1832 in science

	…1822; 1823; 1824; 1825; 1826; 1827; 1828; ; 1829; 1830; 1831; 1832; 1833; 1834; 1835; ; 1836; 1837; 1838; 1839; 1840; 1841; 1842…;
	Art; Archaeology; Architecture; Literature; Music; Philosophy; Science; +...

The year1832 inscienceandtechnologyinvolved some significant events, listed below.

Biology

Dr.Thomas Bellbegins publication ofA Monograph of the Testudinata,the first comprehensive study of the world'sturtles.
Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilairebegins publication ofHistoire générale et particulière des anomalies de l'organisation chez l'homme et les animaux,a key text onteratology.^[1]

Chemistry

Pierre Jean Robiquetisolates theanalgesic codeine.
Friedrich Wöhler and Justus von Liebig discover and explainfunctional groupsandradicalsin relation to organic chemistry.^[2]^[3]
Pittacalwas discovered by German chemistCarl Ludwig Reichenbach.

Exploration

April 21 –Cyrille Pierre Théodore Laplacecompletes a four-year globalcircumnavigation.

Mathematics

Évariste Galoispresents a general condition for the solvability ofalgebraic equations,thereby essentially foundinggroup theoryandGalois theory.^[4]On May 29, the eve of a duel from which he will die, he writes his "mathematical testament", a letter toAuguste Chevalier.
Peter Gustav Lejeune DirichletprovesFermat's Last Theoremforn= 14.
János Bolyai's system ofnon-Euclidean geometryis first published.^[5]

Medicine

February 12 – InEngland,asecond cholera pandemicbegins to spread, starting from theEast End of London.It is declared officially over in early May but deaths continue. It will claim at least 3000 victims. InLiverpool,Kitty Wilkinsonbecomes the "Saint of the Slums"^[6]by promoting hygiene.^[7]
July 19 –Anatomy Actin theUnited Kingdomprovides for licensing and inspection ofanatomists,and for unclaimed bodies from public institutions to be available for their dissection.
Dr James KaypublishesThe moral and physical condition of the working-class employed in the cotton manufacture in Manchester.
Thomas Hodgkinfirst describes abnormalities in thelymph systemlater known asHodgkin's lymphoma.^[8]^[9]

Oceanography

James Rennell'sAn Investigation of the Currents of the Atlantic Ocean, and of those which prevail between the Indian Ocean and the Atlanticis published posthumously by his daughter. It will not be significantly superseded for more than a century.^[10]

Physics

Michael Faradaystates his laws of electrolysis.
c. December – Following a paper by Faraday, Belgian physicistJoseph Plateauand Austrian professor of practical geometrySimon Stampfersimultaneously and independently devise thephenakistiscope,ananimationdevice creating an optical illusion of motion.

Psychology

Swiss crystallographer Louis Albert Neckerfirst publishes theoptical illusionwhich becomes known as theNecker Cube.^[11]

Technology

The first commutator DCelectric motor,capable of turning machinery, is demonstrated byWilliam Sturgeonin London.
The first drum-typerotary printing pressis completed by anarchistJosiah Warrenin New York.^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17]

Awards

Copley Medal:Michael Faraday;Siméon Poisson^[18]

Births

June 17 –William Crookes(died1919),English chemistandphysicist.
August 16 –Wilhelm Wundt(died1920),German physiologistandpsychologist.
September 26 –Zsófia Torma(died1899), Hungarian archaeologist, anthropologist and paleontologist.
October 4 –Thorborg Rappe(died1902), Swedish pioneer in the education of students with Intellectual disability.
December 12 –Ludwig Sylow(died1918), Norwegianmathematician.
December 15 –Gustave Eiffel(died1923),French structural engineer.

Deaths

May 13 –Georges Cuvier(born1769), Frenchzoologist.
May 31 –Évariste Galois(born1811), Frenchmathematician.
August 24 –Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot(born1796), French mathematician
September 2 –Franz Xaver, Baron Von Zach(born1754), Hungarianastronomer.
October 31 –Antonio Scarpa(born1752),Italian anatomist.
November 8 –Marie-Jeanne de Lalande(born1768), French astronomer.

References

^Chisholm, Hugh,ed. (1911)."Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Isidore".Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 619.
^"Justus von Liebig and Friedrich Wöhler".Science History Institute.
^Bowden, Mary Ellen (1997). "Justus von Liebig and Friedrich Wöhler".Chemical achievers: the human face of the chemical sciences.Philadelphia, PA: Chemical Heritage Foundation. pp.83–87.ISBN 9780941901123.
^Crilly, Tony (2007).50 Mathematical Ideas you really need to know.London: Quercus. p. 152.ISBN 978-1-84724-008-8.
^As an appendix to a mathematics textbook by his father,Farkas Bolyai,published inMaros Vásárhelyini.
^"'Slum Saint' honoured with statue ".BBC News.4 February 2010.Retrieved9 April2011.
^Rathbone, Herbert R. (1927),Memoir of Kitty Wilkinson of Liverpool, 1786-1860,H. Young & Sons
^Hellman, S. (2007). "Brief Consideration of Thomas Hodgkin and His Times". In Hoppe, R. T.; Mauch, P. T.; Armitage, J. O.; Diehl, V.; Weiss, L. M. (eds.).Hodgkin Lymphoma(2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 3–6.ISBN 978-0-7817-6422-3.
^Hodgkin, T. (1832). "On some morbid experiences of the absorbent glands and spleen".Medico-Chirurgical Transactions.17.London: 69–97.
^"James Rennell – the father of oceanography".Southampton: National Oceanography Centre, James Rennell Division for Ocean Circulation and Climate. 2009. Archived fromthe originalon 2011-05-16.Retrieved2011-04-05.
^Necker, L. A. (1832)."Observations on some remarkable optical phaenomena seen in Switzerland; and on an optical phaenomenon which occurs on viewing a figure of a crystal or geometrical solid".London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science.1(5): 329–337.doi:10.1080/14786443208647909.
^Bailie, William (1906). "X. Inventions in Printing".Josiah Warren, the First American Anarchist: A Sociological Study.Boston: Small, Maynard & Co.
^Butler, Ann (1978)."Josiah Warren, peaceful revolutionist".Virtual Press.Archivedfrom the original on 2021-09-29.Retrieved2021-09-29.
^"16. Josiah Warren".libcom.org.Archivedfrom the original on 2021-09-29.Retrieved2021-09-29.
^Wilbur, Shawn P. (2017-07-20)."Josiah Warren," Reduction in the Cost of Printing Apparatus "(1830)".The Libertarian Labyrinth.Archivedfrom the original on 2021-09-29.Retrieved2021-09-29.
^"Josiah Warren's Universal Typography".faculty.evansville.edu.Archivedfrom the original on 2021-09-29.Retrieved2021-09-29.
^Reece, Erik (2016). "A Simple Act of Moral Commerce".Utopia Drive: A Road Trip through America's Most Radical Idea(1st ed.). New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux.ISBN 978-0-374-10657-7.LCCN 2015041553.Archivedfrom the original on 2022-03-25.Retrieved2022-03-25.
^"Copley Medal | British scientific award".Encyclopedia Britannica.Retrieved22 July2020.

[1] Chisholm, Hugh,ed. (1911)."Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Isidore".Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 619.

[CHF-2] "Justus von Liebig and Friedrich Wöhler".Science History Institute.

[Bowden-3] Bowden, Mary Ellen (1997). "Justus von Liebig and Friedrich Wöhler".Chemical achievers: the human face of the chemical sciences.Philadelphia, PA: Chemical Heritage Foundation. pp.83–87.ISBN 9780941901123.

[4] Crilly, Tony (2007).50 Mathematical Ideas you really need to know.London: Quercus. p. 152.ISBN 978-1-84724-008-8.

[5] As an appendix to a mathematics textbook by his father,Farkas Bolyai,published inMaros Vásárhelyini.

[6] "'Slum Saint' honoured with statue ".BBC News.4 February 2010.Retrieved9 April2011.

[7] Rathbone, Herbert R. (1927),Memoir of Kitty Wilkinson of Liverpool, 1786-1860,H. Young & Sons

[8] Hellman, S. (2007). "Brief Consideration of Thomas Hodgkin and His Times". In Hoppe, R. T.; Mauch, P. T.; Armitage, J. O.; Diehl, V.; Weiss, L. M. (eds.).Hodgkin Lymphoma(2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 3–6.ISBN 978-0-7817-6422-3.

[9] Hodgkin, T. (1832). "On some morbid experiences of the absorbent glands and spleen".Medico-Chirurgical Transactions.17.London: 69–97.

[10] "James Rennell – the father of oceanography".Southampton: National Oceanography Centre, James Rennell Division for Ocean Circulation and Climate. 2009. Archived fromthe originalon 2011-05-16.Retrieved2011-04-05.

[11] Necker, L. A. (1832)."Observations on some remarkable optical phaenomena seen in Switzerland; and on an optical phaenomenon which occurs on viewing a figure of a crystal or geometrical solid".London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science.1(5): 329–337.doi:10.1080/14786443208647909.

[12] Bailie, William (1906). "X. Inventions in Printing".Josiah Warren, the First American Anarchist: A Sociological Study.Boston: Small, Maynard & Co.

[13] Butler, Ann (1978)."Josiah Warren, peaceful revolutionist".Virtual Press.Archivedfrom the original on 2021-09-29.Retrieved2021-09-29.

[14] "16. Josiah Warren".libcom.org.Archivedfrom the original on 2021-09-29.Retrieved2021-09-29.

[15] Wilbur, Shawn P. (2017-07-20)."Josiah Warren," Reduction in the Cost of Printing Apparatus "(1830)".The Libertarian Labyrinth.Archivedfrom the original on 2021-09-29.Retrieved2021-09-29.

[16] "Josiah Warren's Universal Typography".faculty.evansville.edu.Archivedfrom the original on 2021-09-29.Retrieved2021-09-29.

[17] Reece, Erik (2016). "A Simple Act of Moral Commerce".Utopia Drive: A Road Trip through America's Most Radical Idea(1st ed.). New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux.ISBN 978-0-374-10657-7.LCCN 2015041553.Archivedfrom the original on 2022-03-25.Retrieved2022-03-25.

[18] "Copley Medal | British scientific award".Encyclopedia Britannica.Retrieved22 July2020.

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