1916 in science

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The year1916involved a number of significant events inscienceandtechnology,some of which are listed below.

Astronomy

Barnard's Staris discovered byEdward Emerson Barnard.
Harlow Shapleyfinds that the spectrum ofS Sagittaeand otherCepheid variablesvaries with brightness, recording it asspectral typeF0 leading to maximum, F4 at maximum, and G3 just before minimum brightness.^[1]

Chemistry

Gilbert N. LewisandIrving Langmuirformulate an electron shell model ofchemical bonding.^[2]
TheBorn–Haber cycle,an approach to analyze reaction energies, is developed by German scientistsMax BornandFritz Haber.
Sydney ChapmanandDavid Enskogsystematically develop akinetic theory of gases.
Jan Czochralskiinvents a method for growing single crystals of metals.

Mathematics

Ludwig Bieberbachpresents theBieberbach conjecture.^[3]
Wacław Sierpińskigives the first example of anabsolutely normal numberand describes theSierpinski carpet.

Medicine

1 January – The BritishRoyal Army Medical Corpscarries out the first successfulblood transfusionusing blood that had been stored and cooled.
16 October –Margaret Sangeropens afamily planningandbirth controlclinic inBrownsville, Brooklyn,the first of its kind in the United States.^[4]^[5]Nine days later, she is arrested for breaking aNew Yorkstate law prohibiting distribution ofcontraceptives.^[6]This same year, she publishesWhat Every Girl Should Know,providing information about such topics asmenstruationand sexuality in adolescents.
Georges Guillain,Jean Alexandre BarréandAndré Strohldiagnose two soldiers withGuillain–Barré syndromeof theperipheral nervous systemand describe the key diagnostic abnormality of increasedspinal fluidprotein production, but normal cell count.^[7]
Eugen Bleulerpublishes hisLehrbuch der Psychiatrie,including a definition of complexes arising from diffusebrain damage,known as "Bleuler's psycho syndrome".^[8]
Medication SuraminagainstAfrican sleeping sicknessandriver blindnessis first made by German companyBayer AG.

Physics

Albert Einsteinpublishes "Die Grundlage der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie"ongeneral relativityinAnnalen der Physik49and shows that the field equations of general relativity admit wavelike solutions. This will be demonstrated in2016.^[9]
Karl Schwarzschildsolves theEinstein vacuum field equationsforunchargedspherically symmetric non-rotating systems and calculatesSchwarzschild radius.

Psychology

Lewis M. TermanofStanford Universitydevelops the first of theStanford–Binet Intelligence Scalesforintelligence testing.

Technology

February –Stahlhelmsteel helmet first issued to German soldiers.
18 April – Capt.Peter Nissencompletes the prototypeNissen hut.^[10]
11 September – The almost-completedQuebec Bridgecollapses for the second time.^[11]

Events

ChemistChika Kurodabecomes the first woman in Japan to receive aBachelor of Sciencedegree.^[12]

Births

9 January –Peter Twinn,mathematician and World War II code-breaker (died 2004)^[13]
10 January –Sune K. Bergström(died2004),Swedish biochemist,winner of the 1982Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
25 January –John R. F. Jeffreys(died1944), Britishmathematicianandcryptanalyst.
4 March –Hans Eysenck(died1997), German-bornpsychologist.
26 March –Christian B. Anfinsen(died1995), American biochemist, winner of the 1972Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
14 April –Lawrence Hogben(died2015), New Zealandmeteorologist.
22 April –Ruth A. M. Schmidt(died2014), Americangeologist.
30 April –Claude Shannon(died2001), American mathematician, "father ofinformation theory".
6 May –Robert H. Dicke(died1997), Americanphysicist.
4 June –Robert F. Furchgott(died2009), American biochemist, winner of the 1998 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
8 June –Francis Crick(died2004), English-born molecular biologist, co-discoverer of thenucleic acid double helixstructure in 1953, winner of the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
11 June –Alexander Prokhorov(died2002), Australian-bornSovietRussian physicist.
15 June –Herbert A. Simon(died2001), Americanpolymath,winner of the 1978Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.
1 July –Iosif Shklovsky(died1985),Ukrainian astrophysicist.
11 July –Kitty Joyner(died1993), American electrical engineer.
25 August –Frederick Chapman Robbins(died2003), American pediatrician and virologist, winner of the 1954 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
30 September –Richard K. Guy(died2020), English mathematician.
3 October –Frank Pantridge(died2004),Northern Ireland cardiologist.
4 October –Vitaly Ginzburg(died2009), Soviet Russiantheoretical physicist,astrophysicist, one of the fathers of the Soviethydrogen bomb,winner of the 2003Nobel Prize in Physics,member of theSoviet and Russian Academies of Sciences.
19 October –Jean Dausset(died2009), Frenchimmunologist,winner of the 1980 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
16 November –Christopher Strachey(died1975), English computer scientist.
9 December –Esther Wilkins(died2016), pioneer ofdental hygiene.
15 December –Maurice Wilkins(died2004), New Zealand-born English molecular biologist, co-discoverer of the nucleic acid double helix structure in 1953 usingX-raydiffraction, winner of the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
27 December –John Duckworth(died2015), British physicist.

Deaths

12 February –Richard Dedekind(born1831), Germanmathematician.
19 February –Ernst Mach(born1838), Austrian-bornphysicist.
11 May
- Karl Schwarzschild(born1873), Germanastronomerand physicist.
- Nadezhda Ziber-Shumova(born1856), Russian biochemist.
15 July –Élie Metchnikoff(born1845), Russianzoologistandimmunologist,winner of the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
23 July – SirWilliam Ramsay(born1852), Scottish-bornchemist,winner of the 1904 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
September –Anton Köllisch(born1888), German chemist noted for synthesisingMDMA
14 September –Pierre Duhem(born1861), Frenchphilosopher of science.
29 September –Albert John Cook(born1842), American entomologist and zoologist.
10 November –Walter Sutton(born1877), Americangeneticistandsurgeon.
12 November –Percival Lowell(born1855), Americanastronomer.
24 November –Hiram Maxim(born1840), American inventor of themachine gun.
31 December –Alice Ball(born1892), African-American chemist.

References

^Shapley, Harlow (1916)."The variations in spectral type of twenty Cepheid variables".The Astrophysical Journal.44:273–91.Bibcode:1916ApJ....44..273S.doi:10.1086/142295.
^Lewis, Gilbert N. (1916)."The Atom and the Molecule".Journal of the American Chemical Society.38:762–85.doi:10.1021/ja02261a002.Archivedfrom the original on 20 July 2011.
^Bieberbach, L. (1916). "Über die Koeffizienten derjenigen Potenzreihen, welche eine schlichte Abbildung des Einheitskreises vermitteln".Sitzungsber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Phys-Math. Kl.:940–955.
^The selected papers of Margaret Sanger, Volume1:The Woman Rebel, 1900–1928.University of Illinois Press. 2003. p. 199.
^Baker, Jean H. (2011).Margaret Sanger: A Life of Passion.Macmillan. p. 115.
^Engelman, Peter C. (2011).A History of the Birth Control Movement in America.ABC-CLIO. p.101.ISBN 978-0-313-36509-6.
^Guillain–Barré–Strohl syndromeandMiller Fisher's syndromeatWho Named It?
^"Eugen Bleuler".Whonamedit?.Retrieved1 November2011.
^Ghosh, Pallab(11 February 2016)."Einstein's gravitational waves 'seen' from black holes".BBC News.Retrieved11 February2016.
^McCosh, Fred (1997).Nissen of the Huts: a biography of Lt Col. Peter Nissen, DSO.Bourne End: BD Publishing.ISBN 0-9525799-1-X.
^Middleton, William D. (2001).The Bridge at Québec.Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp.158.ISBN 0-253-33761-5.Retrieved16 August2011.
^Haines, Catharine M. C. (2001).International Women in Science: A Biographical Dictionary to 1950.ABC-CLIO. p.164.ISBN 978-1-57607-090-1.
^Dan van der Vat,"Obituary: Peter Twinn",The Guardian,20 November 2004

[1] Shapley, Harlow (1916)."The variations in spectral type of twenty Cepheid variables".The Astrophysical Journal.44:273–91.Bibcode:1916ApJ....44..273S.doi:10.1086/142295.

[2] Lewis, Gilbert N. (1916)."The Atom and the Molecule".Journal of the American Chemical Society.38:762–85.doi:10.1021/ja02261a002.Archivedfrom the original on 20 July 2011.

[3] Bieberbach, L. (1916). "Über die Koeffizienten derjenigen Potenzreihen, welche eine schlichte Abbildung des Einheitskreises vermitteln".Sitzungsber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Phys-Math. Kl.:940–955.

[4] The selected papers of Margaret Sanger, Volume1:The Woman Rebel, 1900–1928.University of Illinois Press. 2003. p. 199.

[5] Baker, Jean H. (2011).Margaret Sanger: A Life of Passion.Macmillan. p. 115.

[6] Engelman, Peter C. (2011).A History of the Birth Control Movement in America.ABC-CLIO. p.101.ISBN 978-0-313-36509-6.

[7] Guillain–Barré–Strohl syndromeandMiller Fisher's syndromeatWho Named It?

[8] "Eugen Bleuler".Whonamedit?.Retrieved1 November2011.

[9] Ghosh, Pallab(11 February 2016)."Einstein's gravitational waves 'seen' from black holes".BBC News.Retrieved11 February2016.

[10] McCosh, Fred (1997).Nissen of the Huts: a biography of Lt Col. Peter Nissen, DSO.Bourne End: BD Publishing.ISBN 0-9525799-1-X.

[11] Middleton, William D. (2001).The Bridge at Québec.Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp.158.ISBN 0-253-33761-5.Retrieved16 August2011.

[WiS-12] Haines, Catharine M. C. (2001).International Women in Science: A Biographical Dictionary to 1950.ABC-CLIO. p.164.ISBN 978-1-57607-090-1.

[13] Dan van der Vat,"Obituary: Peter Twinn",The Guardian,20 November 2004

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