1906 in science

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The year1906 inscienceandtechnologyinvolved some significant events, listed below.

Chemistry

Charles Barkladiscovers that each element has a characteristicX-rayand that the degree of penetration of these X-rays is related to theatomic weightof the element.
Mikhail Tsvetfirst names thechromatographytechnique for organic compound separation, in the course of demonstrating thatchlorophyllis not a singlechemical compound.^[1]^[2]

Geology

April 18 – TheSan Francisco earthquake,an estimated 7.9 on theRichter scaleand centered on theSan Andreas Fault,strikes nearSan Francisco, California.Theearthquakeand fire destroy over 80% of the buildings in the city, and kill as many as 6,000 people.Harry Fielding Reiddevises theelastic-rebound theoryto account for earthquake mechanism.^[3]
Richard Oldhamargues that the Earth has a molten interior.^[4]

Mathematics

Andrey Markovproduces his first theories onMarkov chainprocesses.
Axel Thueuses theThue–Morse sequenceto found the study ofcombinatorics on words.

Medicine

September – Last death fromyellow feverin thePanama Canal Zonefollowing amosquitoeradication program led byWilliam C. Gorgas.^[5]
October–December – Martha Baer undergoessex reassignment surgeryto becomeKarl M. Baerin Germany.
November 3 – A speech given byAlois Alzheimerfor the first time presents the pathology and clinical symptoms of pre-seniledementiatogether;^[6]^[7]the condition will rapidly become known asAlzheimer's disease.^[8]
BCG(Bacilli-Calmette-Guerin) immunization fortuberculosisfirst developed.
Transmission ofdengue feverby theAedesmosquitois confirmed.^[9]
Frederick Hopkinsproposes the existence ofvitaminsand suggests that a lack of them causesscurvyandrickets.
Charles SherringtonpublishesThe Integrative Action of the Nervous System.
Clemens Peter von Pirquet,withBéla Schick,coins the term "allergy"to describe hypersensitive reactions.
Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast,is completed, the first suchair conditionedbuilding in the world.
George NewmanpublishesInfant Mortality: a Social Problemin England.
August von Wassermanndevelops acomplement fixationtest for the diagnosis ofsyphilis.

Physics

Walther Nernstpresents a formulation of thethird law of thermodynamics.

Technology

January –Lee De Forestfiles a patent for theAudion vacuum tube,which helps usher in the age of electronics.^[10]
February 10 – Launch of Britishbattleship HMSDreadnought.
March 18 – AtMontessonin France,RomanianinventorTraian Vuiabecomes the first person to achieve an unassisted takeoff in a heavier-than-air poweredmonoplane,but it is incapable of sustained flight.
October 18 – German inventorArthur Korndemonstrates the transmission of a photograph electronically over a distance of 1800 km^[11]using hisBildetelegraphorphototelautographsystem.
December 24 –Reginald Fessendenmakes the first radio broadcast, including a musical recording, a violin solo, and readings, fromBrant Rock, Massachusetts.
The first practicablegyrocompassis invented byHermann Anschütz-Kaempfein Germany.^[12]^[13]

Events

November 12 – First displays of theDeutsches Museumopen to the public inMunich.

Publications

African Invertebratesbegins publication asAnnals of the Natal Government Museum;it will be continuing publication more than a century later.

Awards

Nobel Prizes
- Physics– SirJ. J. Thomson
- Chemistry–Henri Moissan
- Medicine–Camillo Golgi,Santiago Ramón y Cajal
Hughes Medal–Hertha Ayrton

Births

January 6 –G. Ledyard Stebbins(died2000), Americanbotanistandgeneticist.
January 10 –Grigore Moisil(died1973), Romanianmathematician.
January 11 –Albert Hofmann(died2008), Swisschemist.
February 3
- George Adamson(died1989), Indian-bornwildlife conservationist.
- Ilona Banga,Hungarian biochemist (died1998)
February 4 –Clyde Tombaugh(died1997), Americanastronomer.
February 17 –Elizabeth M. Ramsey(died1993), American researchphysician.
February 18 –Hans Asperger(died1980), Austrianpediatrician.
April 28 –Kurt Gödel(died1978), Austrianmathematician.
June 13 –Bruno de Finetti(died1985), Italianstatistician.
June 15 –Gordon Welchman(died 1985), English-born mathematician andcryptanalyst.
June 18 –Orvan Hess(died2002), Americanobstetrician.
June 23 –Derek Jackson(died1982), Swiss-born Britishspectroscopistand steeplechase rider (also his twin brother Vivian).
June 28 –Maria Göppert(died1972), German-born theoretical physicist, recipient of theNobel Prize in Physics.
July 2 –Hans Bethe(died2005), German-born physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics.
August 19 –Philo Farnsworth(died1971), American television pioneer.
September 1 –Karl August Folkers(died1997), American biochemist.
September 4 –Max Delbrück(died1981), German-bornbiologist.
September 30 –Vera Faddeeva(died1983), Soviet mathematician.
October 2 –Willy Ley(died1969), German-born scientific populariser.
November 3 –Carl Benjamin Boyer(died1976), American historian of mathematics.
November 5 –Fred Lawrence Whipple(died2004), Americanastronomer,coins the term "dirty snowball" to explain the nature ofcomets.
November 18 –George Wald(died1997), American scientist.
December 9 –Grace Hopper(died1992), Americancomputer scientist.
December 25 –Ernst Ruska(died1988), German physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics.

Deaths

January 13 (Old StyleDecember 31, 1905) –Alexander Stepanovich Popov(born1859), Russianphysicist.
January 14 –Hermann Sprengel(born1834), German-born British chemist.
February 27 –Samuel Pierpont Langley(born1834), Americanastronomer.
March 8 –Henry Baker Tristram(born1822), Englishornithologist.
April 19 –Pierre Curie(born 1859), French winner of theNobel Prize in Physics.
May 15 –James Blyth(born1839),Scottishelectrical engineer.
July 5 –Paul Drude(born1863), German physicist (suicide).
September 5 –Ludwig Boltzmann(born1844), Austrian physicist.

References

^Tswett, Mikhail (1906). "Physikalisch-Chemische Studien über das Chlorophyll: Die Adsorption".Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft.24:316–326.
^Tswett, Mikhail (1906). "Adsorptionanalyse und chromatographische Methode: Anwendung auf die Chemie des Chlorophylls".Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft.24:384–393.
^Reid, H. F. (1910).The Mechanics of the Earthquake, The California Earthquake of April 18, 1906: Report of the State Investigation Commission.Vol. 2. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington.
^Bragg, William(1936). "Tribute to Deceased Fellows of the Royal Society".Science.84(2190): 539–46.Bibcode:1936Sci....84..539B.doi:10.1126/science.84.2190.539.PMID 17834950.
^Porter, Roy(1997).The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: a medical history of humanity from antiquity to the present.London: HarperCollins. p. 474.ISBN 978-0-00-215173-3.
^Alzheimer, Alois (1907). "Über eine eigenartige Erkrankung der Hirnrinde".Allgemeine Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie und Psychisch-Gerichtlich Medizin.64(1–2): 146–148.
^Maurer, Konrad; Ulrike (2003).Alzheimer: the Life of a Physician and Career of a Disease.New York: Columbia University Press.ISBN 978-0-231-11896-5.
^Berchtold, N. C.; Cotman, C. W. (1998). "Evolution in the conceptualization of dementia and Alzheimer's disease: Greco-Roman period to the 1960s".Neurobiology of Aging.19(3): 173–89.doi:10.1016/S0197-4580(98)00052-9.PMID 9661992.
^Bancroft, T. L. (1906). "On the aetiology of dengue fever".Australian Medical Gazette.25:17–18.
^Dyson, George(2012).Turing's Cathedral: The Origins of the Digital Universe.Pantheon.ISBN 978-0-375-42277-5.
^"17.10.1906: First Photoelectric Fax Transmission".Deutsche Welle.2012-01-04.
^Elliott Laboratories (2003).The Anschutz Gyro-Compass and Gyroscope Engineering.Watchmaker Publishing. pp. 7–24.ISBN 9781929148127.
^Galison, Peter (1987).How Experiments End.University of Chicago Press. pp. 34–37.ISBN 978-0-226-27915-2.Retrieved2012-02-18.

[1] Tswett, Mikhail (1906). "Physikalisch-Chemische Studien über das Chlorophyll: Die Adsorption".Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft.24:316–326.

[2] Tswett, Mikhail (1906). "Adsorptionanalyse und chromatographische Methode: Anwendung auf die Chemie des Chlorophylls".Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft.24:384–393.

[3] Reid, H. F. (1910).The Mechanics of the Earthquake, The California Earthquake of April 18, 1906: Report of the State Investigation Commission.Vol. 2. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington.

[4] Bragg, William(1936). "Tribute to Deceased Fellows of the Royal Society".Science.84(2190): 539–46.Bibcode:1936Sci....84..539B.doi:10.1126/science.84.2190.539.PMID 17834950.

[5] Porter, Roy(1997).The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: a medical history of humanity from antiquity to the present.London: HarperCollins. p. 474.ISBN 978-0-00-215173-3.

[6] Alzheimer, Alois (1907). "Über eine eigenartige Erkrankung der Hirnrinde".Allgemeine Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie und Psychisch-Gerichtlich Medizin.64(1–2): 146–148.

[7] Maurer, Konrad; Ulrike (2003).Alzheimer: the Life of a Physician and Career of a Disease.New York: Columbia University Press.ISBN 978-0-231-11896-5.

[8] Berchtold, N. C.; Cotman, C. W. (1998). "Evolution in the conceptualization of dementia and Alzheimer's disease: Greco-Roman period to the 1960s".Neurobiology of Aging.19(3): 173–89.doi:10.1016/S0197-4580(98)00052-9.PMID 9661992.

[9] Bancroft, T. L. (1906). "On the aetiology of dengue fever".Australian Medical Gazette.25:17–18.

[10] Dyson, George(2012).Turing's Cathedral: The Origins of the Digital Universe.Pantheon.ISBN 978-0-375-42277-5.

[11] "17.10.1906: First Photoelectric Fax Transmission".Deutsche Welle.2012-01-04.

[12] Elliott Laboratories (2003).The Anschutz Gyro-Compass and Gyroscope Engineering.Watchmaker Publishing. pp. 7–24.ISBN 9781929148127.

[13] Galison, Peter (1987).How Experiments End.University of Chicago Press. pp. 34–37.ISBN 978-0-226-27915-2.Retrieved2012-02-18.

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