. During the rest of the month, he and his soldiers march inland as far asTrujillo.Grammont and his pirates finally depart on December 3.[9]
- June 25–Elena Lucrezia Cornaro Piscopiabecomes the first woman to be awarded a university degree, a doctorate in philosophy from theUniversity of Padua.[10]
July–September
edit- July 23– TheBattle of Ortenbach,one of the last major engagements of theFranco-Dutch War,takes place nearOffenburgat theRhineriver in southwestern Germany, as French forces under the command ofFrançois de Créquyoverwhelm a larger force ofHoly Roman Empiretroops commanded by theDuke of Lorraine,Karl V Leopold.
- July 29–Muhammad Azam Shahis appointed as the Mughal Governor of Bengal by his father, the EmperorAurangzeb,but serves for a little more than a year before being recalled fromDhaka.[11]
- August 10– TheTreaties of Nijmegenend theFranco-Dutch War.[12]TheCounty of Burgundyis ceded to theKingdom of France.[13]
- August 14–15– TheBattle of Saint-Denisis fought after the signing of peace in the Franco-Dutch War.[14]
- August 21– On the island ofJavain modern-day Indonesia, theKediri campaignbegins asMataram SultanateandDutch East India Company(VOC) forces under the command of VOC CaptainFrançois Tackbegin marching fromJeparatowardKedirito suppress theTrunajaya rebellionthat had driven out the Mataram Sultan. They are joined by two other columns of troops over the next fortnight.
- September 5– SultanAmangkurat IIof Mataram sets off from Jepara with the main force in theKediri campaign,leading native troops, along with VOC forces under the command ofAnthonio Hurdt,leader of the campaign.[15]
- September 6–Titus Oatesbegins to present allegations of the "Popish Plot",a supposedRoman Catholicconspiracy to assassinate kingCharles II of England.[16]Oates applies the termToryto those who disbelieve his allegations.
- September 17– TheFranco-Dutch Warbetween theKingdom of Franceand theDutch Republic(and its allies) comes to an end after more than six years as theTreaties of Nijmegenbring about a ceasefire.[17]
October–December
edit- October 17– English magistrate SirEdmund Berry Godfreyis found murdered inPrimrose Hill,London.[18]His death is seen as proof of the "Popish Plot"to the public.[19]
- November 11(November 1 O.S.) – England's House of Commons votes to begin impeachment proceedings against five Roman Catholic members of the House of Lords,Viscount Stafford,theMarquess of Powis,Baron Arundell,Baron PetreandBaron Belasyseaccused by Protestant members as participating in a "Popish Plot".Viscount Stafford is convicted and executed, while the other four are imprisoned in theTower of Londonfor more than five years.
- November 25– TheKediri campaignis successfully concluded in Indonesia asAnthonio Hurdtand SultanAmangkurat IIcapture Kediri and force the rebel Prince Trunajaya to flee.
- November 26– William Staley, an English banker and a Roman Catholic, becomes the first person to be executed in connection with the "Popish Plot"arrests.[20][21]
- December 1– TheTest Actprovides that members of both theHouse of LordsandHouse of Commons of Englandmust swear ananti-Catholicoath, before taking office.[22]
Date unknown
edit- About 1,200 Irish families sail fromBarbadostoVirginiaand theCarolinas.
- InIreland,the vacantBishopric of Leighlinis given to theBishop of Kildarein commendam; it will later be formed into theRoman Catholic Diocese of Kildare and Leighlin.[23]
Births
edit
- March 4–Antonio Vivaldi,Italian composer (d.1741)[24]
- March 7–Filippo Juvarra,Italian architect (d.1736)
- April 14–Abraham Darby I,one of the English fathers of the Industrial Revolution (d.1717)[25]
- May 3–Amaro Pargo,Spanish corsair (d.1747)[26]
- May 16–Andreas Silbermann,German organ builder (d.1734)[27]
- July 26–Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor(d.1711)[28]
- September 16–Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke,English statesman and philosopher (d.1751)[29]
- September 29–Adrien-Maurice, 3rd duc de Noailles,French soldier (d.1766)[30]
- October 10–John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll,Scottish soldier (d.1743)[31]
- October 16–Anna Waser,Swiss painter (d.1714)[32]
- November 26–Jean Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan,French geophysicist (d.1771)[33]
- December 8–Horatio Walpole, 1st Baron Walpole of Wolterton,English diplomat (d.1757)[34]
- December 13–Yongzheng Emperorof China (d.1735)[35]
- December 14–Daniel Neal,English historian (d.1743)[36]
- December 30–William Croft,English composer (d.1727)[37]
- date unknown
- George Farquhar,Irish dramatist (d.1707)[38]
- Joachim Ludwig Schultheiss von Unfriedt,German architect (d.1753)[39]
- John Senex,British geographer (d. 1740)[40]
- Maria Faxell,Swedish vicar's wife and war heroine (d.1738),[41]
- Pierre Fauchard,French physician and author, consideredThe father of modern dentistry(d.1761)[42]
- Thomas Micklethwaite,Lord Commissioner of the Treasury(d. 1718)[43]
Deaths
edit
- January 4–Joan Maetsuycker,Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (b.1606)[44]
- January 11–Ferrante III Gonzaga, Duke of Guastalla,Italian noble (b.1618)[45]
- January 12–Robert Ellison,English politician (b.1614)[46]
- January 23– SirWilliam CurtiusFRS, German magistrate and English baronet (b.1599)[47]
- January 27–Maria Overlander van Purmerland,Dutch noble (b.1603)[48]
- January 29–Jeronimo Lobo,Portuguese Jesuit missionary (b.1593)[49]
- February 7–Sir Philip Musgrave, 2nd Baronet,English politician (b.1607)[50]
- November 20–Daniel Clasen,German academic (b.1622)[51]
- March 3–Philip Bell,British colonial governor (b.1590)[52]
- March 10–Jean de Launoy,French historian (b.1603)[53]
- March 27–Juan de Leyva de la Cerda, conde de Baños,Spanish noble (b.1604)
- April 12–Mary Rich, Countess of Warwick,7th daughter of Richard Boyle (b.1625)[54]
- April 23–Walter Aston, 2nd Lord Aston of Forfar,second and eldest surviving son of Walter Aston (b.1609)[55]
- April 24–Louis VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt(1661–1678) (b.1630)
- April 27–Nicolas Roland,French priest and founder (b.1642)
- May 2–Willem Nieupoort,Dutch politician, and diplomat (b.1607)[56]
- May 3–Bernhard II, Duke of Saxe-Jena,German noble (b.1638)[57]
- May 4orMay 14–Anna Maria van Schurman,Dutch poet and scholar (b.1607)[58]
- May 16–Tamura Muneyoshi,Japanese daimyō of the Iwanuma Domain (b.1637)
- May 18–Miyamoto Iori,Japanese samurai (b.1612)[59]
- June 2–Pieter de Groot,Dutch diplomat (b.1615)
- June 17–Giacomo Torelli,Italian stage designer, engineer, and architect (b.1608)[60]
- June 19–Benedict Arnold,Rhode Island colonial governor (b.1615)[61]
- June 24–Charles de Lorme,French physician (b.1584)[62]
- August 5–Juan García de Zéspedes,Mexican musician and composer (b.1619)
- August 16–Andrew Marvell,English writer (b.1621)[63]
- August 17–Guillaume Herincx,Flemish theologian, Bishop of Ypres (b.1621)[64]
- August 28–John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton,English soldier (b.1602)[65]
- August 31–Louis VII, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt(b.1658)
- September 1–Jan Brueghel the Younger,Flemish painter (b.1601)[66]
- September 8–Pietro della Vecchia,Italian painter (b.1603)[67]
- September 19–Christoph Bernhard von Galen,Westphalian Catholic prince-bishop of Münster and military leader (b.1606)[68]
- September 18–Maurizio Cazzati,Italian composer (b.1616)[69]
- October 5–Hedevig Ulfeldt,daughter of King Christian IV of Denmark and Kirsten Munk (b.1626)[70]
- October 11–Sir Peter Leycester, 1st Baronet,British historian (b.1614)[71]
- October 12
- Pieter Codde,Dutch painter (b.1599)[72]
- Edmund Berry Godfrey,English magistrate (b.1621)[18]
- October 14–Sir Richard Newdigate, 1st Baronet,English politician (b.1602)[73]
- October 16–Cornelis HrR Ridder de Graeff,Dutch nobleman and chief landholder of the Zijpe and Haze Polder (b.1650)[74]
- October 18–Jacob Jordaens,Flemish painter (b.1593)[75]
- October 19–Samuel Dirksz van Hoogstraten,Dutch painter (b. c.1627)[76]
- November 1–William Coddington,first Governor of Rhode Island (b.1601)[77]
- November 4–Solomon Swale,English politician (b.1610)[78]
- November 5–Giovan Battista Nani,Italian historian and diplomat (b.1616)[79]
- November 10–Daniel Zwicker,German physician (b.1612)[80]
- November 30–Andries de Graeff,Dutch politician (b.1611)[81]
- December 3–Edward Colman,English Catholic courtier under Charles II (b.1636)[82]
- December 20–Matthew Marvin, Sr.,Connecticut settler (b.1600)[83]
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