The year1903 inscienceandtechnologyinvolved some significant events, listed below.
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Aeronautics
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- June 27–19-year-old American socialiteAida de Acostabecomes the first woman to fly a powered aircraft solo when she pilotsSantos-Dumont's motorizeddirigible,"No. 9", from Paris toChâteau de Bagatellein France.[1]
- December 17 – First documented, successful, controlled, powered flight of a heavier-than-airaircraftwith apetrol enginebyOrville Wrightin theWright FlyeratKill Devil Hills, North Carolina.
- Konstantin Tsiolkovskybegins a series of papers discussing the use ofliquid fuelrocketsto reach outer space,space suits,and colonization of theSolar System.
Biology
edit- The type specimen of thevampire squid(Vampyroteuthis infernalis) is described byCarl Chun.[2]
- Fauna and Flora Internationalis founded as the Society for the Preservation of the Wild Fauna of the Empire by a group of British naturalists and American statesmen in Africa.
Chemistry
edit- Peter Cooper Hewittdemonstrates themercury-vapour lamp.
- Mikhail Semyonovich Tsvetinventschromatography,an important analytic technique.
- TheInternational Committee of Atomic Weightspublishes the inaugural atomic weights report.
Mathematics
edit- October –Frank Nelson Coledemonstrates that theMersenne number267-1, or M67,iscompositebyfactoringit as 193,707,721 * 761,838,257,287.[3]
- Fast Fourier transformalgorithm presented byCarle David Tolmé Runge.[citation needed]
- Edmund Georg Hermann Landaugives considerably simpler proof of the prime number theorem.
Physics
edit- George DarwinandJohn Jolyclaim that radioactivity is partially responsible for the Earth's heat.
- Prosper-René Blondlotclaims to have detectedN rays.
Physiology and medicine
edit- March–April –David Bruceidentifies the parasiticTrypanosomaprotistas the source ofAfrican trypanosomiasis( "sleeping sickness" ).[4]
- May 10 –Antoni Leśniowskipublishes the first article implicating what will later be known asCrohn's disease,in thePolishweekly medical newspaperMedycyna.[5]
- Alfred Walter Campbelldivides thecytoarchitectureof the human brain into 14 areas.[6]
- Ernest Fourneausynthesizes andpatentsAmylocaine,the first syntheticlocal anesthetic,under the nameStovaineat thePasteur Institute.[7]
- Willem Einthovendiscoverselectrocardiography(ECG/EKG)
- Percy Furnivallcarries out the first known case ofcardiac surgeryin Britain.
- The 12th and final edition of DrRichard von Krafft-Ebing'sPsychopathia Sexualis: eine Klinisch-Forensische Studie( "Sexual Psychopathy: a Clinical-Forensic Study" ) published during the author's lifetime introduces the termpaedophilia erotica.
- Formal opening of theJohnston Laboratoriesat theUniversity of Liverpool,Liverpool,England.
Technology
edit- November –Windscreen wiperfor automobiles is firstpatentedbyMary Andersonin the United States.
- December 15 – Italo Marchiony from New York City patents an improved design of apparatus for bakingice cream cones.[8]
- The firstdiesel-powered ships are launched, both for inland waters:Petite-Pierrein France, powered by Dyckhoff-built diesels, and the tankerVandalin Russia, powered bySwedish-built diesels with an electrical transmission.
- NorwegianengineerÆgidius Ellingbuilds the firstgas turbineto generate power, using acentrifugal compressor.[9]
- Laminated glassis invented by Edouard Benedictus.
- Baker valve gearforsteam locomotivesis first patented in the United States.[10]
- TheLune Valley boileris patented by John G. A. Kitchen and Ludlow Perkins.[11]
Institutions
edit- June 28 –Deutsches Museumfounded in Munich.[12]
Awards
editBirths
edit- January 22 –Fritz Houtermans(died1966), Danzig-born Dutchphysicist.
- January 27 –John Eccles(died1997), Australian-bornpsychologist.
- January 28 –Kathleen Lonsdale,née Yardley (died1971),Irish-borncrystallographer.
- February 2 –Bartel Leendert van der Waerden(died1996),Dutchmathematician.[14]
- February 22 –Frank P. Ramsey(died1930), English mathematician.
- April 6 – "Doc"Harold Eugene Edgerton( "Papa Flash", died1990), Americanelectrical engineer.
- April 9 –Gregory Goodwin Pincus(died1967), Americanbiologist,co-inventor of thecombined oral contraceptive pill.
- April 25 –Andrey Kolmogorov(died1987), Russian mathematician.
- May 2 –Benjamin Spock(died1998), Americanpediatricianand writer.
- June 14 –Alonzo Church(died1995), American mathematician.
- July 16 –Irmgard Flügge-Lotz(died1974), German-American mathematician andaerospace engineer
- August 7 –Louis Leakey(died1972),British East Africanpaleoanthropologist.
- October 4 –Cyril Stanley Smith(died1992), English-born metallurgist.
- October 5 –M. King Hubbert(died1989), Americangeophysicist.
- October 10 –Bei Shizhang(died2009),Chinesebiologist and founder of theInstitute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
- November 7 –Konrad Lorenz(died 1989),Austrianzoologist.
- November 27 –Lars Onsager(died1976), Norwegian-bornchemist.
- December 19 –George Davis Snell(died 1996), American mousegeneticistand basic transplantimmunologist.[15]
- December 28 –John von Neumann(died1957), Hungarian-born mathematician.
Deaths
edit- February 1 –Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet(born1819), Anglo-Irish mathematician and physicist.
- February 7 –James Glaisher(born1809), Englishmeteorologistand balloonist.
- March 28 –Émile Baudot(born1845), French telegraph engineer.
- April 28 –J. Willard Gibbs(born1839), American physical chemist.
- June 14 –Carl Gegenbaur(born1826), Germananatomist.[16]
- July 21 –Henri Alexis Brialmont(born1821),Belgianmilitary engineer.
- August 2 –Edmond Nocard(born1850), Frenchveterinarianandmicrobiologist.
- August 27 –Kusumoto Ine(born1827), pioneering Japanese woman physician.
- November 8 –Vasily Dokuchaev(born1846), Russiangeologist.
References
edit- ^"Women in Transportation – Changing America's History: Reference Materials"(PDF).United States Department of Transportation.March 1998. p. 10.Retrieved2012-08-21.
- ^Chun, Karl (1903).Aus den tiefen des weltmeeres[From the depths of the ocean] (in German). Jena: G. Fischer. p. 88.doi:10.5962/bhl.title.14876.
- ^At a meeting of theAmerican Mathematical Societyin New York City.
- ^Duggan, A. J. (1977)."Bruce and the African Trypanosomes".The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.26(5 Pt 2 Suppl): 1080–3.doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1977.26.1080.PMID20787.[permanent dead link]
- ^Lichtarowicz, A. M.; Mayberry, J. F. (August 1988)."Antoni Lésniowski and his contribution to regional enteritis (Crohn's disease)".Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine.81(8): 468–470.doi:10.1177/014107688808100817.PMC1291720.PMID3047387.
- ^Campbell, A. W. (1903)."Histological studies on cerebral localisation".Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.72(477–486): 488–492.doi:10.1098/rspl.1903.0077.S2CID145403326.
- ^"Stovaïne, anesthésique local".Bull. Sc. pharmacolog.10(1904): 141.
- ^US patent 746971,Italo Marchiony, "Mold", issued 1903-12-15
- ^"The History of Engines – How Engines Work. Part 2: A Short History and Timeline of Gas Turbine Engines".About.com.Inventors.Archived fromthe originalon 2019-09-25.Retrieved2012-01-31.
- ^Blake, LeRoy W. (May–June 1979)."Remembering the A.D. Baker Company".Farm Collector:4. Archived fromthe originalon 2012-05-10.Retrieved2012-07-09.
- ^Wilson, Paul N. (1972). "J. G. A. Kitchen, 1869-1940, and his inventions".Transactions of the Newcomen Society.45:15–43.doi:10.1179/tns.1972.002.
- ^"History of the Museum".Deutsches Museum.Retrieved2023-02-16.
- ^"BBC – History – Marie Curie".www.bbc.co.uk.Retrieved20 January2020.
- ^Sets and Extensions in the Twentieth Century.Elsevier. 2012. p. 175.ISBN9780080930664.
- ^"George Davis Snell – American geneticist".Encyclopædia Britannica.Retrieved21 February2018.
- ^Gegenbaur, Carl (1826-1903)(in French). Bibliothèque Nationale de France.Retrieved6 February2021.
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